Deck 13: Prosocial Behavior

Question 1

At the center of _____ is the assumption that people's actions are motivated primarily by some degree of self-interest.

A)altruism
B)the functional approach
C)the empathy-altruism model
D)a communal orientation

Answer 1

the functional approach

Question 2

The principle underlying kin selection is that:

A)because close relatives share many genes with an individual,when the individual helps close kin,those shared genes are more likely to be passed on to offspring.
B)people are more likely to help similar others such as family members because they share the same personal values.
C)because close relatives spend a lot of time together,individuals are more likely to help members of their own family than people they spend less time with (e.g. ,strangers,coworkers).
D)humans are inherently selfish and will only help others if they share genetic traits or offer an opportunity to reproduce.

Answer 2

because close relatives share many genes with an individual,when the individual helps close kin,those shared genes are more likely to be passed on to offspring.

Question 3

Another term for self-serving motivations for helping is:

A)altruistic.
B)empathetic.
C)norm-based.
D)egoistic.

Answer 3

egoistic.

Question 4

If you "do unto others as you would have them do onto you," then they may help you in return someday.This idea is representative of the:

A)norm of kin selection.
B)obedience norm.
C)norm of reciprocity.
D)empathy-altruism hypothesis.

Question 5

People's prosocial behavior is influenced by:

A)only genes.
B)only experiences.
C)neither genes nor the environment.
D)both genes and the environment.

Question 6

_____ predict greater prosocial behavior in children.

A)Genetics
B)Peer interaction
C)Positive parenting practices
D)Media models

Question 7

Parents who display emotional warmth tend to have children who are:

A)aggressive.
B)depressed.
C)empathetic.
D)intelligent.

Question 8

Which of the following examples is consistent with the norm of reciprocity?

A)James loans his friend some money because he knows his friend is struggling financially.
B)Monique thinks her boyfriend should drive her to work because that is what good boyfriends do.
C)Nick helps his friend move because he knows he himself will need to ask for help moving later in the semester.
D)Joan tries to guilt her parents into giving her money to buy a new car.

Question 9

The idea that natural selection led to greater tendencies to help close relatives over helping those with whom we have little genetic relation is called:

A)prosocial behavior.
B)altruism.
C)communal orientation.
D)kin selection.

Question 10

Which of the following is the BEST example of altruism?

A)Lisa volunteers at a local food pantry,because she wants her neighbors to see her as a good person.
B)Jim buys gifts for poor children,because he knows it will make them happy.
C)Rick donates money to charity,so he can claim it on his taxes.
D)Veronica volunteers at her child's swim meet,because it is a required part of team membership.

Question 11

Research found that playing prosocial video games:

A)increased prosocial behavior.
B)decreased prosocial behavior.
C)had no effect on prosocial behavior.
D)increased aggression.

Question 12

Carl buys a homeless man lunch.He does this purely because he wants to help the man,not because he expects anything in return.This is an example of:

A)altruism.
B)kin selection.
C)the norm of reciprocity.
D)a social exchange.

Question 13

Research showing that the closer the genetic relationship,the more likely a person is to help provides support for the idea of:

A)altruism.
B)kin selection.
C)social exchange.
D)diffusion of responsibility.

Question 14

_____ is an explanation for why we give help: If I help you today,you might be more likely to help me tomorrow.

A)Altruism
B)Kin selection
C)The norm of reciprocity
D)Diffusion of responsibility

Question 15

_____ is an action by an individual that is intended to benefit another individual or set of individuals.

A)Prosocial behavior
B)Egoism
C)Communal orientation
D)Kin selection

Question 16

Which of the following is the BEST example of altruism?

A)Claire is a paid employee at a local nonprofit organization that helps homeless families.
B)John helps his brother with his chores,if his brother is willing to help him with his homework.
C)Roberto anonymously donates money every year to a local food bank.
D)Julie volunteers at a local hospital after school,because she thinks it will help her get into a good college.

Question 17

All of the following are true EXCEPT which statement?

A)Species other than humans can engage in prosocial behavior.
B)Identical twins show correlations greater than 0.60 on prosocial behavior.
C)Fraternal twins show correlations greater than 0.60 on prosocial behavior.
D)Infants as young as 3 months prefer others who are helpful rather than hurtful.

Question 18

Dimitri is helpful to his classmate because he likes the approval that it earns him with his classmates and the teacher.According to the stages of learning prosocial behavior,Dimitri is in stage:

A)one.
B)two.
C)three.
D)four.

