Deck 21: Social Movements and Collective Behavior

Question 1

According to relative deprivation theory,people who are unsatisfied with their present conditions are more likely to seek social change.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Members of reform movements usually work within the existing system to attempt to change existing public policy.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Many people are not interested in the different aspects of public policy.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

People in groups generally do only things that they would also engage in individually.

Question 5

In preindustrial societies,clothing styles remained relatively unchanged.

Question 6

Just as technology has brought about improvements in the quality and length of life for many,it has also created the potential for new disasters.

Question 7

A mass is defined as a number of people who share an interest in a specific idea or issue and who are in one another's immediate vicinity.

Question 8

Groups that are opposed to gun control and restrictions on smoking are examples of resistance movements.

Question 9

Fads tend to be short-lived than fashions.

Question 10

Resource mobilization theory is based on the assumption that participants in social movements are irrational people.

Question 11

Civil disobedience is violent action that seeks to change a policy or law by refusing to comply with it.

Question 12

Canada is among only a few nations that have NOT experienced terrorist activity.

Question 13

While collective behaviour is short-lived and relatively unorganized,social movements are longer lasting and more organized and have specific goals or purposes.

Question 14

Emergent norm theory points out that crowds are largely rational.

Question 15

Social movements make democracy available to excluded groups.

Question 16

Value-added theory is based on the assumption that certain conditions,including structural conduciveness and strain,are necessary for the development of a social movement.

Question 17

Compared with riots,mob action tends to be somewhat shorter in duration.

Question 18

Changes in the physical environment usually have little impact on the lives of people living in that environment,thanks to modern technology.

Question 19

A collectivity that is so intensely focused on a specific purpose or object that members may erupt into violent or destructive behaviour is called an "acting crowd."

Question 20

Expressive crowds provide opportunities for the expression of strong emotions.

Question 21

People are most likely to believe rumours when no other information is readily available on a topic.

Question 22

Many sociologists believe that mass hysteria is best described as a panic with a contained audience.

Question 23

Unlike the organizational behaviour of McDonald's or Mothers Against Drunk Driving,what does collective behaviour lack?

A) public support
B) institutionalized norms
C) cultural traditions
D) labour

Question 24

Like other forms of behaviour,collective behaviour lacks an official division of labour,hierarchy of authority,and established rules and procedures.

Question 25

Before a social movement develops,people must become aware of a significant problem and have the opportunity to engage in collective action.This illustrates what sociologist Neil Smelser referred to as which of the following?

A) structural conduciveness
B) structural strain
C) spread of generalized belief
D) precipitating factors

Question 26

Sociologists distinguish among social movements on the basis of who is responsible for initiating them.

Question 27

To date,Canada has been fairly immune from terrorist activity.

Question 28

For a movement to develop there must be a clear statement of the problem and a shared view of its cause,effects,and possible solution.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a way in which grievances are framed?

A) diagnostic framing
B) motivational framing
C) reflexive framing
D) prognostic framing

Question 30

According to value-added theory,which of the following is NOT a condition for social movements?

A) structural conduciveness
B) contained generalized belief
C) social control
D) mobilization for action

Question 31

According to John Lofland,fear,hostility,and joy are the fundamental emotions found in collective behaviour.

Question 32

Movements that seek limited change in some aspect of people's behaviour are called alternative movements.

Question 33

Canada has a limited history of positive social change resulting from grassroots activism.

Question 34

A new group on campus that appeals to young people seeking meaning in life would be classified as which of the following?

A) revolutionary
B) reform
C) religious
D) alternative

Question 35

What theory argues that certain conditions are necessary for the development of a social movement?

A) emergent norm theory
B) resource mobilization theory
C) value-added theory
D) relative deprivation theory

Question 36

Frame analysis is often criticized for its ideational biases.

Question 37

Which statement best describes the relationship between the physical environment and social change?

A) Excessive development rarely contributes to the severity of natural disaster.
B) The trauma people experience from natural disasters can outweigh the loss of property.
C) Improvements in carbon dioxide emissions are attributable to the environmental justice movement.
D) The depletion of the ozone layer is not expected to affect how much time people spend outside.

Question 38

Robert Park added which additional elements to contagion theory?

A) civil disobedience and social harm
B) social unrest and circular reaction
C) cyclical reaction and social unease
D) norms and values

Question 39

What decreases the likelihood that collective behaviour will occur?

