Deck 5: Stereotypes,prejudice,and Discrimination

Question 1

Which of the following results from social categorization processes?

A) underestimation of differences between groups
B) underestimation of differences within groups
C) increased confidence that differences between groups are illusory
D) increased tendency to notice behaviours inconsistent with group stereotype

Answer 1

underestimation of differences within groups

Question 2

Stereotypes,prejudice,and discrimination are problematic enough to have a significant impact on which of the following societies or cultures?

A) North American societies
B) collectivistic cultures
C) individualistic cultures
D) most,if not all,societies

Answer 2

most,if not all,societies

Question 3

What do psychologists call negative feelings directed at others strictly because of their membership in a particular social category?

A) discrimination
B) prejudice
C) the out-group homogeneity effect
D) the in-group homogeneity effect

Answer 3

prejudice

Question 4

From a sociocultural perspective,what do stereotypes derive from?

A) the desire to justify existing social inequalities between groups
B) basic cognitive processing
C) perceived differences between groups
D) past interactions between groups

Question 5

Bridgette thinks short people have personality complexes to overcompensate for their height.What is Bridgette exhibiting?

A) discrimination
B) stereotyping
C) prejudice
D) relative deprivation

Question 6

Benny thinks lawyers are dishonest,smart,and hardworking.What does his attitude exemplify?

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) social categorization
D) a stereotype

Question 7

How can you characterize the likelihood of stereotypes,prejudice,and discrimination?

A) Most individuals hold prejudices.
B) Most individuals show discrimination.
C) Prejudiced individuals typically act in a discriminatory way.
D) Most individuals hold stereotypes.

Question 8

In social psychological terms,which of the following features would a set of people possess if they are considered a group?

A) a minimum of five individuals
B) membership in the same social category
C) being in the same place during a period of time
D) a common fate

Question 9

What do we call the groups to which the self does NOT belong?

A) social groups
B) implicit categories
C) explicit categories
D) outgroups

Question 10

What do psychologists call the tendency to perceive members of an outgroup as less variable,or more similar to one another,than members of the ingroup?

A) the minimal group effect
B) the outgroup homogeneity effect
C) the ingroup homogeneity effect
D) the contrast effect

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of discrimination?

A) believing that baby-faced men are harmless
B) believing that girls should wear pink and boys should wear blue
C) voting for a male candidate in your riding
D) hiring an attractive candidate rather than an ordinary-looking one with the same credentials

Question 12

According to your textbook,why is social categorization advantageous?

A) because it leads to more accurate social perception
B) because it encourages us to take longer to make judgments about others
C) because it frees up cognitive resources
D) because it is generally based on realistic assumptions

Question 13

Buffy is a member of a sorority.She considers the stereotypes about her sorority to be gross overgeneralizations,but claims that the stereotypes about other sororities seem to have a kernel of truth.What concept does Buffy's thinking illustrate?

A) the outgroup homogeneity effect
B) realistic conflict
C) reverse discrimination
D) social role theory

Question 14

How do stereotypes differ from prejudice and discrimination?

A) Stereotypes concern positive feelings about a social group.
B) Stereotypes concern negative feelings about a social group.
C) Stereotypes concern positive or negative beliefs about a social group.
D) Stereotypes concern negative behaviour directed at members of a social group.

Question 15

What does social categorization lead people to do?

A) perceive group members more accurately
B) perceive others as individuals rather than group members
C) overestimate differences between groups
D) overestimate differences within groups

Question 16

Jessica receives many jobs applications;however,she only tends to interview people who have a personal recommendation from someone she knows.How would you characterize Jessica's hiring practices?

A) Her practices are prejudiced.
B) Her practices cause certain groups to be advantaged.
C) Her practices are discriminatory.
D) Her practices lead to stereotypes for certain groups.

Question 17

What do we call the groups to which the self belongs?

A) ingroups
B) self-categories
C) implicit categories
D) self-groups

Question 18

Barbara refuses to let short people join her book club.What is Barbara exhibiting?