Question 19

_____ is the desire to help another purely for his or her own sake,regardless of whether we derive any benefit.

A)Prosocial behavior
B)Altruism
C)Communal orientation
D)Kin selection

Question 20

Infants as young as _____ prefer others who are helpful rather than hurtful.(Choose the BEST answer. )

A)2 years
B)3 months
C)1 year
D)1 month

Question 21

The desire to believe in a just world tends to make people believe that:

A)people ultimately get what they deserve.
B)people are generally innocent and deserve help.
C)helping is never warranted.
D)helping should be based on a social exchange.

Question 22

Rob is not very good at fully appreciating what others are going through when they are upset.This is consistent with the idea of:

A)an empathy gap.
B)kin selection.
C)negative state relief.
D)a communal orientation.

Question 23

One study had participants play City Crisis,a prosocial video game,while a second group played Tetris,a non-prosocial video game.All of the participants were then exposed to a female experimenter being harassed by her hostile ex-boyfriend.The results were that:

A)participants playing the prosocial video game tended to intervene to help the experimenter more than those playing the non-prosocial video game.
B)participants playing the non-prosocial video game tended to intervene to help the experimenter more than those playing the prosocial video game.
C)participants playing the prosocial video game tended to intervene to help the experimenter more than those playing the non-prosocial video game,but only if they liked her.
D)there were no differences between the groups in their intervention to help.

Question 24

Recent research suggests that observing groups such as the homeless and drug addicts triggers:

A)disgust.
B)anger.
C)sympathy.
D)happiness.

Question 25

When a person's difficulties are due to factors beyond their control,we tend to feel:

A)disgust.
B)anger.
C)sympathy.
D)happiness.

Question 26

What would be the results of a study where a confederate who was dressed to look like either a hippie or a conservative asked participants for money?

A)Hippie participants would be more generous toward hippie confederates.
B)Hippie participants would be more generous toward conservative confederates.
C)Hippie participants would be more generous toward all confederates.
D)None of the participants would be generous toward hippie confederates.

Question 27

"I'm not going to help him! He's a drunk and deserves what he gets!" This view reflects:

A)social exchange theory.
B)a belief in a just world.
C)self-serving bias.
D)pluralistic ignorance.

Question 28

_____ is the idea that people provide help depending on their level of empathy.

A)Social exchange theory
B)The empathy-altruism model
C)Kin selection
D)Altruism theory

Question 29

All of the following are true about empathy EXCEPT which statement?

A)Empathy makes people more likely to help when they focus on the individual.
B)Empathy makes people more likely to help when they focus on a group.
C)Perspective taking can help close the empathy gap.
D)Asking people to visualize experiencing social rejection can help close the empathy gap.

Question 30

Research indicates that exposure to prosocial media increases helping because it increases:

A)positive mood.
B)feelings of connectedness.
C)empathy.
D)arousal.

Question 31

Research suggests that people will choose to avoid experiencing empathy if:

A)they have the time to help.
B)they know they will be asked to help someone.
C)helping someone is going to involve a small investment of time.
D)helping someone is going to involve a large investment of time.

Question 32

When observing groups such as drug addicts,people show reduced activation in the _____ area of the brain.

A)amygdala
B)hippocampus
C)medial prefrontal cortex
D)fusiform face area

Question 33

Studies suggest that people tend to offer:

A)less help to members of socially devalued groups.
B)more help to strangers than to friends.
C)more help to members of socially devalued groups.
D)help to people in need,regardless of who they are.

Question 34

Research by Batson and colleagues (1981)indicates that people low in empathy will only help someone if they:

A)would suffer by not helping.
B)had first played a prosocial video game.
C)are forced to.
D)are religious.

Question 35

All of the following are true EXCEPT which statement?

A)In a set of 2008 experiments on race and helping,whites tended to help more regardless of the victim's race.
B)In a set of 2008 experiments on race and helping,blacks tended to help more regardless of the victim's race.
C)In a set of 2008 experiments on race and helping,white participants tended to be slower to aid a black victim than a white victim.
D)Aversive racism plays a role in determining how much help is given.

Question 36

According to _____,people provide help to someone else when the benefits of helping,and the costs of not helping,outweigh the potential costs of helping and the benefits of not helping.

A)social exchange theory
B)the theory of kin selection
C)altruism theory
D)the empathy-altruism model

Question 37

Simone wants to help a struggling student,but on the other hand she is reluctant because she knows it will take time out of her busy schedule.What theory explains why she did NOT help?