A) structural factors that increase the chances of people responding in a particular way
B) a breakdown of social control mechanisms
C) timing
D) a feeling of order and security

Question 40

Who argued that members of the lower classes emulate the fashions of the upper class?

A) Thorstein Veblen
B) Pierre Bourdieu
C) Georg Simmel
D) Robert Park

Question 41

According to Erving Goffman,which kind of framing occurs when a movement identifies a problem and attributes blame or causality to some group?

A) diagnostic framing
B) prognostic framing
C) motivational framing
D) systemic framing

Question 42

When you sit in the gymnasium or lecture fall with a large group of students for your final exam,you are part of what kind of crowd?

A) conventional
B) protest
C) acting
D) casual

Question 43

What is one major criticism of value-added theory?

A) It doesn't take into account the complexity of social movements.
B) It is not possible to test for the necessary and sufficient conditions predicted by Smelser.
C) It tends to underemphasize the importance of resources in social movements.
D) It ignores the role of generalized beliefs.

Question 44

People who gathered together after the death of Princess Diana in 1997 to release grief and emotion were participating in what kind of crowd?

A) conventional
B) expressive
C) acting
D) casual

Question 45

A group organized to protest lack of government support for early childhood education and daycare provision evolved into an organization called Child We Care.In what stage is this social movement?

A) preliminary
B) bureaucratization
C) coalescence
D) institutionalization

Question 46

Resistance movements that seek to prevent change that has already occurred are also referred to by what other name?

A) revolutionary
B) reform
C) religious
D) regressive

Question 47

Which term best describes a crowd whose members are engaged in violence against an infamous politician outside a government building?

A) a mob
B) an expressive crowd
C) a riot
D) a casual crowd

Question 48

What term does Goffman (1974)use to describe the interpretation of particular events and activities?

A) bordering
B) manufacturing
C) mounting
D) framing

Question 49

When are urban riots in Canada most likely to take place?

A) evenings
B) summer months
C) elections
D) afternoons

Question 50

A religious movement that forecasts "the end is near" is an example of which kind of movement?

A) millenarian
B) alternative
C) reform
D) renewal

Question 51

According to Robert Park,the interactive communication between persons is such that the discontent of one person is communicated to another who,in turn,reflects the discontent back to the first person.This involves which of the following?

A) Cyclical reactions lead to social unease.
B) Mob psychology leads to collective behaviour.
C) Social unrest is transmitted by a process of circular reaction.
D) Norms and values are transmitted by a process of collective behaviour.

Question 52

What does the crowd do to individuals,according to Le Bon's contagion theory?

A) It transforms individuals from rational beings into a single organism with a collective mind.
B) It compels people to change their attitudes and accept behaviour they would not otherwise tolerate.
C) It brings people together in order to bring about social change.
D) It increases personal responsibility.

Question 53

What is one major shortcoming of resource mobilization theory?

A) It fails to account for social changes brought about by groups with limited resources.
B) It ignores the impact that wealthy citizens can have through their financial support.
C) It doesn't take into account the linkages to other social movements and external sources of support.
D) It is based on the belief that participants in social movements are irrational people.

Question 54

The assumption that social movements are an interactive,symbolically defined,and negotiated process that involves participants,opponents,and bystanders is characteristic of which of the following?

A) resource mobilization
B) frame analysis
C) relative deprivation
D) value-added

Question 55

Union representatives Dave and Martin are comparing their achievements with those of Tim,Ian,and Nolan from another chapter and determine that the contract they just negotiated is inadequate.Which of the following concepts best explains this case?

A) relative deprivation
B) unfulfilled rising expectations
C) anomie
D) structured alienation

Question 56

Without any proof,community members begin to discuss a recent homicide as gang related.What does this illustrate?

A) rumour
B) gossip
C) mass hysteria
D) panic

Question 57

Which statement best summarizes the text's discussion of terrorism?

A) As the millennium approached,fears of terrorist attacks decreased.
B) Movements based on terrorism use tactics such as bombings,kidnappings,hostage takings,and assassinations.
C) Terrorism is still restricted to certain parts of the world,such as Ireland and the Middle East.
D) Suicide bombings are a very rare event.

Question 58

What kind of social movement involves the calculated unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce for the purpose of gaining some political,religious,economic,or social objective?

A) resistance
B) alternative
C) terrorism
D) reform

Question 59

The Assembly of First Nations,Mines Action Canada,and Father's Rights groups are all involved in which of the following?

