Deck 6: Attitudes and Attitude Change

Question 1

Self-perception processes are most likely to yield a behaviourally based attitude when

A)initial behaviours are coerced.
B)initial attitudes are ambiguous.
C)there are multiple explanations for a behaviour.
D)initial attitudes are strong.
E)there is not a choice in behaviour.

Answer 1

initial attitudes are ambiguous.

Question 2

The introduction to Chapter 6 describes the strange logic manifested by members of the Solar Temple Cult,who thought the world was about to be destroyed by fire and that the only salvation was to take a "death voyage" by ritualized suicide to the star Sirius where they would be reborn.In total,74 people died in these cult suicides.This chapter introduction was written to demonstrate that

A)people will often go to extreme lengths to justify their actions or beliefs.
B)scientists,like many of us,are fascinated with the macabre,gruesome aspects of life.
C)cult members are often brainwashed so that they behave irrationally.
D)cult members usually have a very weak sense of self.
E)pleasant,smart,reasonable people are seldom drawn to cults.

Answer 2

people will often go to extreme lengths to justify their actions or beliefs.

Question 3

Miguel recaptures the freedom of his youth when he test-drives the new Volkswagen "bug." He feels 25 years younger and remembers cruising the beaches of California in his old 1970 bug when he was in college.He decides to purchase that new VW model.Miguel's positive attitude toward the car is primarily driven by

A)an affective component.
B)a behavioural component.
C)operant conditioning.
D)a cognitive component.
E)classical conditioning.

Answer 3

an affective component.

Question 4

Kenneth believes that Funny-O's cereal is good because it has no sugar,it contains all of the recommended vitamins and minerals,and it has no artificial flavors.Kenneth's attitude toward Funny-O's is a(n)

A)affectively based attitude.
B)cognitively based attitude.
C)emotionally based attitude.
D)undifferentiated attitude.
E)behaviourally based attitude.

Question 5

The function of cognitively based attitudes is

A)evaluation.
B)decision-making.
C)object appraisal.
D)the use of logic.
E)emotion-focused.

Question 6

Although affectively based attitudes can be derived from a number of different sources,they are alike in that they tend to be

A)based on rational arguments.
B)based on rational examination of relevant information.
C)linked to deeply held values.
D)unrelated to past experience.
E)logically organized.

Question 7

It is estimated that one-third of the electorate knows almost nothing about specific politicians.Nonetheless,these people hold very strong opinions about them.This pattern of findings suggests that people's attitudes toward politicians may be largely

A)affectively based.
B)behaviourally based.
C)cognitively based.
D)ambivalent.
E)undifferentiated.

Question 8

At the new-car dealership,Josh asks the saleswoman a number of questions: "How good is the gas mileage on this model? What does Consumer Reports say about this make and model? Does this car hold its resale value?" The _______ component of Josh's attitude toward the car was most likely to inform his questions.

A)dissonant
B)affective
C)cognitive
D)behavioural
E)emotional

Question 9

Which of the following is most closely related to the notion of behaviourally based attitudes?

A)self-perception theory
B)cognitive dissonance theory
C)the elaboration likelihood model
D)the Yale Attitude Change approach
E)self-persuasion theory

Question 10

_______ attitudes are based primarily on people's beliefs about properties of attitude objects.

A)Cognitively based
B)Emotionally based
C)Evaluatively based
D)Affectively based
E)Intention-based

Question 11

André is not at all familiar with a particular candidate's stand on the issues or with his proposed policies,but André likes "his" candidate and plans to vote for him anyway.This example illustrates that people's attitudes toward politicians are often

A)cognitively based.
B)behaviourally based.
C)affectively based.
D)based on a logical examination of qualifications for office.
E)classically conditioned.

Question 12

Most social psychologists concur that attitudes consist of

A)behavioural intentions.
B)cognitions.
C)enduring evaluations.
D)emotions.
E)feelings.

Question 13

Cognitively based attitude is to _______ as _______ attitude is to emotion.