A) discrimination
B) stereotyping
C) prejudice.
D) relative deprivation

Question 19

Why do ingroup members often display the outgroup homogeneity effect?

A) because ingroups and outgroups must compete for shared resources
B) because they lack familiarity with members of the outgroup
C) because they lack sufficient information to judge the variability of their own group
D) because they usually encounter the most typical members of the outgroup

Question 20

Bonnie dislikes all professors.What does her attitude exemplify?

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) social categorization
D) a stereotype

Question 21

Though societies differ in their attitudes towards women,there is still a great deal of consistency in the percentage of women in many occupations.Which of the following is the best explanation of this consistency?

A) evolutionary differences
B) sex roles
C) sexist hiring practices
D) discriminatory approaches to education

Question 22

Which of the following mechanisms allows an individual to maintain a stereotype even in the face of strongly contradictory evidence?

A) an illusory correlation
B) a jigsaw classroom
C) subtyping
D) self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 23

Why is the fundamental attribution error likely to promote stereotypes?

A) because observers see the stereotype-consistent behaviour of others as dispositional
B) because it is so prevalent that it is unaffected by personal motivations
C) because the more a stereotype is violated,the more observers cling to that stereotype
D) because we often perceive members of outgroups as having ulterior motives

Question 24

When is subtyping most likely to be used?

A) when one is confronted with a group member who is dramatically different from the group
B) when one is confronted with a group member who causes observers to bring to mind others who confirm the stereotype
C) when one is confronted with a group member who is perceived to conform to the stereotype in a few situations
D) when one is confronted with a group member who deviates from the stereotype on only a few dimensions

Question 25

Lou sees women as being especially good at things like raising children and keeping a family together.But he thinks they are less capable than men in making difficult decisions,and believes that women need men's protection.What characteristic does Lou's behaviour illustrate?

A) hostile sexism
B) benevolent sexism
C) ambivalent sexism
D) a common stereotype,not sexism

Question 26

Bradley notices that all of the nurses he has ever seen are women.Because nurses help people,he assumes that they are gentle and caring by nature so he treats them warmly and with respect.He finds that his nurses do treat him in a very caring and gentle manner.What concept does this situation demonstrate?

A) subtyping
B) realistic group conflict theory
C) the fundamental attribution error
D) a self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 27

Arnold is not a cheerleader and doesn't know any cheerleaders personally,but when he sees them at the football games,they are always smiling.How does Arnold most likely perceive cheerleaders?

A) Arnold is likely to think about specific cheerleaders rather than the group stereotype.
B) Arnold is likely to notice the ways in which each cheerleader is unique.
C) Arnold is likely to be able to distinguish cheerleaders from one another only if they are smiling.
D) Arnold is likely to think that all cheerleaders are happy.

Question 28

According to the outgroup homogeneity effect,why do ingroup members perceive outgroup members as similar?

A) Ingroup members have little information concerning outgroup members.
B) Ingroup members are likely to have frequent contact with outgroup members.
C) Ingroup members accurately perceive the lack of diversity within the outgroup.
D) Ingroup members interact with stereotypical individuals from the outgroup.

Question 29

In explaining the behaviour of outgroup members,what are people most likely to do?

A) make situational attributions for negative behaviours,but personal attributions for positive behaviours
B) make situational attributions for positive behaviours,but personal attributions for negative behaviours
C) make situational attributions for both positive and negative behaviours
D) make personal attributions for both positive and negative behaviours

Question 30

Which of the following is most likely to contribute to the view that members of a stereotyped group behave in ways consistent with group stereotypes?

A) subtyping
B) illusory correlations
C) stereotype threat
D) ingroup favouritism

Question 31

What is the impact of implicit racism on society?

A) Implicit racism is so rare that it has little effect on society.
B) Implicit racism effects are so slight and difficult to detect that they have no significant effects on people's real behaviour.
C) Though the effects of implicit racism are real,they have little effect on society.
D) The small effects of implicit racism are demonstrated so commonly across people that the impact on society is great.

Question 32

Patricia has scored high on a measure of implicit racism.She is in an experiment where she and her black partner will have a discussion.How is Patricia most likely to respond?

