Deck 11: Attraction and Intimacy: Liking and Loving Others

Question 1

The fact that people prefer letters appearing in their own names illustrates the:

A)belongingness effect.
B)proximity effect.
C)mere-exposure effect.
D)matching effect.

Answer 1

mere-exposure effect.

Question 2

Research suggests that randomly assigned college roommates who interact frequently:

A)will most likely become friends.
B)will likely be unhappy about the assignment and come to dislike each other.
C)are as likely to become enemies as they are to become friends.
D)will show initial attraction that will fade over time.

Answer 2

will most likely become friends.

Question 3

On the basis of his research on the mere-exposure effect,Robert Zajonc (1980)argued that our emotions are often more ________ than our thinking.

A)sophisticated
B)instantaneous
C)subtle
D)complex

Answer 3

instantaneous

Question 4

Research on proximity and social attraction generally supports the view that:

A)proximity merely breeds contempt.
B)proximity leads to liking.
C)proximity leads to affection and animosity with equal frequency.
D)distance makes the heart grow fonder.

Question 5

Social ostracism evokes a brain response similar to that triggered by:

A)psychosis.
B)physical pain.
C)feelings of love.
D)panic attacks.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true of the human need to belong?

A)Humans tend to be healthier and happier when their need to belong is met.
B)With close,intimate relationships,humans tend to be weakened.
C)Humans in very few cultures use ostracism to regulate behavior.
D)Humans pursue belonging when they have it and seek more when their needs are fulfilled.

Question 7

One factor that will increase the likelihood that a friendship between two people will develop is:

A)behavioral confirmation.
B)how often their paths cross.
C)avoiding repetitious exposure.
D)gender.

Question 8

After learning about a former co-worker who recently passed away due to cancer,you call a loved one.In the context of attraction and intimacy,this is an example of how reminders of death:

A)make us depressed.
B)encourage solitude.
C)heighten our need to belong.
D)cause social tension.

Question 9

Darley and Berscheid (1967)gave university women ambiguous information about two other women.Asked how much they liked these people,the participants reported feeling attracted to the person whom they:

A)expected they would probably not meet.
B)expected they would eventually meet.
C)had read about first.
D)had read about second.

Question 10

The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more after repeated exposure to them is referred to as:

A)the mere exposure effect.
B)the novelty phenomenon.
C)display liking.
D)the effect of repetition.

Question 11

Anticipatory liking,expecting that someone will be pleasant and compatible,increases the chance of:

A)becoming involved in an inequitable relationship.
B)a dysfunctional,co-dependent relationship.
C)being exploited in the early stages of a relationship.
D)forming a rewarding relationship.

Question 12

If you are new in office and want to make friends,your best bet is to get a desk:

A)that is smaller than that of anyone else.
B)in the quietest corner of the office.
C)near the coffeepot.
D)next to the air conditioner.

Question 13

A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing,positive interactions is:

A)association anxiety.
B)the need for attachment.
C)the need to belong.
D)affiliative predisposition.

Question 14

Samuel,a young college freshman,is new to the town where he will live for the next four years.He does not know anyone at college.According to the architecture of friendship,who among the following will Samuel most likely befriend?

A)Gavin,who is his new college roommate
B)Gabriel,who attends a different college
C)Mason,who stays two doors away
D)Anthony,who lives in a different dormitory

Question 15

Functional distance refers to:

A)the natural geographic route between two locations.
B)how often people meet their loved ones.
C)how often people's paths cross.
D)the direction and route of travel one undertakes when deliberately seeking out a given person.

Question 16

Zoe,a young girl,lives in an apartment with her boyfriend,Luke.She does not like jazz music.However,Luke loves jazz and plays music loudly whenever he is home.Gradually,she develops an interest in jazz.Zoe liking jazz is most likely due to ________ in this scenario.

A)the proximity effect
B)the belongingness effect
C)the spotlight effect
D)the mere-exposure effect

Question 17

A research among 5,000 participants from dozens of countries found that when ostracized during a Web-based game,players were _____ to conform to others' wrong judgments on a subsequent perceptual task.

A)less likely
B)more likely
C)not willing
D)too hesitant

Question 18

You are a regular contributor to an online chat room.One day,the other participants ignore every comment you make.Research on cyberostracism suggests you will likely:

A)send rude and nasty comments to the chat room participants.
B)become more independent and less conforming to others than earlier.
C)lash out at your younger sibling once you finish your chat session.
D)experience stress and will be depressed.