A)evaluation; value-based
B)appraisal; affectively based
C)evaluation; behaviourally based
D)values; affectively based
E)evaluation; affectively based

Question 14

Why are affectively based attitudes so resistant to logical persuasive attempts to change them?

A)Affectively based attitudes are rooted in counterfactual thinking.
B)Affectively based attitudes are acquired by automatic processes.
C)Affectively based attitudes are the result of the same illogical source.
D)Affectively based attitudes are often linked to values,which are difficult to change.
E)Affectively based attitudes are governed by knowledge of the issues.

Question 15

Consider the lyrics to Smokey Robinson's song,"You've Really Got a Hold on Me": "I don't like you,but I love you.Seems that I'm always thinking of you.You treat me badly,I love you madly.You've really got a hold on me." The sentiments reflected in these lyrics best capture the _______ component of the singer's attitude.

A)dissonant
B)behavioural
C)ambivalent
D)affective
E)cognitive

Question 16

In all likelihood,attitudes toward _______ are affectively based and stem from _______.

A)instant coffee; instrumental conditioning
B)the death penalty; people's values
C)abortion; a logical examination of the facts
D)toilet paper; a logical examination of the facts
E)cleaning products; people's values

Question 17

The _______ component of attitudes is to emotional reactions as the _______ component is to knowledge and beliefs.

A)evaluative; behavioural
B)affective; behavioural
C)cognitive; behavioural
D)affective; cognitive
E)evaluative; cognitive

Question 18

Attitudes are viewed by social psychologists as evaluative,in that they

A)are based on personal feelings and values.
B)are based mostly on environmental data.
C)consist of positive or negative reactions to something.
D)are based on objective facts.
E)reflect fleeting feelings.

Question 19

Rachel had never tasted sushi before.After she gladly tried it for the first time,she discovered that she really liked it,and can't wait to order it again.Rachel's attitude toward sushi is a(n)_______ attitude.

A)cognitively based
B)decision-based
C)value-based
D)behaviourally based
E)affectively based

Question 20

Daryl Bem's self-perception theory suggests that we form attitudes about an object based more on our _______ toward that object than our _______ toward that object.

A)behaviour; thoughts and feelings
B)personal thoughts; public display
C)beliefs; past experience
D)thoughts and feelings; behaviour
E)social group's behaviour; own behaviour

Question 21

According to Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein's (1980)theory of reasoned action,the best predictors of behavioural intentions are

A)past behaviour and cognitive beliefs.
B)emotional evaluations and cognitive beliefs.
C)attitudes towards behavioural norms,beliefs about the behaviour,and perceived behavioural control.
D)attitudes towards the behaviour,subjective norms,and perceived behavioural control.
E)attitudes towards the situation,subjective perceptions,and perceived behavioural norms.

Question 22

Explicit attitudes are _________,while implicit attitudes are __________.

A)public statements; private beliefs.
B)in conscious awareness; involuntary and sometimes unconscious.
C)affectively based; usually cognitively based.
D)involuntary; voluntary.
E)behaviourally based; affectively based.

Question 23

Explicit attitudes influence our behaviour when ________,while implicit attitudes influence our behaviour when ________.

A)we are monitoring our behaviour; we are not monitoring our behaviour.
B)we are not monitoring our behaviour; we are monitoring our behaviour.
C)we make public statements; we consider our private beliefs.
D)our behaviour is nonverbal; our behaviour is verbal.
E)we feel positive; we feel negative.

Question 24

It can be difficult to assess implicit attitudes.Nonetheless,a number of techniques exist,including

A)the Implicit Associations Test (IAT).
B)surveys.
C)structured interviews.
D)observation of controllable behaviours.
E)questionnaires.

Question 25

Research has found that explicit attitudes are rooted in ________ whereas implicit attitudes are rooted in ________.

A)emotions; sensations.
B)childhood experience; current events.
C)positive experience; negative experience.
D)negative experience; positive experience.
E)recent experience; childhood experience.