A) She will sit further away from her partner if the discussion is racially sensitive.
B) She will avoid sitting near her partner even if the discussion is not racially sensitive.
C) She will have a lowered stress response.
D) She will appear calm.

Question 33

In a study of modern racism,mock juries heard evidence about either a white or a black defendant.When were juries most likely to demonstrate racism?

A) when there was clear evidence that the white defendant was guilty
B) when there was clear evidence that the black defendant was guilty
C) when the evidence against a defendant was ambiguous
D) when the evidence against a defendant was unambiguous

Question 34

Research has shown that certain groups perceive a high level of hostility in the faces of out-group members.Which of the following statements best summarizes these research findings?

A) Most white research participants perceive greater hostility in black faces.
B) White research participants with high implicit racism scores perceive greater hostility in black faces.
C) Black research participants with high implicit racism perceive greater hostility in white faces.
D) Most black research participants perceive greater hostility in white faces.

Question 35

Which of the following is a major difference between gender stereotypes and other group stereotypes?

A) Other group stereotypes have few exceptions,whereas gender stereotypes have many exceptions.
B) Gender stereotypes have few exceptions,whereas other group stereotypes have many exceptions.
C) Other group stereotypes are prescriptive,whereas gender stereotypes are descriptive.
D) Gender stereotypes are prescriptive,whereas other stereotypes are descriptive.

Question 36

Liston believes that psychology professors are absent-minded.Given the research on illusory correlations,which of the following is most likely to happen?

A) Liston will notice when his psychology professor remembers students' names.
B) Liston will overestimate how often his psychology professor forgets to bring materials to class.
C) Liston will underestimate the ways in which his psychology professor is like other psychology professors.
D) Liston will make situational attributions for the stereotype-consistent behaviour of his psychology professor.

Question 37

Sheldon is looking for a daycare centre for his son.He interviewed two centres and has decided to go to the daycare with all female workers because he believes that women are more caring and nurturing for children.What concept do Sheldon's beliefs illustrate?

A) hostile sexism
B) benevolent sexism
C) ingroup bias
D) outgroup bias

Question 38

Participants in an experiment learn about eight positive and four negative behaviours performed by members of group A.They also learn about four positive and two negative behaviours performed by members of group B.Which pattern of results is most likely?

A) Group B will be liked more,because they performed the fewest number of negative behaviours.
B) Group A and B will be liked equally well,because the ratio of positive to negative behaviours is the same.
C) Group A will be liked less because of a perceived link between the distinctive events of membership in the larger group and performing more negative behaviours.
D) Group B will be liked less because of a perceived link between the distinctive events of membership in the smaller group and performing fewer negative behaviours.

Question 39

What does research show about the accuracy of stereotypes?

A) Findings are mixed because some stereotypes seem to be based on completely inaccurate information whereas others seem to have a kernel of truth.
B) Findings clearly indicate that stereotypes are distortions and not accurate in the least.
C) Findings clearly indicate that stereotypes are exaggerations,but almost always based on a kernel of truth.
D) Findings clearly indicate that that entity stereotypes are more accurate than incremental stereotypes.

Question 40

Gunner thinks fashion models eat like birds.He overestimates the association between being a fashion model and not eating because models are very distinctive from the normal population and not eating is deviant behaviour.What does Gunner's thinking demonstrate?

A) a contrast effect
B) the outgroup homogeneity effect
C) an illusory correlation
D) social role theory

Question 41

How are our perceptions biased by stereotypes?

A) Our perceptions are biased whether or not we agree with the stereotype.
B) Our perceptions are biased for outgroup members,but not for ingroup members
C) Our perceptions are not biased if we are aware that the stereotype was activated.
D) Our perceptions are biased primarily when the stereotype was unconsciously activated

Question 42

In the research of Sinclair and Kunda (1999)in which white participants believed they were criticized by a black doctor,how did the participants react?

A) They suppressed their stereotypes.
B) They activated their stereotypes.
C) They subtyped their stereotypes.
D) They contrasted their stereotypes.