Question 19

In an experiment by Zajonc and his colleagues,participants were exposed to brief novel passages of music while they focused their attention on other tasks.Results indicated that mere exposure led to liking:

A)only when the exposed stimulus was task related.
B)only when people were consciously attending to the exposed stimulus.
C)even when people were unaware of what they had been exposed to.
D)unless background stimuli created a distraction and interfered with the processing of the task.

Question 20

Even when people have no strong feelings about a product or a candidate,________ alone can increase sales or votes.

A)proximity
B)perception
C)repetition
D)appearance

Question 21

When people describe themselves in personal advertisements,women often offer ________ and seek ________.

A)companionship;attractiveness
B)attractiveness;status
C)status;companionship
D)commitment;excitement

Question 22

You feel obligated to vote in the next election,especially,because you are usually the first one to complain about the incumbent president.However,you did not have the time to research the positions taken by the candidates.Social psychologists would confidently predict that you are likely to choose the candidate:

A)whom you find physically attractive.
B)whose name you have heard most often.
C)who resembles someone you know.
D)who resembles someone you like.

Question 23

The most responses to personal advertisements are likely to be received by ________.

A)Mark because he emphasizes his physical attractiveness
B)Bill because he emphasizes his income and education
C)David because he emphasizes his kind and sensitive nature
D)Tony because he emphasizes his athletic accomplishments

Question 24

A stranger rides the same bus you do to school every day.According to the mere-exposure effect,as the days pass,you are most likely to view the stranger:

A)merely as another student.
B)unfavorably.
C)critically.
D)favorably.

Question 25

Rosalinda,who is attractive,intelligent,and high in social status,marries Jorge.He is also attractive,intelligent,and has a high social status.Their relationship is best understood as an example of:

A)the ingratiation effect.
B)complementarity.
C)the mere-exposure effect.
D)the matching phenomenon.

Question 26

Research has shown that other things being equal,we guess ________ people are happier,sexually warmer,more outgoing,and more successful than others.

A)friendly
B)beautiful
C)intelligent
D)funny

Question 27

In the context of attractiveness and dating,which of the following is true of the findings of a worldwide BBC Internet survey of nearly 220,000 people?

A)Men more than women ranked attractiveness as important in a mate.
B)Men more than women assigned importance to honesty,humor,kindness,and dependability.
C)The husband's physical attractiveness predicted the wife's marital satisfaction.
D)Lesbian and straight women valued appearances more than gay or straight men did.

Question 28

Kylie,a young professional,is in love with her colleague,Josh who is a handsome and athletic man.She assumes that he possesses other socially desirable characters,too.Kylie most likely exemplifies ________ in this scenario.

A)an anxious attachment style
B)the overjustification effect
C)a physical-attractiveness stereotype
D)an illusion of transparency

Question 29

Which of the following best expresses the meaning of the physical-attractiveness stereotype?

A)What is beautiful is good.
B)What is beautiful is unpredictable.
C)What is beautiful is superficial.
D)What is beautiful is untouchable.

Question 30

Timothy,a brilliant investment banker,makes millions each year.He marries a beautiful,young supermodel.In the context of physical attractiveness,Timothy and his wife most likely exhibit ________ in this scenario.

A)the mere-exposure effect
B)the matching phenomenon
C)the spotlight effect
D)the ingratiation effect

Question 31

Kalick (1977)had Harvard students rate their impressions of eight women based on profile photographs taken before or after cosmetic surgery and found that:

A)pre-surgery women were judged to be more genuine,honest,and appealing.
B)post-surgery women were judged to be kinder and more likable.
C)pre-surgery women were judged to be more intelligent and competent.
D)post-surgery women were judged to be more independent and insensitive.

Question 32

Who among your friends is most likely to prefer a mate who is homely and warm over one who is attractive and cold?

A)your teenage brother
B)your middle-aged co-worker Ben
C)your best friend Carol
D)your classmate Tom

Question 33

Kevin,a young,vibrant,Michelin star chef,makes innovative dishes for his customers.His girlfriend,Aubrey,is a successful pastry chef.He wishes to marry her as she has a similar outlook toward life as he does.In the context of physical attractiveness,which of the following is most likely exhibited in this scenario by Kevin and Aubrey?