Question 26

In the 1930s,when anti-Asian prejudice was commonplace in the United States,Richard LaPiere (1934)had no trouble finding pleasant accommodations for himself and his Chinese traveling companions.Surprised,LaPiere later sent letters to the establishments they visited,asking whether Chinese visitors would be welcome.More than 90% of those who responded replied that they definitely would not accommodate Chinese.Although LaPiere's study suggests that there is a weak link between attitudes and behaviour,his results should be interpreted with caution.Why?

A)LaPiere's sample of proprietors was not randomly selected.
B)LaPiere did not control for extraneous variables.
C)More systematic research later revealed that there is generally a strong relation between attitudes and behaviour.
D)Proprietors' attitudes might have changed between LaPiere's visit and the time he sent the letters.
E)Prejudice has generally declined in the United States since the 1930s.

Question 27

Complete the following analogy: explicit attitude is to implicit attitude as

A)behaviourally based attitude is to cognitively based attitude.
B)controlled behaviour is to unconscious behaviour.
C)affect is to evaluation.
D)self-perception theory is to the IAT.
E)affectively based attitude is to behaviourally based attitude.

Question 28

Complete the following analogy about attitudes: implicit is to ________ as explicit is to ________.

A)childhood; present.
B)current; future.
C)controlled; cognitive.
D)automatic; non-conscious.
E)voluntary; involuntary.

Question 29

Lisa is studying attitudes towards former Prime Minister Brian Mulroney.She finds that in general most people have very negative attitudes about Mulroney and she wants to understand why people hold these attitudes and what can be done about them.If she wants to know your true attitude towards Mulroney and she can only ask you one question,which question should she ask?

A)Do you think Brian Mulroney is good-looking?
B)Do most of your friends like or dislike Brian Mulroney?
C)Did Brian Mulroney's policies agree or disagree with your values?
D)Do you like or dislike Brian Mulroney?
E)How would you feel if Brian Mulroney dated your sister?

Question 30

People tend to be less aware of their _________ attitudes,which are more likely to influence behaviours they are not monitoring.

A)explicit
B)cognitively based
C)implicit
D)self-perceived
E)behaviourally based

Question 31

Which of the following best illustrates an implicit attitude?

A)when Tracy checks off her opinion on a survey questionnaire
B)when Randi experiences a flash of discomfort around her lesbian friends
C)when Sarah sees Schindler's List and concludes that it is anti-Semitic
D)when Jodi,who is white,marries Percy,who is black
E)when Taylor thinks about which movie is her favourite

Question 32

Your best friend Nina may or may not visit New York this weekend.According to Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein's (1980)theory of planned behaviour,what information would be most useful in helping you predict whether Nina will actually travel to New York?

A)Nina's past travel behaviour
B)Nina's intention to visit New York
C)Nina's intention to get away this weekend
D)Nina's attitude about traveling
E)Nina's attitude toward New York

Question 33

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)"I'd like to get rid of this car because it's always in the shop" represents an affectively based attitude.
B)"I hate all politicians because they represent pure evil" represents a cognitively based attitude.
C)"I guess I like junk food,because I'm always eating it" represents a behaviourally based attitude.
D)"I like country music because I always have it on in my car" represents an affectively based attitude.
E)"I like my toaster because you can toast four pieces of bread at one time" reflects a behaviourally based attitude.

Question 34

According to the text,attitudes only indirectly predict behaviours.That is,attitudes predict _______,which in turn predict behaviours.

A)accessibility
B)emotion
C)perceived control
D)subjective norms
E)intentions

Question 35

According to the theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen & Fishbein,1980),the best predictor of riding a roller coaster would be

A)one's intention to ride the roller coaster.
B)one's fear of heights.
C)the number of other people waiting in line.
D)one's attitude toward amusement parks.
E)what one has heard about the ride from people who have already been on it.

Question 36

When are people's explicit and implicit attitudes positively correlated according to research by Gawronski & LeBel (2008)?

A)When they are asked to focus on cognition about the attitude.
B)When they are asked to list reasons they prefer and attitude object.
C)When they are asked to reflect on their feelings about an attitude object.
D)When they are asked to think about their childhood.
E)When they are asked to think about recent experiences.