A)kin selection
B)the norm of reciprocity
C)social exchange theory
D)the empathy-altruism model

Question 38

Empathy makes people more likely to help when they focus on:

A)the expected social exchange.
B)their own suffering.
C)the suffering of a group.
D)the suffering of an individual.

Question 39

Laura volunteers to tutor children who are struggling in school,because she once struggled as a student and thus knows what these students are going through.This example provides support for:

A)the negative state relief hypothesis.
B)the empathy-altruism model.
C)altruism theory.
D)kin selection.

Question 40

_____ is the underestimation of other people's experience of physical pain as well as the pain of social rejection.

A)Altruism
B)The negative state relief hypothesis
C)The empathy gap
D)Empathy underestimation

Question 41

Failing to live up to one's moral standards causes the feeling of:

A)disgust.
B)anger.
C)sympathy.
D)guilt.

Question 42

Reminders of mortality are especially likely to inspire prosocial behavior when:

A)people are high in self-esteem.
B)the fear of death is low.
C)prosocial cultural values have also been primed.
D)people are low in self-awareness.

Question 43

Studies indicate that guilt:

A)decreases helping.
B)increases helping.
C)has no effect on helping.
D)increases helping among children but not adults.

Question 44

Hannah is happy to share everything she has with her close friends and family.Hannah has:

A)low self-esteem.
B)a communal orientation.
C)high guilt proneness.
D)a narcissistic personality.

Question 45

If people see an outgroup as disadvantaged and believe this to be unfair,they are likely to experience:

A)collective guilt.
B)disgust.
C)ingroup bias.
D)an empathy gap.

Question 46

People feel the largest boost in mood when they help:

A)someone they feel communally connected to.
B)those in need.
C)themselves.
D)members of marginalized groups.

Question 47

All of the following are true about gratitude EXCEPT which statement?

A)When someone we help expresses gratitude,it increases our helping.
B)When someone expresses gratitude toward a person,it increases a sense of community.
C)People who feel grateful tend to be more optimistic.
D)People who feel grateful only experience cognitive benefits of gratitude.

Question 48

Feelings of relationship insecurity make people:

A)less likely to help others.
B)more likely to help others.
C)more likely to help strangers but not friends.
D)feel more compassionate.

Question 49

_____ is an outlook in which people don't distinguish between what's theirs and what is someone else's.

A)Kin selection
B)Prosocial behavior
C)Altruism
D)A communal orientation

Question 50

All of the following are true about positive mood and helping EXCEPT which statement?

A)Good moods are inherently rewarding.
B)The effects of a good mood tend to be long-lasting.
C)Positive moods make people see others more positively.
D)Positive mood can arise from a wide variety of different sources.

Question 51

If a prosocial behavior itself serves to remind people of their mortality,people are:

A)more likely to engage in the behavior.
B)less likely to engage in the behavior.
C)less likely to be afraid of death.
D)more likely to be afraid of death.

Question 52

Research indicates that mortality salience:

A)increases donations to valued charities.
B)makes people less willing to help others.
C)increases anxiety about helping others.
D)decreases donations to valued charities.

Question 53

Research suggests that a positive mood makes people:

A)less likely to help others.
B)more likely to help others.
C)more likely to help strangers but not friends.
D)more likely to help friends but not strangers.

Question 54

Clint found a dollar bill on the ground,and this put him in a good mood.As a result,Clint is:

A)less likely to help others.
B)more likely to help others.
C)more likely to help strangers but not friends.
D)likely to feel collective guilt.

Question 55

Researchers found that people were more likely to offer help if they had been asked to do a task that involved thinking about a:

A)coworker.
B)person they do not like.
C)close friend.
D)stigmatized group.

Question 56

Priming roles such as "friend" tend:

A)to decrease helping.
B)to increase helping.
C)to increase helping,but only with people you know.
D)not to influence prosocial behavior.

Question 57

The fact that people experience guilt and empathy serves as a reminder that humans are highly motivated to:

A)find self-esteem.
B)find and maintain close relationships.
C)aggress against others.
D)protect their own self-interests.

Question 58

_____ is when people feel guilty about something they are not personally responsible for.

A)Altruism
B)The empathy gap
C)The guilt complex
D)Collective guilt

Question 59

When people express gratitude,we:

A)feel collective guilt.
B)have a communal orientation.
C)are more likely to help again.
D)are less likely to help again.