A)the matching phenomenon
B)the mere-exposure effect
C)complementarity
D)the ingratiation effect

Question 34

Benjamin,a young doctor,marries a pretty girl.He assumes that she would also be very kind.Gradually,he realizes that she does not possess other socially desirable traits.Which of the following does Benjamin most likely possess in this scenario?

A)pluralistic ignorance
B)a physical-attractiveness stereotype
C)the overjustification effect
D)an illusion of transparency

Question 35

In the context of the physical-attractiveness stereotype,which of the following is true of first impressions?

A)Attractiveness better predicts happiness and social connections for those in rural rather than urban settings.
B)The attractiveness effect is weakest when people's choices are superficially made.
C)They suggest that physical appearance always outranks other human qualities.
D)They have become more important than before as societies have become increasingly mobile and urbanized.

Question 36

According to Langlois et al. ,which of the following is true of physically attractive people when compared with other people?

A)They tend to be more popular.
B)They tend to be more humorous.
C)They tend to be less outgoing.
D)They tend to be less gender-typed.

Question 37

Hatfield and her colleagues (1966)matched University of Minnesota first-year students for a Welcome Week dance.When the students were asked to evaluate their dates,what determined whether they liked each other?

A)the similarity of values
B)the similarity of academic competence
C)physical attractiveness
D)common family background

Question 38

Implicit egotism is our tendency to:

A)like things that are liked by others.
B)make friends with people older than us.
C)prefer attractive people.
D)like what we associate with ourselves.

Question 39

Ruth is quite attractive (a 4 on a 5-point scale),but Naomi is strikingly attractive (a 5 on a 5-point scale).Research suggests that if Ruth earns $35,000 a year,Naomi will probably make ________ doing the same job.

A)slightly less money
B)the same amount
C)more money
D)significantly less money

Question 40

Which of the following is an example of implicit egotism?

A)People are less likely to marry someone whose first or last name resembles their own than those with other names.
B)Virginia Beach has a disproportionate number of people named Virginia.
C)People want to name their children after family members.
D)People are less attracted to people whose arbitrary experimental code number resembles their birth date than others.

Question 41

In a study of whether or not mimicry increases rapport,Rick van Baaren and his colleagues (2003)found that restaurant servers earned high tips if they:

A)agreed with their customers.
B)possessed similar degrees of physical attractiveness.
C)had common interests.
D)repeated customers' orders.

Question 42

The use of strategies,such as flattery,by which people seek to gain another's favor is known as ________.

A)social elicitation
B)deindividuation
C)social penetration
D)ingratiation

Question 43

Which of the following is true of the research that digitized multiple faces and averaged them using a computer?

A)Averaged faces and bodies tend to be perfectly symmetrical,a characteristic of attractive people.
B)People find the composite faces less appealing than almost all the actual faces.
C)An average leg-length-to-body ratio looks less attractive than very short or long legs.
D)Averaged looks least embody prototypes and thus are difficult for the brain to process and categorize.

Question 44

Jen is more in love with Stan today than the day she married him.According to research on the relationship between love and perceived attractiveness,________.

A)Jen probably finds Stan to be more attractive today than the day she married him
B)Jen probably finds Stan to be less attractive today than the day she married him
C)Stan probably finds Jen less attractive today than the day he married her
D)Stan and Jen probably see each other as equally attractive

Question 45

"Negative information carries more weight because,being less usual,it grabs more attention." This statement is an example of the:

A)good is stronger than bad principle.
B)cognitive miser principle.
C)bad is stronger than good principle.
D)equity principle.

Question 46

In the context of physical-attractiveness stereotypes,which of the following is true of those who people are in love with?

A)The more in love a woman is with a man,the more physically attractive she finds him.
B)The more in love people are,the more attractive they find all others of the opposite sex.
C)The more similar someone's attitudes are to a person's,the less he or she likes the other person.
D)If dissimilar attitudes pertain to one's strong moral convictions,a person likes them all the more.

Question 47

At a party,Ellie meets Rob and Blake.The three get involved in a philosophical discussion that lasts through the evening.By the end of the evening,Ellie discovers that Blake and she share the same viewpoints,whereas Rob and she see things differently.All else being equal,Ellie will probably like:

A)Rob better.
B)Blake better.
C)Rob and Blake equally.
D)neither Rob nor Blake.