Question 37

The _______ holds that the best predictors of deliberate behaviours are the person's attitudes toward those specific behaviours,subjective norms,and perceived behavioural control.

A)heuristic-systematic model
B)self-presentation model
C)Yale persuasion approach
D)elaboration likelihood model
E)theory of planned behaviour

Question 38

In the 1930s,when anti-Asian prejudice was commonplace in the United States,Richard LaPiere (1934)had no trouble finding pleasant accommodations for himself and his Chinese traveling companions.Surprised,LaPiere later sent letters to the establishments they visited,asking whether Chinese visitors would be welcome.More than 90% of those who responded replied that they definitely would not accommodate Chinese.This study is noteworthy because it suggested that

A)contact with people against whom we are prejudiced can actually reduce prejudice.
B)the link between attitudes and behaviours is often tenuous.
C)reports of prejudice in the United States were largely incorrect.
D)hypocrisy is more common than many of us would like to think.
E)rational persuasive appeals reduce prejudice.

Question 39

Andrew Davidson and James Jaccard (1979)studied the relation between women's attitudes and their use of the birth control pill.These researchers found that the best predictor of whether women were using the birth control pill two years after reporting their attitudes was their

A)belief about their partners' attitudes towards the pill.
B)attitudes towards adoption.
C)attitudes towards abortion.
D)attitude towards using birth control pills during the two-year period.
E)attitude towards unwanted pregnancy.

Question 40

According to Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein's (1980)theory of planned behaviour,the best predictor of people's behaviour is

A)their assumption about how others will evaluate their behaviour.
B)their intention to behave in a certain way.
C)whether the behaviour is spontaneous or planned.
D)the social situation.
E)whether the behaviour has been performed in the past.

Question 41

The Yale Attitude Change approach focused on a number of factors that influence the success of a persuasive message.Which of the following best exemplifies source variables as one of those factors?

A)one-sided versus two-sided messages
B)high versus low quality argument
C)visual versus auditory messages
D)expert versus novice speakers
E)long versus short appeals

Question 42

The concept of _______ refers to the ease with which people believe that they can perform a behaviour in question.

A)illusions of invulnerability
B)illusory correlations
C)subjective norms
D)behavioural intentions
E)perceived behavioural control

Question 43

The concept of subjective norms refers to people's

A)evaluations of the reasonableness of their attitudes.
B)evaluations of the attitudes of others.
C)intentions to use their attitudes to guide their behaviours.
D)perceptions of the rules or expectations that guide social behaviour.
E)beliefs about what important others will think of their behaviour.

Question 44

You will be more likely to go to law school if the people you care most about think that you should.This is an example of

A)the influence of subjective experience on attitude strength.
B)the influence of subjective norms on behavioural intentions.
C)the influence of perceived control on attitude strength.
D)the influence of attitude specificity on intentions.
E)the influence of perceived control on behaviour.

Question 45

Many young people have a positive attitude towards condom use,yet fail to use them.A theory that can help sort out the factors that influence this discrepancy between attitudes and behaviour is called the

A)elaboration likelihood model.
B)attitude strength model.
C)theory of planned behaviour.
D)Yale attitude change approach.
E)peripheral route persuasion model.

Question 46

Persuasion from the perspective of "who says what to whom" is best associated with the

A)self-perception model.
B)Yale attitude change approach.
C)elaboration likelihood model.
D)heuristic-systematic model of persuasion.
E)use of the central route to persuasion.

Question 47

Even though Mario dislikes roller coasters,he may decide to take a ride because his best friend really wants him to ride the new Tidal Wave.This example shows the importance of _______ on our behavioural decisions.

A)the situation
B)the reciprocity norm
C)altruism
D)subjective norms
E)persuasive communication

Question 48

One night Emily meets Don in a bar and they decide to go back to his place and have sex.Emily has a condom in her purse and wants to ask Don to use it,but is afraid that if she does he will think she is promiscuous (easy).According to the text,this is an example of the influence of

A)subjective experience.
B)subjective norms.
C)perceived behavioural control.
D)intentions.
E)social stigma.