Question 43

A government sees a particular societal group as being innately unintelligent,and so it devotes very little effort or money to educating people within that group.As a result,members of the group tend to perform more poorly on standardized intelligence tests.What phenomenon does this example illustrate?

A) subtyping
B) realistic group conflict theory
C) social identity theory
D) a self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 44

In the research of Sinclair and Kunda (1999)in which white participants believed they were praised by a black doctor,how did the participants react?

A) They suppressed their stereotypes.
B) They activated their stereotypes.
C) They subtyped their stereotypes.
D) They contrasted their stereotypes.

Question 45

Suppose a study of males was conducted in which half of the participants were subliminally exposed to pictures of females coupled with gender-stereotypical words such as "passive" and "submissive." Each of the males then worked with a female on a problem-solving task.Results revealed that the men who were subliminally primed asserted more agency and control in the problem solving task than those who had not been primed.In turn,the females who worked with them responded in a more passive manner.What phenomenon best explains these findings?

A) illusory correlation
B) subtyping
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) the fundamental attribution error

Question 46

You think all professors are uncoordinated,but then you see your psychology professor make a diving catch in an intramural softball game.You maintain your original stereotype of professors as uncoordinated by deciding that this one individual is an exception to the rule because he is a "young professor." What concept does your thinking illustrate?

A) social identity theory
B) stereotype distortion
C) subtyping
D) priming

Question 47

Donna has just met Arie,an Israeli.In which of the following cases will her stereotype of Israelis have the most influence on the impression she forms of Arie?

A) if Donna is tired and has personal information about Arie
B) if Donna is drunk and has no personal information about Arie
C) if Donna is pressured for time and has personal information about Arie
D) if Donna is mentally alert and has no personal information about Arie

Question 48

According to research on the cognitive functioning of "morning people" vs."night people," what does the influence of stereotypes depend on?

A) the personal information a perceiver has about a target
B) the motivation of the perceiver
C) the age of the perceiver
D) the cognitive resources available to the perceiver

Question 49

What did Allport and Postman's (1947)study using a photograph of a subway car demonstrate?

A) how racial stereotypes evolve over generations
B) how racial stereotypes facilitate memory accuracy and conserve cognitive energy
C) how racial stereotypes can be controlled
D) how racial stereotypes distort social perception and memory

Question 50

Novelist Alice Walker said,"Not everybody's life is what they make it.Some people's life is what other people make it." What social psychological construct does this quotation capture?

A) the self-fulfilling prophecy
B) the outgroup homogeneity effect
C) social identity theory
D) relative deprivation

Question 51

According to your textbook,how can people best counter the potentially negative effects of stereotype activation?

A) by taking the perspective of a member of the stereotyped group
B) by trying hard not to think about the stereotype
C) by thinking about the stereotyped group as a whole
D) by thinking about recent instances in which they made fair judgments

Question 52

Which of the following was an argument of Devine's (1989)early work on the automatic activation of stereotypes?

A) Exposure to a member of a stereotyped group is sufficient to activate the stereotype.
B) Stereotype activation is automatic,but stereotypes cannot influence judgments without conscious intent.
C) Activation of the stereotype will only occur for highly prejudiced individuals.
D) Automatic stereotype activation leads to prejudice in all that hold stereotypes.

Question 53

Which of the following best explains the motivation to form subtypes for individuals who do NOT conform to a group stereotype?

A) By holding subtypes it is easier to change the content of the stereotype.
B) By holding subtypes it protects the stereotype from change.
C) By holding subtypes it prevents the stereotype from being applied to other group members.
D) By holding subtypes the stereotypes has the greatest impact on atypical group members.

Question 54

Which of the following factors makes automatic activation of stereotypes more likely?

A) exposure to neutral information about a group or target
B) a personal motivation to avoid prejudice
C) being too cognitively busy to notice category membership of a target
D) a recent previous activation of the stereotype

Question 55

Which group is most affected by automatic stereotype activation?