Question 48

Brent is a White man and has been given a choice to work with Darwin or Ken.Darwin is a Black man who shares many of Brent's values and attitudes,and Ken is a White man who shares little in common with Brent.With whom is Brent more likely to work?

A)Darwin
B)Ken
C)All else being equal,his liking will be equally high for both Darwin and Ken.
D)Brent will probably choose to work alone.

Question 49

Scarlett,a middle-aged woman,panics when she is in a critical situation,whereas her partner,Hannah,has a positive outlook.Hannah is calm,and she consoles and encourages Scarlett whenever they face a problem.In the context of attraction,Hannah and Scarlett exhibit ________ in this scenario.

A)altruism
B)complementarity
C)deindividuation
D)ingratiation

Question 50

In the context of similarity,which of the following is true of people who like another person?

A)Liking is explicit when it is one-sided.
B)Proximity influences initial attraction.
C)Similarity influences short-term attraction.
D)Attractiveness does not influence initial attraction.

Question 51

Kenrick and his colleagues (1989)found that compared with men who have recently been gazing at centerfolds,average women or even their own wives seem ________.

A)more passionate
B)extremely beautiful
C)less attractive
D)very feminine

Question 52

In the context of anticipation of interaction,which of the following is true of mere exposure?

A)The mere-exposure effect violates the commonsense prediction of boredom regarding repeatedly heard music or tasted foods.
B)Familiarity never breeds contempt.
C)When people read stories about transgender individuals accompanied by pictures,they become more afraid of transgender people than they were.
D)Attitudes toward social groups cannot be changed by mere exposure.

Question 53

Spouses are more likely than randomly paired people to share common attitudes,beliefs,and values.The ________ the similarity,the ________ they are.

A)greater;happier
B)greater;healthier
C)lesser;healthier
D)lesser;happier

Question 54

David,a junior-level officer in a company,is hoping for a promotion this year.He understands that only his reporting manager can recommend him for the promotion.Hence,David starts to flatter his manager and praise his efficient operational methods.In the context of attraction,David is most likely exhibiting ________ in this scenario.

A)social penetration
B)deindividuation
C)ingratiation
D)complementarity

Question 55

In the context of similarity versus complementarity,according to research conclusions drawn by Singh and his colleagues (2000),which of the following is true?

A)Dissimilar attitudes depress liking more than similar attitudes enhance liking.
B)Similar attitudes depress liking more than dissimilar attitudes enhance liking.
C)Dissimilar and similar attitudes are equally powerful.
D)Attitudes have little effect on liking.

Question 56

Mary,a talkative,extroverted young woman,is strongly attracted to Shane,a quiet,introverted,middle-aged man.Mary's attraction to Shane would be predicted by:

A)the exchange theory.
B)the matching phenomenon.
C)ingratiation.
D)complementarity.

Question 57

Jordan and Hailey,a middle-aged couple,have been married for seven years.Hailey likes to spend money on luxurious and expensive items,and she likes to dine out every other day.On the other hand,Jordan likes to save money for their future.In the context of attraction,which of the following is exhibited by Jordan and Hailey in this scenario?

A)deindividuation
B)ingratiation
C)complementarity
D)altruism

Question 58

The relationship between mimicry and rapport is:

A)positive.
B)negative.
C)neutral.
D)curvilinear.

Question 59

Psychologists working from the evolutionary perspective explain the human preference for attractive partners in terms of:

A)high energy.
B)social acceptance.
C)reproductive capacity.
D)maturity and dominance.

Question 60

The popularly supposed tendency,in a relationship between two people,for each to complete what is missing in the other is called ________.

A)accentuation
B)equivalency
C)complementarity
D)reciprocity

Question 61

In the context of different attachment styles,which of the following is true of individuals with a secure attachment?

A)Securely attached adults tend to be less invested in relationships and more likely to leave them than others are.
B)Securely attached adults fret about getting too dependent or being abandoned.
C)Relationships of securely attached adults tend to be satisfying and enduring.
D)As lovers,securely attached adults enjoy sexuality within the context of an insecure relationship.

Question 62

According to Aronson's view,which of the following is true of attribution?

A)Constant approval improves the value of a relationship.
B)An open,honest relationship is less likely to offer continuing rewards than one dulled by the suppression of unpleasant emotions.
C)A loved one whom a person has doted on is easy to reward but hard to hurt.
D)As a relationship ripens toward greater intimacy,what becomes increasingly important is authenticity.

