Deck 10: Understanding Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

Question 1

Which of the following theories proposes that negative feelings between groups are often based on a real conflict or competition over scarce resources?

A)stereotype threat theory
B)realistic group conflict theory
C)intergroup anxiety theory
D)terror management theory

Answer 1

realistic group conflict theory

Question 2

Research found that when undecided white voters in the lead-up to the 2008 U.S.presidential election were reminded of their race,they were:

A)more likely to vote for the African American Democratic candidate,Barack Obama.
B)less likely to vote for the African American Democratic candidate,Barack Obama.
C)more likely to believe negative reports about the African American Democratic candidate,Barack Obama.
D)more likely to believe positive reports about the African American Democratic candidate,Barack Obama.

Answer 2

more likely to believe negative reports about the African American Democratic candidate,Barack Obama.

Question 3

A stereotype is:

A)behavior that discriminates against a particular group.
B)an emotion about members of a group.
C)an implicit attitude about members of a racial group.
D)an overgeneralized belief about the traits and attributes of members of a particular group.

Answer 3

an overgeneralized belief about the traits and attributes of members of a particular group.

Question 4

Prejudice toward an outgroup can be fueled by all of the following EXCEPT which feeling?

A)hostility
B)frustration
C)intergroup anxiety
D)intragroup anxiety

Question 5

The psychologist Gordon Allport argued that:

A)people feel hostility when they are frustrated or threatened.
B)stereotypes rarely result in discrimination.
C)prejudice is motivated by mortality concerns.
D)prejudice forms based on multiple encounters with an outgroup.

Question 6

James does not vote for female political candidates because he thinks women are not mentally strong enough to be leaders in government.James's behavior is an example of:

A)a stereotype.
B)discrimination.
C)prejudice.
D)ethnocentrism.

Question 7

Jack recently lost his job,and he is growing increasingly hostile toward immigrants moving to the United States to look for work because he thinks they are taking jobs from him.Jack's feelings are best explained by:

A)terror management theory.
B)intergroup anxiety theory.
C)stereotype threat theory.
D)realistic group conflict theory.

Question 8

Which of the following theories best explains why dominant groups react with hostility toward groups of immigrants when the economy is struggling?

A)stereotype threat theory
B)realistic group conflict theory
C)intergroup anxiety theory
D)terror management theory

Question 9

Tim believes that women are more nurturing,emotional,and irrational than men.Tim's beliefs are examples of:

A)prejudice.
B)stereotypes.
C)discrimination.
D)ethnocentrism.

Question 10

All of the following are true about prejudice EXCEPT which statement?

A)Prejudice involves judgment without considering a person's actual actions or attributes.
B)Prejudice has led to acts of violence against innocent people.
C)There is variability among people in any category,yet prejudice does not account for variability.
D)Prejudice is often justified by discrimination.

Question 11

All of the following are true EXCEPT which statement?

A)People are more likely to express prejudice toward an outgroup when they view their own group as cohesive.
B)Negative feelings can be transmitted from generation to generation.
C)People are more likely to express prejudice toward an outgroup when they view their own group as loosely associated.
D)As a result of intergroup conflict,members of opposing groups can become anxious around each other.

Question 12

All of the following are true about ingroup bias EXCEPT which statement?

A)Arbitrarily formed groups take some time before exhibiting ingroup bias.
B)Arbitrarily formed groups immediately exhibit ingroup bias.
C)Liking for the ingroup is more fundamental than dislike for the outgroup.
D)Ingroup bias serves self-esteem needs.

Question 13

A negative attitude toward an individual solely on the basis of that person's presumed membership in a particular group is:

A)discrimination.
B)a stereotype.
C)prejudice.
D)ethnocentrism.

Question 14

Wu is Asian,and Thomas believes that Wu will be good in math because "Asian are good at math." This is an example of:

A)a stereotype.
B)discrimination.
C)prejudice.
D)ethnocentrism.

Question 15

_____ is the term for people's blaming an outgroup for their troubles when they feel inferior,guilty,anxious,or unsuccessful.

A)Prejudice
B)Stereotype threat
C)Ingroup bias
D)Scapegoating

Question 16

_____ is a negative attitude about a member of a group,and _____ is behavior toward a member of that group that usually results from the negative attitude.

A)Discrimination;prejudice
B)A stereotype;prejudice
C)Prejudice;a stereotype
D)Prejudice;discrimination

Question 17

Which of the following theories proposes that the motive for self-esteem plays a causal role in ingroup bias?