Question 49

When people listen carefully to a persuasive communication and think about the arguments,they are using the _______ route to persuasion.

A)direct
B)heuristic
C)peripheral
D)indirect
E)central

Question 50

According to the Yale Attitude Change approach,_______ speakers are more persuasive than their opposites.

A)extroverted
B)friendly
C)attractive
D)novice
E)young

Question 51

Based on the theory of planned behaviour,who is most likely to follow through on the intention to buy new tires?

A)Bob,whose friends think it is important for his safety
B)Richie,whose parents put safety first and who will lend him the money
C)Gill,who has just received a raise and has been advised to buy them by a coworker
D)Nora,who holds a positive attitude toward Goodyear
E)Michelle,who is confident that she can afford them

Question 52

Richard LaPiere (1934)found a discrepancy between proprietors' reported attitudes towards accommodating Chinese and their willingness to provide services to a Chinese couple who accompanied him on his travels.The discrepancy between proprietors' attitudes and actual behaviours might have been reduced had LaPiere written and asked them,

A)"Would you serve dinner to a Chinese couple accompanied by an American professor?"
B)"Would you say that you have a positive attitude toward Asian visitors to the United States?"
C)"How many Asian employees work at your establishment?"
D)"On a 1-to-5 scale,how do you feel about Chinese visitors to the United States?"
E)"Would you let members of the Chinese race eat at your restaurant?"

Question 53

Hosking and colleagues (2009)examined cultural differences in predictors of behavioural intentions to quit smoking.The factor that was more predictive of Westerners' intentions than Southeast Asians' intentions was

A)personal attitudes towards smoking.
B)social norms about smoking.
C)perceived control.
D)internal affect.
E)cultural attitudes towards self-improvement.

Question 54

Attitudes are an individual internal phenomenon,yet they are of tremendous interest to social psychologists.Why?

A)Attitudes are the most powerful predictor of social behaviours.
B)Attitude change is often a social phenomenon.
C)Many attitudes are shared by groups of people.
D)Attitude change can be used to maintain self-esteem.
E)Attitude change is often self-serving.

Question 55

Before Jane schedules an appointment to undergo plastic surgery,she asks herself,"What will my husband Ted think about me getting a breast enlargement?" This example reflects the power of _______ to influence intentions and behaviours.

A)subjective norms
B)deliberations
C)specific attitudes
D)hindsight analysis
E)perspective-taking

Question 56

The concept of _______ refers to people's beliefs about how those they care about will view a behaviour in question.

A)judgmental norms
B)social convention
C)normative evaluations
D)reciprocity norms
E)subjective norms

Question 57

Why are subjective norms important determinants of people's behavioural intentions?

A)Many of our behaviours have social consequences.
B)Subjective norms provide additional important information.
C)Subjective construals are more important than objective characteristics of the situation.
D)Subjective norms dictate which specific attitudes are accessible.
E)Many of our behaviours are guided by social rules and guidelines.

Question 58

Norman and colleagues (2010)used the theory of planned behaviour to predict subjects' behavioural intentions towards those with mental illness.They examined two components of the theory only.Their results provided support for the theory of planned behaviour when they found that ________ predicted subjects behavioural intentions.

A)both specific attitudes and emotional responses
B)both subjective norms and emotional responses
C)both specific attitudes and subjective norms
D)both subjective norms and expectations
E)both expectations and emotional responses

Question 59

Sometimes people don't use condoms because they are too embarrassed to buy them at the drug store.According to the text,this is an example of the influence of

A)perceived behavioural control.
B)behavioural intentions.
C)attitude accessibility.
D)subjective norms.
E)situational constraints.

Question 60

Eva's friends and her husband think that it's important that she get a mammogram at her next annual check-up.Eva believes that it will be relatively easy for her to make time in her schedule for that extra procedure.Thus,Eva has every intention of getting a mammogram as part of her annual check-up.This example best reflects the power of _______ and _______ respectively,to influence behavioural intentions and subsequent behaviours.