Question 63

In Rubin's research,"strong-love" couples differed from "weak-love" couples in that they:

A)talked more to each other.
B)gazed more into each other's eyes.
C)smiled less at each other.
D)displayed more jealousy.

Question 64

Which theory provides the best explanation for the effects of proximity,similarity,and attractiveness on liking?

A)the triangle theory
B)the reward theory
C)the disclosure theory
D)the attachment theory

Question 65

Twelve-month-old Joshua enters an unfamiliar laboratory playroom with his mother.When she leaves,he gets distressed.When she returns,he runs to her and hugs her close.After this intense reunion,he returns to playing.Joshua demonstrates the characteristics of ________ attachment.

A)secure
B)insecure
C)avoidant
D)anxious

Question 66

Baumeister and others (2001)sum up their research by noting that in everyday life,________ events have stronger and more lasting consequences than comparable ________ events.

A)good;bad
B)bad;good
C)fun;sad
D)sad;fun

Question 67

In comparison to women,men fall in love more ________ and out of love more ________.

A)readily;readily
B)slowly;slowly
C)readily;slowly
D)slowly;readily

Question 68

In the context of different attachment styles,which of the following is true of individuals with an avoidant attachment?

A)They are less trusting,more fearful of a partner's becoming interested in someone else than others are.
B)They enjoy sexuality within the context of a secure,committed relationship as lovers.
C)They are less likely to be sexually unfaithful to their partners in both straight and gay relationships than other adults are.
D)They are more fearful to engage in uncommitted hookups than other adults are.

Question 69

Natalie,a student,likes her classmate,Wyatt who always helps her with her assignments and projects.She likes him more than anyone in her class as she can rely on him on any given day to get her work done.Which of the following theories explains Natalie's liking in this scenario?

A)the contact theory
B)the reward theory of attraction
C)the equity theory
D)the triangular theory of love

Question 70

Amanda,a young girl,is in love with an army officer who is deployed to Iraq.She always longs for him and is elated whenever he meets her.She feels miserable when he is away.Identify the kind of love that Amanda has for her boyfriend in this scenario.

A)platonic love
B)companionate love
C)empty love
D)passionate love

Question 71

The affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined is called:

A)companionate love.
B)romantic love.
C)secure attachment.
D)committed friendship.

Question 72

According to the two-factor theory of emotion,being aroused by ________ should intensify passionate feelings.

A)pornography on video or in magazines
B)sight and smell
C)any source
D)exercise

Question 73

Which of the following theories states that people like those whose behavior is rewarding to them or whom they associate with rewarding events?

A)the mere exposure theory
B)the reward management theory
C)the triangular theory of love
D)the reward theory of attraction

Question 74

Which of the following theories suggests that being aroused by any source should intensify passionate feelings-provided that the mind is free to attribute some of the arousals to a romantic stimulus?

A)the triangular theory of love
B)the two-factor theory of emotion
C)the mere exposure theory
D)the reward theory of attraction

Question 75

Research on the two-factor theory of emotion supports which of the following conclusions?

A)Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
B)Arousal requires emotion.
C)Birds of a feather flock together.
D)Adrenaline makes the heart grow fonder.

Question 76

In the context of components of love,which of the following types of love preoccupies the lover with thoughts of the other,involving the same reward pathways in the brain as addictions to substances?

A)empty love
B)passionate love
C)platonic love
D)physical arousal

Question 77

Jayce and Cameron,a same-sex couple,have been living together for eight years.They have a deep,affectionate attachment and are committed to each other.They perceive themselves receiving from their relationship in proportion to their contribution to it.Which of the following kinds of love is exemplified by Jayce and Cameron in this scenario?

A)romantic love
B)companionate love
C)empty love
D)fatuous love

Question 78

Hatfield defines ________ as a state of intense longing for union with another.

A)attraction anxiety
B)commitment
C)passionate love
D)intimate attraction

Question 79

Psychologist Robert Sternberg (1998)views love as a triangle consisting of all of the following components EXCEPT:

A)attachment.
B)passion.
C)commitment.
D)intimacy.

Question 80

We like people those whose behavior is gratifying to us or whom we associate with gratifying events.This fact is consistent with the ________ theory of attraction.

A)cognitive dissonance
B)reward
C)two-factor
D)James-Lange