A) Stereotype activation influences subsequent judgments for both high- and low-prejudice individuals.
B) Stereotype activation influences subsequent judgments more for high- than low-prejudice individuals.
C) Stereotype activation influences subsequent judgements more for low- than high-prejudice individuals.
D) Stereotype activation influences subsequent judgments when people are aware that the stereotype has been activated.

Question 56

When do people perceive others as consistent with their stereotypes?

A) when the target's behaviour is very different from the perceiver's expectations
B) when the perceiver's ability to process information is compromised
C) when the behaviour of the target is extreme
D) when the target belongs to a relatively small ingroup

Question 57

How does age influence the ability to suppress stereotypes?

A) Younger and older individuals are equally successful at suppressing stereotypes.
B) Younger individuals have less success with stereotype suppression than older individuals.
C) Older individuals have less success with stereotype suppression than younger individuals.
D) Middle-aged individuals have more success with stereotype suppression than both younger and older individuals

Question 58

How do self-fulfilling prophecies perpetuate stereotypes?

A) by increasing the likelihood that perceivers create subtypes
B) by eliciting stereotype-confirming behaviour from targets
C) by threatening individual self-esteem
D) by reducing ingroup favouritism

Question 59

In which of the following situations are judgments least likely to be influenced by automatic stereotype activation?

A) A highly prejudiced person is exposed to the label "used car salesperson."
B) A person low in prejudice is exposed to the label "used car salesperson."
C) A person whose self-esteem is threatened is briefly shown a picture of a used car salesperson.
D) A highly prejudiced person is exposed to information consistent with the "used car salesperson" stereotype.

Question 60

Dick thinks Australians are unhealthy.He meets an Australian who doesn't smoke.He makes an exception,categorizing the individual as a "healthy Australian." What does Dick's behaviour illustrate?

A) the influence of subtyping on stereotype perpetuation
B) the influence of social identity on stereotyping
C) the influence of intergroup contact on stereotype exceptions
D) the influence of social categorization on stereotype formation

Question 61

Raymond Silverfox and Robert Stone died in police custody.Psychologists have investigated the role that racial stereotypes and prejudice have on police behaviour.How does a suspect's race affect police behaviour?

A) Racial prejudice does not influence police officers who have received training to look past a suspect's skin colour.
B) Racial prejudice can influence the thought processes of police officers,but very rarely their actual behaviour.
C) High levels of implicit stereotypes will lead police to react differently to a black suspect.
D) Mere awareness of racial stereotypes is enough to influence police behaviour,even if the officers do not endorse these stereotypes.

Question 62

Now that Betty knows she has to work with Harvey on a project in their education class,which of the following is most likely to happen?

A) She will see him in a stereotypic manner.
B) She will not enjoy her education class.
C) She will not display contrast effects in evaluating him.
D) She will pay attention to his personal characteristics.

Question 63

What does realistic conflict theory propose?

A) Conflict between groups is a function of interpersonal hostility.
B) Intergroup hostility arises from competition among groups for scarce but valued resources.
C) Intergroup conflict is largely a function of how realistically groups view one another.
D) Conflict between groups results in a less realistic view of the outgroup.

Question 64

The results of the Robbers Cave experiment can be extrapolated to suggest that prejudice between groups can be increased under which of the following conditions?

A) when the groups are placed in a situation where they compete against one another
B) when the groups are placed in a situation where appropriate ways of interacting are unclear
C) when the groups are placed in a situation where the groups communicate with one another
D) when the groups are placed in a situation where groups must jointly carry out multiple tasks

Question 65

Suppose that the students at rival universities interact only when their athletic teams compete against one another.According to Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment,what will the students be most likely to do?

A) limit their competition to the playing field and behave cooperatively off the field
B) change their negative stereotypes of one another because of their interaction
C) develop positive views of one another and behave in a friendly manner
D) develop negative views of one another and behave in a hostile manner

Question 66

Suppose that the student groups at the school union must compete with each other for a limited supply of offices and money to support their projects.Over time,which of the following is most likely to happen?

A) These groups will view each other in negative terms.
B) These groups will work together in an effort to acquire more resources.
C) These groups will ignore each other and work for their own causes.
D) These groups will develop a negative attitude about the school union.