A)subjective norms; affectively based attitudes
B)subjective norms; perceived behavioural control
C)specific attitudes; deliberative attitudes
D)deliberative attitudes; subjective norms
E)specific attitudes; perceived behavioural control

Question 61

Public service ads often try to raise fear in an audience to induce people to change unhealthy behaviours.If fear appeals are used,it is crucial to provide the audience with _______ to increase the likelihood of behaviour change.

A)mortality and morbidity statistics
B)real world examples
C)specific recommendations for how to reduce the unhealthy behaviour
D)specific information about the consequences of continuing the unhealthy behaviour
E)as much fear-evoking information as possible

Question 62

Fear-arousing communications are most likely to result in attitude change when

A)they are sufficiently strong to induce perceptions of threat.
B)people think that attending to a message will reduce the fear.
C)people process fear appeals peripherally.
D)the messages are found to be shocking.
E)people are in a good mood and the message takes them by surprise.

Question 63

Who is most likely to remember the prominent writer of an editorial advocating the abolishment of mandatory minimum sentencing for drug offenses,but to forget the arguments in that editorial?

A)Bob,who is a lawyer representing drug offenders
B)Jane,who is in jail for a drug charge
C)Orrin,who has jetlag from his quick trip back and forth from Vancouver
D)Harvey,who smokes marijuana
E)Linda,who organizes drug education in schools

Question 64

When people don't attend carefully to the substance of a persuasive communication,but instead pay attention to irrelevant cues,they are using the _______ route to persuasion.

A)central
B)indirect
C)peripheral
D)direct
E)systematic

Question 65

According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion,you are more likely to be influenced by the central route when you are

A)impressed with the speaker's credentials and manner.
B)not invested in the topic at hand.
C)not interested in the topic at hand.
D)willing and able to give your full attention to the message.
E)preoccupied with other matters.

Question 66

Howard Leventhal and his colleagues (Leventhal,Watts,& Pagano,1967)showed some smokers a graphic film about lung cancer and gave them a pamphlet with instructions on how to quit.Other smokers received either the pamphlet alone or watched only the film.After three months,those smokers who received only the pamphlet with instructions were smoking significantly more than those who both saw the film and received the pamphlet.Why?

A)Fear,like other negative moods,encourages people to pay attention to the message.
B)Fear alone is not sufficient if people don't know how to reduce it.
C)Information alone is not sufficient if people are not motivated to use it.
D)The pamphlet did not induce enough fear.
E)A message must be relevant to people if they are to pay attention to it.

Question 67

Howard Leventhal and his colleagues (1967)showed one group of smokers a film depicting the ravages of lung cancer,gave another group of smokers a pamphlet with instructions on how to quit smoking,and exposed a third group to both the film and the pamphlets.People in the last group reduced their smoking significantly more than people in the other two groups because

A)they were relatively light smokers.
B)fear was aroused and they were provided with a means to reduce that fear.
C)prior to the study they reported more failed attempts to quit.
D)they were given more information on the health risks of smoking.
E)the combination increased their confidence in their ability to quit.

Question 68

As a persuasive communicator,your goal is to influence the opinions of your audience.You are most likely to benefit from an audience that is slightly distracted when

A)you are not an acknowledged expert on the topic.
B)your arguments are strong.
C)your arguments are rather weak.
D)your audience holds a weak attitude toward the issue.
E)you have a cold.

Question 69

Fear-arousing persuasive messages are targeted to the _______ basis of attitudes.

A)cognitive
B)peripheral
C)central
D)affective
E)causal

Question 70

For those who are most threatened by a fear-arousing message,the addition of ________ can be effective in creating attitude change and preventing an audience from turning their attention away.

