Deck 12: Aging

Question 1

In prime-time television,women outnumber men as leading characters.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The media construct gender stereotypes through a depiction of more males in dominant roles,and by portraying women as emotional or unable to resolve personal problems.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Gender role refers to a person's perception of the self as male or female.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Gender inequality and male dominance became institutionalized in agrarian society.

Question 5

The functionalist perspective on gender roles sees that men and women have distinct roles that are important for the survival of the family and society.

Question 6

The quantity and quality of teacher-student interactions reveals a gender bias toward girls.

Question 7

The pay gap between men and women should continue to widen,largely because of increases in women's wages.

Question 8

Parents' choices of gender-appropriate toys are likely to become much more neutral over time.

Question 9

The pay gap between men and women is the best-documented consequence of gender-segregated work.

Question 10

In addition to caring for their children and husbands,working women also care for elderly parents or in-laws.

Question 11

Peer groups for both women and men on university campuses are organized largely around gender relations.

Question 12

A microlevel analysis of gender examines structural features,external to the individual,that perpetuate gender inequality.

Question 13

More men receive university degrees than women.

Question 14

Postmodern feminists focus on including knowledge and awareness of the lives of marginalized women in the struggle for equality.

Question 15

Peers often make nontraditional gender socialization much more difficult for parents and children.

Question 16

As societies industrialize,the status of women increases significantly.

Question 17

In Canada,pay equity exists for very few occupations.

Question 18

Social practices contribute to gender inequality in horticultural and pastoral societies.

Question 19

The cult of domesticity is a feature of industrial societies.

Question 20

Advertising now discourages women from focusing exclusively on physical attractiveness by depicting women in highly competent roles.

Question 21

Anorexia is characterized by excessive exercising,usually attached to feelings of guilt about eating.

Question 22

Which of the following statements is characteristic of radical feminism?

A) Gender equality is equated with equality of opportunity.
B) Male domination is the cause of all forms of human oppression,including racism and classism.
C) Women's oppression results from their dual roles as paid and unpaid workers.
D) Women of colour experience a different world than other people because of oppression based on race,ethnicity,gender,and class.

Question 23

Which of the following individuals is in the process of developing a gender identity?

A) a six-month-old baby
B) a two-and-a-half-year-old child
C) a teenager
D) an adult

Question 24

What belief may an Islamic female superhero dispel?

A) Sexism is universal.
B) Sexism is deeply rooted in Islam.
C) Sexism is increasing around the world.
D) Sexism is decreasing around the world.

Question 25

In most hunting and gathering societies,women and men are economic partners.

Question 26

According to a conflict perspective,marriage serves to lessen male dominance.

Question 27

Which of the following terms is used to describe men's gradual entry into housework?

A) second shift revolution
B) feminist revolution
C) stalled revolution
D) childrearing revolution

Question 28

Suppose you came across a number of job advertisements that indicate women,persons with disabilities,and members of minority groups are strongly encouraged to apply.What are these a reflection of?

A) gender discrimination
B) employment equity policies
C) pay equity practices
D) the male-female earnings ratio

Question 29

Which of the following situations is a consequence of the stereotype that men are strong,dominant,and independent?

A) An eight-year-old boy feels comfortable crying in front of his friends.
B) A 13-year-old girl feels confident excelling on the track team.
C) A woman feels guilty for not pursuing postsecondary education.
D) A man feels shame for losing his job.

Question 30

Refer to Scenario 2.How would a symbolic interactionist perspective understand Miranda's situation?

A) Miranda is doing gender with each bath she gives Max,each meal she feeds him,and in every aspect of her daily interactions as a mother.
B) Miranda's husband's unwillingness to take any responsibility for domestic work reinforces male dominance.
C) Miranda is exploited at home by patriarchy and at work by capitalism.
D) Miranda would be far better off if she had better child-care options,but in the meantime must be careful what Max is learning from her about gender roles.

Question 31

Which term refers to the belief that women and men are equal and that they should be valued equally and have equal rights?

A) sexual freedom
B) feminism
C) women's liberation
D) matriarchy

Question 32

In Canada,males are traditionally expected to demonstrate aggressiveness while females have been expected to be passive and nurturing.What is this an example of?

A) sexual identity
B) gender identity
C) gender roles
D) biological roles

Question 33

Which feminist perspective has been criticized for viewing the category woman as fluid,artificial,and malleable?

A) multicultural
B) socialist
C) liberal
D) postmodern

Question 34

Which of the following is a claim of liberal feminism?

A) Gender equality is equated with equality of opportunity.
B) Male domination causes all forms of human oppression,including racism and classism.
C) Women's oppression results from their dual roles as paid and unpaid workers.
D) Women of colour experience a different world than other people because of oppression based on race,ethnicity,gender,and class.

Question 35

According to research on peers and gender socialization,where is peer pressure at its strongest?

A) in relation to behavioural norms
B) in relation to appearance norms
C) in relation to attitudes
D) in relation to sexual norms

Question 36

Schools are the most important gendered institution that communicates what it means to be male or female.