Question 60

Elena does not distinguish between what is hers and what is someone else's.Elena is high in:

A)narcissism.
B)agency.
C)empathy gap.
D)communal orientation.

Question 61

Research found that priming concepts such as "divine" and "sacred" increased prosocial behavior among:

A)atheists.
B)religious individuals.
C)the elderly.
D)religious individuals and atheists.

Question 62

_____ occurs in a situation in which the presence of others prevents any one person from taking responsibility.(Choose the BEST answer. )

A)The bystander effect
B)Diffusion of responsibility
C)Pluralistic ignorance
D)The empathy gap

Question 63

All of the following are true about the bystander effect EXCEPT which statement?

A)It is less likely to occur among strangers than among friends.
B)A tendency toward inaction increases as the number of bystanders increase.
C)It is generally more likely to occur when the situation seems less dangerous.
D)It can occur in children as young as five years of age.

Question 64

The first step on the path to helping is to:

A)decide how to help.
B)interpret the situation as an emergency.
C)notice the situation.
D)take responsibility.

Question 65

All of the following are true about helping and religion EXCEPT which statement?

A)People who report high levels of religiosity also report being more altruistic.
B)In lab studies religiosity is related to altruism.
C)In lab studies religiosity is not related to altruism.
D)The mere idea of religion can prime more positive acts.

Question 66

The bystander effect is:

A)less likely to occur among strangers than among friends.
B)more likely to occur among strangers than among friends.
C)less likely to occur in larger groups.
D)more likely to occur when the situation seems dangerous.

Question 67

Pluralistic ignorance is an example of the power of _____ to inhibit helping.

A)normative social influence
B)urban overload
C)diffusion of responsibility
D)informational social influence

Question 68

In a research study using the Good Samaritan parable,Darley and Batson studied seminary students to see whether their helping behavior was affected by:

A)age differences.
B)time pressures.
C)religious training.
D)the norm of reciprocity.

Question 69

The _____ is a phenomenon in which many people witness a need for help,and the knowledge that there are other witnesses makes it less likely that each particular witness will do anything to help.

A)bystander effect
B)empathy gap
C)communal orientation
D)selfish effect

Question 70

Which of the following is a step on the path to helping?

A)Decide whether to give help.
B)Decide whether you are in the mood to help.
C)Focus on self standards.
D)Think about whether or not anyone will ever know if you don't help.

Question 71

_____ occurs in a situation in which all bystanders glance at each other as they try to decide whether there is cause for concern,but no one actually does anything.(Choose the BEST answer. )

A)The bystander effect
B)Diffusion of responsibility
C)Pluralistic ignorance
D)The empathy gap

Question 72

Which of the following is NOT a step on the path to helping?

A)Reflect on one's moral values.
B)Interpret the situation as an emergency.
C)Notice the situation.
D)Decide whether to give help.

Question 73

After reading a news story that reminds him of his death,Carl is:

A)less afraid of death.
B)more likely to aggress against an ingroup member.
C)more likely to help others.
D)less likely to experience empathy.

Question 74

Farouk sees a man slumped over in the alley.He looks around,but no one else seems concerned.Farouk assumes that if no one else is worried,then the man's condition must not be serious.This is an example of:

A)diffusion of responsibility.
B)pluralistic ignorance.
C)the social responsibility norm.
D)the norm of reciprocity.

Question 75

Religious people tend to:

A)make dispositional attributions.
B)make situational attributions.
C)not want to help others.
D)help others only when they feel guilty.

Question 76

In laboratory research,religiosity is found to be:

A)a strong predictor of prosocial behavior.
B)unrelated to the actual likelihood of prosocial behavior.
C)the primary variable driving empathy.
D)a strong predictor of death anxiety.

Question 77

People are _____ to help someone in need when they are alone than when they are among other people.

A)more likely
B)less likely
C)generally afraid
D)too distracted

Question 78

The third step on the path to helping is to:

A)decide how to help.
B)interpret the situation as an emergency.
C)notice the situation.
D)take responsibility.

Question 79

The notion of our basic prosocial norm for positive reciprocity:

A)is an idea specific to Western religions.
B)is an idea specific to the Judeo-Christian teachings.
C)is an idea specific to Eastern religions.
D)can be found in all of the major world religions.

Question 80

Simon was with a large group of people when he saw a woman slip on the ice.Simon did not stop to help her.This is an example of:

A)the bystander effect.
B)prosocial behavior.
C)urban overload.
D)altruism.