A)real-life examples
B)frightening and graphic images
C)soothing music
D)humour
E)attractive and colourful images

Question 71

You have agreed to make a speech in front of the Student Union building to convince students of the necessity of tuition increases.You haven't had a lot of time to rehearse your arguments,and you know if you had another two days you could construct and deliver a more logical,well-reasoned persuasive message.In order to increase the odds that the audience will be persuaded by your less-than-ideal speech,you should _______ to ensure that the audience processes your message _______.

A)convince them that the issue is relevant to them; peripherally.
B)persuade your friends to move through the crowd,heckling to distract them; centrally.
C)convince them of what they stand to gain if tuition increases are enacted; heuristically.
D)speak on the side of the building where noisy construction is underway; peripherally.
E)be sure to speak clearly and make sure that they can focus on you; centrally.

Question 72

According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion,people who _______ are most likely to take the _______ route to persuasion.

A)are not interested in the issue; central
B)are motivated to pay attention; central
C)do not pay close attention; central
D)are motivated to pay attention; peripheral
E)do not care about the issue; central

Question 73

Imagine that you are listening to a political candidate.Which of the following scenarios would result in the most attitude change in the direction of the candidate's position?

A)The arguments are strong,but you don't regard the candidate as expert in the area,which is also not particularly relevant to you.
B)You care deeply about the issue and the speaker is very attractive,but he presents a superficial argument.
C)The topic is not very important to you and you are captivated by the candidate's dazzling smile.
D)You find the candidate unattractive and the arguments are weak,but the topic is highly relevant to you.
E)The arguments are low in quality,but there are a lot of them,and the issue is one about which you care deeply.

Question 74

Who is more likely to use the central route to persuasion when attending to a communication about health insurance reform?

A)Raúl,who has little interest in public policy issues
B)Tammy,who is doing her homework as she watches Meet The Press
C)Rachel,who has never had any health problems
D)James,who is undergoing extensive treatments after his auto accident
E)Justé,who can only just hear the communication because of noise in the room

Question 75

People who base their attitudes on careful analysis of the arguments rather than the characteristics of the person delivering the argument,are

A)more likely to maintain the attitude over time,but less likely to behave consistently with this attitude.
B)more like to maintain the attitude over time and more likely to behave consistently with this attitude.
C)no more likely to maintain the attitude over time or behave consistently with this attitude.
D)likely to change their minds over time.
E)sensitive to counter-persuasion.

Question 76

When people have both the motivation and ability to attend to a persuasive communication,they are more likely to use the _______ route to persuasion.

A)relevant
B)direct
C)central
D)heuristic
E)peripheral

Question 77

What do Shelly Chaiken's (1987)heuristic-systematic model of persuasion and Richard Petty and John Cacioppo's (1986)elaboration likelihood model of persuasion have in common?

A)Both models have yielded findings that directly contradict results of the Yale persuasion studies.
B)Both models specify when people will be influenced by the quality of argument as opposed to irrelevant factors.
C)Both models view attitude change in response to persuasion attempts as self-serving.
D)Both models predict that people will be most influenced by such peripheral or superficial factors as speaker attractiveness.
E)Both models predict that situational variables are the only determining factor in attitude change.

Question 78

A cigarette company wants to create a positive image by launching a campaign to decrease smoking among the young.This kind of tactic,termed 'hypocritical' by your text,will be most effective if the audience for the campaign is

A)smoking.
B)among the older generation
C)processing the information systematically
D)familiar with that particular cigarette company
E)under cognitive load.

Question 79

"Don't bother me with the so-called facts," asserts your Uncle Joe."If it's good enough for Stephen Harper,it's good enough for me." Which of the following statements about your Uncle Joe is most likely true?

A)He will use central route processing when listening to Harper speak.
B)He will process Harper's messages systematically.
C)He will note inconsistencies in Harper's arguments.
D)He will continue to hold enduring attitudes toward Harper policies.
E)He will pay less attention to what Harper says and more attention to how he says it.

Question 80

The central route to persuasion is to _______ as the peripheral route is to _______.

A)heuristic processing; systematic processing
B)logical arguments; surface characteristics
C)attractiveness of the speaker; argument quality
D)attitude change; no attitude change
E)ability; motivation