A)stereotype threat theory
B)intergroup anxiety theory
C)social identity theory
D)realistic group conflict theory

Question 18

If you think that you are great,then you tend to think that your group is also great and groups that you do not belong to are not very good.This pride in,and preference for,your own group over others is a natural extension of:

A)social identity theory.
B)realistic conflict theory.
C)self-serving bias.
D)ethnocentrism.

Question 19

An overgeneralized belief about the traits and attributes of members of a particular group is known as:

A)discrimination.
B)a stereotype.
C)prejudice.
D)ethnocentrism.

Question 20

_____ is often justified,in people's minds,by _____.

A)A stereotype;discrimination
B)Prejudice;discrimination
C)Prejudice;stereotypes
D)A stereotype;by prejudice

Question 21

Individuals high in _____ believe that the world is inherently dangerous and unpredictable.

A)self-esteem
B)the need for structured knowledge
C)disidentification
D)right-wing authoritarianism

Question 22

_____ is a personality trait defined as a general preference for thinking about things in simple,clear-cut ways.

A)An authoritarian personality
B)Self-affirmation
C)Need for structured knowledge
D)Discrimination

Question 23

_____ is a particularly good predictor of prejudice against groups who are seen as socially deviant and a threat to traditional norms.

A)Self-esteem
B)Neuroticism
C)Social dominance orientation
D)Right-wing authoritarianism

Question 24

People high in _____ are competitively driven to maintain the dominance of some groups over others.

A)social dominance orientation
B)the need for structured knowledge
C)the trait of disidentification
D)right-wing authoritarianism

Question 25

Studies indicate that when people are reminded of their mortality they:

A)go to great lengths to show compassion to all human beings.
B)become more positive toward others who support their worldview.
C)become more negative toward others who support their worldview.
D)are motivated to reduce their level of prejudice.

Question 26

People high in the trait of _____ are prejudiced against those who they regard as threatening to the existing hierarchy of social groups.

A)social dominance orientation
B)need for structured knowledge
C)disidentification
D)right-wing authoritarianism

Question 27

Research found that when conservative American college students were reminded of their own mortality they:

A)supported preemptive bombing of countries that might threaten the United States.
B)did not support preemptive bombing of countries that might threaten the United States.
C)believed that time was short and they needed to focus on themselves.
D)believed data should be gathered before making any determination of policy.

Question 28

People who exhibit signs of symbolic racism:

A)know they are prejudiced but don't care.
B)know they are prejudiced but want to change.
C)do not think they are prejudiced.
D)believe that prejudice is acceptable.

Question 29

Some Americans look at cultures where families sleep together in a single family bed and proclaim,"That is so wrong;they are spoiling their children." This is an example of:

A)ethnocentrism.
B)cultural relativism.
C)scapegoating.
D)stereotyping.

Question 30

People high in _____ hold the belief that the world is ruthlessly competitive and that it is appropriate and right for powerful groups to dominate weaker ones.

A)authoritarian submission
B)tolerance for ambiguity
C)conventionalism
D)social dominance orientation

Question 31

_____ is a tendency to express negative biases against a racial outgroup by rejecting social policies seen as benefiting that group.

A)Ethnocentrism
B)Stereotype threat
C)Ingroup bias
D)Symbolic racism

Question 32

MacWilliams found that among Republican voters,those high in _____ were the most supportive of Trump's candidacy.

A)right-wing authoritarianism
B)social dominance orientation
C)the need for structured knowledge
D)neuroticism

Question 33

Charles believes that the world is a dangerous and chaotic place and that the only way to keep it safe is to try and protect order,cohesion,and tradition.Charles is high in:

A)self-esteem.
B)the need for structured knowledge.
C)the trait of disidentification.
D)right-wing authoritarianism.

Question 34

According to _____,prejudice can result from people's concerns about mortality.

A)terror management theory
B)the theory of symbolic racism
C)social identity theory
D)realistic group conflict theory

Question 35

Someone endorsing the idea that their country would be better off if we cared less about how equal all people are is high in:

A)social dominance orientation.
B)the need for structured knowledge.
C)the trait of disidentification.
D)right-wing authoritarianism.

Question 36

_____ is the term for judging the actions and people from other cultures based on our own culture's views of what is right and wrong and good and bad.

A)Ethnocentrism
B)Stereotype threat
C)Ingroup bias
D)Discrimination

Question 37

_____ is a particularly good predictor of prejudice against groups who are seen as inferior,such as the unemployed or the physically disabled.