A) a revolution
B) a social aggregate
C) a social movement
D) an interest collectivity

Question 60

In what stage of a social movement does an organizational structure develop and a paid staff lead the group?

A) preliminary
B) incipiency
C) coalescence
D) institutionalization

Question 61

Young people across the country annually participate in Free the Children's "Me to We" campaign.Some watch the television program at home,others organize with friends,and others attend events in their community.Which of the following terms best describes this group?

A) a mob
B) a casual crowd
C) a social collection
D) a mass

Question 62

Ken is writing about social movements from the perspective of emergent norm theory.Which of the following statements best exemplifies his views?

A) People are more likely to engage in antisocial behaviour in a crowd because they are anonymous and feel invulnerable.
B) Social unrest is transmitted through interactive communication between people.
C) During collective demonstrations,people tend to coordinate their negative responses with other people.
D) People with similar attributes find a collectivity of similar people with whom they can express their underlying personal tendencies.

Question 63

Yu-Gi-Oh! Cards,Beanie-Babies,scooters,and Harry Potter are all examples of which of the following?

A) fashions
B) propaganda
C) fads
D) panics

Question 64

An interior décor trend inspired by Zen is an example of which of the following?

A) fashion
B) a fad
C) propaganda
D) a trend

Question 65

According to sociologist John Lofland,what is a "publicly expressed feeling perceived by participants and observers as the most prominent in an episode of collective behaviour"?

A) an aggregate opinion
B) a mass point of view
C) a dominant emotion
D) a collective opinion

Question 66

What kind of collective behaviour takes place when people from all over the world write letters,send e-mails,or sign petitions in response to the proposed execution of a woman who was sexually assaulted?

A) faddish
B) mass
C) rumourous
D) hysteric

Question 67

At a local high school,when the fire alarm is pulled during the final playoff game,the crowd of parents and spectators hurry out the building without regard to order and others' safety.What does this exemplify?

A) a demonstration
B) a mob
C) a riot
D) a panic

Question 68

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the likelihood that collective behaviour will occur?

A) normlessness
B) social class
C) timing
D) social structure

Question 69

Which theory places emphasis on the role of "unfulfilled rising expectations"?

A) value-added
B) relative deprivation
C) resource mobilization
D) frame analysis

Question 70

After the 2010 Olympic Hockey final game in Vancouver,several individuals wanting a picture with Sidney Crosby gathered outside the arena.Which of the following terms best describes them?

A) a social group
B) a crowd
C) a riot
D) a mob

Question 71

According to the text,what characteristic do sociologists use to distinguish different types of social movements?

A) frequency
B) amount of change
C) geography
D) participation rates

Question 72

In what stage of a social movement is there widespread unrest as people begin to become aware of the problem?

A) preliminary
B) incipiency
C) coalescence
D) institutionalization

Question 73

Under what conditions are reform movements most likely to succeed?

A) when social change revolves around issues that affect children
B) when men and women overcome the gender divide and work together
C) when they gain the support of political and economic elites
D) when elites contribute economic resources

Question 74

Which statement best describes the relationship between population and social change?

A) Countries with a rapid increase in population will struggle to deal with reform.
B) Immigration is not expected to influence the content of school programs and curriculums.
C) Environmental concerns will be replaced with concerns about the aging population.
D) The need for childcare will decrease as families revert back to a single-income model.

Question 75

Tina is studying the rapid spread of hostility during the 2011 Vancouver Stanley Cup riot.Which theoretical perspective is Tina using?

A) social unrest theory
B) contagion theory
C) convergence theory
D) emergent norm theory

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT an identifiable stage in most social movements?

A) institutionalization
B) reformation
C) coalescence
D) bureaucratization

Question 77

Which term typically describes dispersed collective behaviour that occurs when a large number of people react with strong emotions and self-destructive behaviour to a real or perceived threat?

A) mob psychology
B) civil disobedience
C) mass hysteria
D) a fad

Question 78

The feminist movement is an example of what kind of social movement?

A) revolutionary
B) reform
C) religious
D) alternative

Question 79

Which key thinker is associated with value-added theory?

A) William Gamson
B) Neil Smelser
C) Charles Tilly
D) Erving Goffman

Question 80

Which theory focuses on the shared emotions,goals,and beliefs many people bring to crowd behaviour?

A) civil disobedience theory
B) crowd psychology theory
C) convergence theory
D) contagion theory