Question 67

The Jets and the Bears are two groups of local youths who regularly-and belligerently-compete against each other.According to the Robbers Cave experiment,which of the following would be the best way to heal the rift between these groups?

A) encourage the adult leaders to say positive things about the other group
B) encourage them to "air" their differences
C) have them work together on a goal that requires cooperative efforts
D) have each group note the good qualities of the other group

Question 68

Pedro is not satisfied with his $10 million a year salary because he feels it is below what other major league pitchers earn.What concept does Pedro's dissatisfaction illustrate?

A) stereotype threat
B) ingroup favouritism
C) confirmation bias
D) relative deprivation

Question 69

The cooks at Burger Barn dislike the counter workers because the cooks think the counter workers get better health-care options.What concept do the cooks' perceptions illustrate?

A) relative deprivation
B) subtyping
C) stereotype threat
D) superordinate goals

Question 70

What did the Robbers Cave experiment demonstrate?

A) Ingroup favouritism is inevitable.
B) Group categorization is automatic.
C) Prejudice is a function of social class.
D) Prejudice can result from intergroup competition.

Question 71

Which of the following factors tends to reduce people's reliance on stereotypes?

A) having rich background information about a target
B) being motivated to form a quick impression
C) having little to no personal interactions with the target
D) being in a very good or very bad mood

Question 72

Prejudice is not limited to individuals who feel directly threatened by outgroups.From which of the following perspectives is this fact is most difficult to explain?

A) social role theory
B) social identity theory
C) social categorization theory
D) realistic conflict theory

Question 73

Two children of different races have been assigned the same bunk house when they arrive at camp.Each child has prejudice toward the race of the other child.Dana is a camp counsellor who has been assigned the task of getting these two kids to like each other.Based on the results of the Robbers Cave experiment,which of the following strategies should Dana adopt?

A) Have the children talk with one another for awhile.
B) Have the children sit next to each other at meals.
C) Have the children go to the lake and bring a canoe back to camp.
D) Have a talk with each of them about how nice the other child is.

Question 74

A junior high coach decides to separate his basketball players into an A team and a B team.These two teams regularly play each other and compete for rewards such as time at the drinking fountain and use of the new basketballs.According to the Robbers Cave experiment,what is the most likely result of the coach's new arrangement?

A) It will promote team unity.
B) It will lead to animosity between the A team and the B team.
C) It will encourage the development of leadership skills.
D) It will lead to less vigorous practices.

Question 75

Which of the following best exemplifies realistic conflict theory?

A) the conflict over land ownership between the Arabs and Israelis in the Middle East
B) the conflict between the Protestants and the Catholics in Ireland due to religious differences
C) the conflict between liberals and conservatives regarding political ideology
D) the conflict between those who are "pro-choice" and those who are "pro-life" on the issue of abortion

Question 76

According to Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment,how can prejudice and intergroup hostility be reduced?

A) through intense negotiation
B) through controlled processing
C) through informal communication
D) through cooperative work on superordinate goals

Question 77

Some people dislike immigrants because they fear that the immigrants will take jobs away from them.Which theory best explains these feelings?

A) social role theory
B) social identity theory
C) social categorization theory
D) realistic conflict theory

Question 78

Which of the following has been most successful in correlating to the influence of a target's race on a person's behavioural reaction to that target?

A) the Implicit Attitude test
B) video game simulations
C) virtual reality simulators
D) the Modern Racism test

Question 79

How does competition influence prejudice?

A) Imagined competition can reduce prejudice just as much as actual competition.
B) The perception that one is not competing as well as other ingroup members is sufficient to produce prejudice toward the outgroup.
C) Prejudice can result from competitive threat to the ingroup as well as to the individual.
D) Competition increases prejudice in children but not adults.

Question 80

Under which of the following circumstances are people are most likely to judge others on an individual basis?

A) if they try to make the judgment when they are cognitively busy
B) if they have lots of personal information on which to base their judgment
C) if they are high in need for closure
D) if they try to make the judgment while they are under the influence of alcohol