A)Self-esteem
B)Neuroticism
C)Social dominance orientation
D)Right-wing authoritarianism

Question 38

People high in social dominance orientation would most likely support policies that _____ existing hierarchies.

A)establish
B)maintain
C)eliminate
D)undermine

Question 39

Gavin has a high tolerance for ambiguity.Gavin is probably:

A)low in the need for structured knowledge.
B)high in the need for structured knowledge.
C)low in self-esteem.
D)high in self-esteem.

Question 40

According to Adorno,_____ is a cluster of personality traits,including uncritical acceptance of authority,preference for well-defined social power arrangements,adherence to conventional values and moral codes,and rigid,black-and-white thinking.

A)the need for structured knowledge
B)right-wing authoritarianism
C)prejudice
D)an authoritarian personality

Question 41

Many whites hold both pro-black and anti-black attitudes,because of:

A)ethnocentrism.
B)stereotype threat.
C)ambivalent racism.
D)ingroup bias.

Question 42

According to the stereotype content model,stereotypes develop based on how groups relate to one another along the two dimensions of _____ and _____.

A)status;cooperation
B)value;status
C)cooperation;industriousness
D)competence;status

Question 43

Ambivalent racism is influenced by the two clashing values of _____ and _____.

A)individualism;egalitarianism
B)individualism;collectivism
C)collectivism;egalitarianism
D)egalitarianism;authoritarianism

Question 44

Research found that when whites were primed with the Protestant work ethic,they:

A)reported stronger anti-black attitudes.
B)reported stronger pro-black attitudes.
C)became better at identifying racism.
D)became angrier at those who expressed racist attitudes.

Question 45

Psychologists usually refer to stereotypes as _____,but stereotypes can also be _____ when it comes to a particular group.

A)subtle;general
B)positive;negative
C)negative;positive
D)specific;subtle

Question 46

Data showing that women tend to get paid less than men may provide evidence of:

A)symbolic racism.
B)institutional discrimination.
C)ethnocentrism.
D)modern racism.

Question 47

When people are informed of someone's social role,such as homemaker,they are:

A)more inclined to endorse gender stereotypes.
B)more inclined to make a judgment based on role than gender.
C)more inclined to make a judgment based on gender than role.
D)more likely to engage in prejudice.

Question 48

_____ is the influence on white Americans' racial attitudes by two clashing sets of values: a belief in individualism and a belief in egalitarianism.

A)Institutional discrimination
B)Stereotype threat
C)Ambivalent racism
D)Symbolic racism

Question 49

The kernel of truth hypothesis:

A)proposes that stereotypes are accurate characterizations of groups and thus represent accurate knowledge structures about all members in a group.
B)has been supported in personality research on average trait differences between groups.
C)explains why stereotypes are important for survival.
D)proposes that some stereotypes may be based on actual differences in the average traits or behaviors associated with two or more groups.

Question 50

Imagine a law that required people to have a college degree to vote in federal elections.Such a law would be an example of:

A)stereotype threat.
B)ingroup bias.
C)institutional discrimination.
D)implicit bias.

Question 51

As a group homeless people tend to be perceived as:

A)high in warmth and low in competence.
B)low in warmth and high in competence.
C)low in warmth and low in competence.
D)high in warmth and high in competence.

Question 52

_____ is conflicting,often nonconscious,negative feelings about African Americans that Americans may have,even though most do in fact support principles of racial equality and do not knowingly discriminate.

A)Institutional discrimination
B)Stereotype threat
C)Aversive racism
D)Symbolic racism

Question 53

All of the following are true about research involving the IAT EXCEPT which statement?

A)At least in some studies,scores on the IAT have been shown to predict behavior.
B)Studies using the IAT tend to show that most whites associate "black" with "bad."
C)Some scholars believe that it is not entirely clear exactly what the IAT is assessing.
D)Most scholars have not accepted the idea that the IAT measures attitudes.

Question 54

_____ is unfair restriction on opportunities for certain groups of people through institutional policies,structural power relations,and formal laws.

A)Institutional discrimination
B)Stereotype threat
C)Ingroup bias
D)Symbolic racism

Question 55

Whites who have a strong racial bias exhibit a strong _____ response when viewing pictures of black males.

A)hippocampus
B)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
C)prefrontal cortex
D)amygdala

Question 56

Research by Gaertner and Dovido found that when white participants thought that they were the only person who witnessed a motorist in need,their tendency to help the motorist was not influenced by the motorist's race.If white participants,however,thought many people witnessed the situation,then they were less likely to help a black motorist than a white one.It was believed that the white observers were able to reframe the situation in terms of "there were plenty of people to help." This rationalization in nonracial terms is an example of:

A)institutional racism.
B)aversive racism.
C)ambivalent racism.
D)stereotype threat.