Question 37

Refer to Scenario 1.What did the nurse's first comment about the new baby reveal?

A) Her sex makes a difference.
B) Her gender matters.
C) Her gender identity is formed.
D) Her gender roles are unclear.

Question 38

Boys are discouraged from wearing feminine clothing,playing with dolls,or enjoying ballet.This demonstrates the effect of which of the following?

A) sexual identities
B) gender identities
C) biological influences
D) gender roles

Question 39

Technology has substantially increased the double burden women face in industrializing societies.

Question 40

Which statement best reflects the current research on ethnicity and gender socialization?

A) Children from middle-class and upper-income families are more likely to be assigned gender-linked chores.
B) Ethnicity invariably influences gender socialization.
C) The influence of ethnic and class differentiation varies across groups.
D) Parents from all ethnic groups socialize their daughters into subordinate roles and their sons into dominant ones.

Question 41

Which feminist perspective criticizes mainstream feminism for ignoring some women's experiences?

A) liberal
B) socialist
C) multicultural
D) radical

Question 42

According to the textbook,pastoralism is the outcome of what phenomenon?

A) unequal division of household labor
B) health issues among livestock
C) mechanized production
D) problems associated with planting crops

Question 43

What name do sociologists give to the attitudes,behaviour,and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process?

A) sexual identity
B) gender identity
C) gender role
D) sexual role

Question 44

What term do sociologists use to describe the disparity between earnings for men and women?

A) work gap
B) labour gap
C) wage gap
D) wage disparity

Question 45

Refer to Scenario 2.How would a conflict perspective understand Miranda's situation?

A) Miranda is doing gender with each bath she gives Max,each meal she feeds him,and in every aspect of her daily interactions as a mother.
B) Miranda's husband's unwillingness to take any responsibility for domestic work reinforces male dominance.
C) Miranda is exploited at home by patriarchy and at work by capitalism.
D) Miranda would be far better off if she had better child-care options,but in the meantime must be careful what Max is learning from her about gender roles.

Question 46

What does Professor Cohen's classroom exercise of having students answer questions about being male and female help reveal?

A) gender belief systems
B) gender roles
C) gender identity
D) gender disparity

Question 47

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between marital status and the wage gap?

A) The wage gap is widest between never-married men and women.
B) The wage gap is smallest between married men and women.
C) The wage gap is widest between married men and women.
D) The wage gap is virtually non-existent between never-married men and women.

Question 48

According to the text,what do conflict and feminist perspectives have in common?

A) They emphasize factors external to individuals that contribute to the oppression of women.
B) They have been criticized for overemphasizing the commonalities shared by men and women.
C) They have been criticized for ignoring male dominance.
D) They view the gendered division of labour as natural and perhaps inevitable.

Question 49

What term refers to the division of jobs into categories with distinct working conditions?

A) labour market stratification
B) labour market equalization
C) labour market segmentation
D) labour market integration

Question 50

Which of the following statements reflects evidence of the gender wage gap,as outlined in the text?

A) The wage gap is smallest between single never-married women and married men
B) The wage gap is largest between married men and married women.
C) A young university education woman who works full-time earns 95 cents for every $1 her male counterpart receives.
D) Men's earnings and women's earnings have climbed,but very slowly,over the last several decades.

Question 51

What term is used for behaviour that shows preference toward one gender over the other?

A) gender favouritism
B) gender bias
C) sexual harassment
D) gender streaming

Question 52

Which term refers to the concentration of women and men in different occupations,jobs,and places of work?

A) the gender ghetto
B) the gendered division of labour
C) gender-segregated work
D) gender ratio labour

Question 53

How do women's earnings today compare to men's?

A) Women earn just over 50 cents for every dollar men earn.
B) Women earn just over 70 cents for every dollar men earn.
C) Women earn just over 80 cents for every dollar men earn.
D) Women earn just over 95 cents for every dollar men earn.

Question 54

According to the text,what hierarchical system of social organization is sexism interwoven with?

A) patriarchy
B) matriarchy
C) sexual stratification
D) institutionalized,gender-based discrimination

Question 55

Amber believes that she was born with the body of a male.What term would a sociologist use to describe Amber?

A) hermaphrodite
B) transsexual
C) transvestite
D) transgender

Question 56

Refer to Scenario 1.What information did the ultrasound determine about Jane's baby?

A) age
B) gender
C) sex
D) health

Question 57

What does pay equity imply?

A) the belief that wages ought to reflect the worth of a job,not the gender or race of the worker
B) the belief that different kinds of jobs cannot be compared and classified in terms of wages
C) the belief that men and women receive equal pay for work of equal value
D) the belief that comparable worth policies are ineffective

Question 58

How do parents affect stereotypical gender-role development of children?

A) They pass on their own beliefs about gender.
B) They act in gendered ways toward children on the basis of a child's age.
C) They apply similar expectations and standards for male and female children.
D) They challenge societal gender expectations in their modelling.

Question 59

Male peer groups pressure boys to do "masculine" things more than female peer groups pressure girls to do "feminine" things.What does this suggest?

A) Being female is more devalued.
B) Being male is more devalued.
C) Being male and being female are equally valued.
D) Peers are out of step with parents' socialization patterns.

Question 60

In what way is the cultural expectation of women's role as homemaker most apparent in post-industrial societies?

A) in that many women are mothers and employees
B) in that women continue to bear the heavy burden of caring for children and meeting demands of workplace
C) in the introduction of the ideology of the male breadwinner
D) in the increase of technology available to ease the burden of domestic labour

Question 61

For couples with children,how has men's participation in meeting child-care responsibilities changed over the last decades?

A) It has remained the same.
B) It has substantially decreased.
C) It has undergone noticeable change.
D) It has substantially increased.

Question 62

Which type of workplace inequality does the comparable worth strategy address?

A) sexual harassment
B) work experience
C) onsite training
D) wages

Question 63

Which statement accurately reflects women's role with respect to work in and outside the home today?

A) Women's employment status dramatically reduces their participation in domestic work.
B) Men's participation in domestic work has enabled most women to spend more time working outside the home.
C) Women and men equitably share domestic work,regardless of women's employment status.
D) Regardless of their employment status,women continue to do the majority of unpaid domestic work.

Question 64

Refer to Scenario 2.What term do sociologists use to refer to Miranda's at-home activities once she returns from work?

A) double day or second shift
B) overtime
C) stalled revolution
D) dual tasks

Question 65

According to Talcott Parsons (1955),providing affection and emotional support for the family are examples of what?

A) second-shift tasks
B) instrumental tasks
C) gendered tasks
D) expressive tasks

Question 66

What does the text point out about gender-segregated occupations?

A) A minority of occupations are segregated by gender.
B) Almost 70 percent of women still work in traditionally female occupations.
C) Women make up 25 percent of CEOs in Canada.
D) Men are not affected by gender-segregated work.

Question 67

Refer to Scenario 2.According to a functionalist perspective,what kind of tasks does Miranda's husband perform?

A) expressive tasks
B) instrumental tasks
C) gender-inappropriate tasks
D) traditionally feminine tasks

Question 68

Which of the following statements does NOT describe time-use trends in Canada?

A) The burden of unpaid work continues to rest disproportionately on women.
B) The burden of unpaid work does not diminish when women work outside of the home.
C) Among couples,women do four hours more housework per day than men.
D) If husbands do not help with routine domestic chores,the chores often do not get done.

Question 69

What term do sociologists use to refer to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males?

A) sex
B) gender
C) primary distinctions
D) secondary distinctions

Question 70

When do human beings acquire a gender identity?

A) at birth
B) between 18 months and 3 years of age
C) when they enter school
D) when they reach adolescence

Question 71

Which statement best describes the evolution of the gender wage gap?

A) The wage gap disappeared momentarily in 2001.
B) The wage gap was the widest in 1995.
C) The wage gap has remained relatively stable since the early 1990s.
D) The wage gap was predicted to close by 2010.

Question 72

Candace is using a functionalist perspective to analyze gender inequality.Which statement is most likely to reflect her views?

A) Women's earnings are related to the type of training they receive.
B) Not all men are equally privileged.
C) Male domination causes all forms of human oppression.
D) Women are dually exploited through paid and unpaid labour.

Question 73

Annette is analyzing the gendered division of labour in society.According to the textbook,which of the following factors will NOT be important in her analysis?

A) the type of economic base
B) the supply and demand for labour
C) professional skills
D) whether child-rearing activities are compatible with certain types of work

Question 74

In which type of society did gender inequality and male dominance become institutionalized?

A) horticultural
B) agrarian
C) industrial
D) post-industrial

Question 75

Candace West and Don Zimmerman argue that people create and modify gender.What phrase do they use to explain this?

A) being gendered
B) doing gender
C) gendering
D) acting gendered

Question 76

What percentage of the corporate officers in the Financial Post 500 list are women?

A) less than 2 percent
B) between 5 and 8 percent
C) about 12 percent
D) approximately 17 percent

Question 77

What is gender identity?

A) how others treat a person,as a male or a female
B) a person's perception of the self as female or male
C) sexual identification
D) a person's consciousness of his or her gender

Question 78

What does the case of Islamic feminism demonstrate?

A) Sexism is no longer deeply interwoven with patriarchy throughout the world.
B) Women's inequality is a complex issue to study across nations.
C) The focus of Islamic feminism is similar to Western feminism.
D) Culture plays a minor role in defining what's appropriate for men and women.

Question 79

Which theoretical perspective is a sociologist who proposes "equal opportunities" as a solution to gender stratification most likely using?

A) socialist feminism
B) liberal feminism
C) radical feminism
D) postmodern feminism

Question 80

Refer to Scenario 2.From a feminist perspective,what is Miranda referring to when she asks: "Will this ever get easier?"

A) her responsibilities as a mother
B) her dual responsibilities for paid and unpaid work
C) her relationships with her spouse
D) her work as a nurse