Question 57

The IAT assesses:

A)institutional discrimination.
B)stereotype threat.
C)explicit attitudes.
D)implicit associations.

Question 58

With no other information to base a judgment on,people assume that _____,but when we know more information,_____ is the major factor.

A)women are more agentic than men;education level
B)men are more communal than women;gender
C)men and women are equally agentic;gender
D)women are more communal than men;occupation

Question 59

Groups that are stereotyped as personally warm but incompetent elicit:

A)anger.
B)jealousy.
C)pity.
D)fear.

Question 60

Research on personality across culture suggests that:

A)stereotypes about the connection between personality and culture are mostly accurate.
B)there is no truth to stereotypes relating personality and culture.
C)Germans are more conscientious than Italians.
D)cultures tend to have characteristic personality profiles, but the profiles do not match the common stereotypes of those cultures.

Question 61

Ingroups tend to be perceived as:

A)high in warmth and low in competence.
B)low in warmth and high in competence.
C)low in warmth and low in competence.
D)high in warmth and high in competence.

Question 62

_____ is the tendency to think about women in a narrow way as objects rather than full humans,as if their physical appearance is all that matters.

A)Institutional discrimination
B)Stereotype threat
C)Sexual objectification
D)Infrahumanization

Question 63

Which of the following theories focuses specifically on the cultural value placed on women's appearance?

A)objectification theory
B)terror management theory
C)social identity theory
D)system justification theory

Question 64

The tendency to hold stereotypic views of outgroup members as animals rather than humans is:

A)dehumanization.
B)ingroup bias.
C)stereotype threat.
D)system justification.

Question 65

In World War II,Nazi propaganda portrayed Jews as disease-carrying rats.This is an example of:

A)outgroup favoritism.
B)dehumanization.
C)stereotyping.
D)sexual objectification.

Question 66

Which of the following statements about sexism is TRUE?

A)Women who are primed to think about hostile sexism are more motivated to engage in collective action to change gender inequity.
B)Women who are primed to think about benevolent sexism are more motivated to engage in collective action to change gender inequity.
C)Women who are primed to think about hostile sexism are less motivated to engage in collective action to change gender inequity.
D)Women who are primed to think about benevolent sexism are more motivated to engage in negative thoughts about both men and women.

Question 67

According to _____,stereotypes help to rationalize the status quo.

A)objectification theory
B)terror management theory
C)social identity theory
D)system justification theory

Question 68

_____ is the perception that outgroup members lack qualities viewed as unique to human beings,such as language,rational intelligence,and complex social emotions.It is a subtler form of another form of prejudice.

A)Dehumanization
B)Stereotype threat
C)Objectification
D)Infrahumanization

Question 69

Research by Castano and Giner-Sorolla found that when people are made to feel a sense of collective responsibility for their ingroup's mass killing of an outgroup,they view members of the outgroup as:

A)helpless.
B)low in warmth.
C)less human.
D)low in competence.

Question 70

Research found that following _____,participants wanted to distance themselves from a potential interaction partner who was believed to be breast-feeding in another room.

A)mortality salience
B)objectification prime
C)a self-esteem threat
D)gender stereotype activation

Question 71

Research found that men higher in _____ showed decreased activation in the medial prefrontal cortex when viewing sexualized female targets.

A)ingroup bias
B)infrahumanization
C)hostile sexism
D)objectification

Question 72

Research found that First Lady Michelle Obama was viewed as lower in warmth when participants focused on her:

A)political affiliation.
B)gender.
C)race.
D)appearance.

Question 73

Research suggests that we prefer outgroup members to:

A)conform to stereotypes.
B)strive to convince us that stereotypes about them are not true.
C)reject stereotypes.
D)accept stereotypes about us.

Question 74

_____ is the pairing of hostile beliefs about women with benevolent but patronizing beliefs about them.

A)Dehumanization
B)Hostile sexism
C)Ambivalent sexism
D)Benevolent sexism

Question 75

The _____ is the idea that people endorse stereotypes in part to rationalize their own negative affective reactions to outgroup members.

A)stereotype threat hypothesis
B)social identity model
C)justification suppression model
D)system justification hypothesis

Question 76

All of the following are true about stereotypes EXCEPT which statement?

A)They are heuristics for simplifying everyday life.
B)They help to justify the prejudices people hold.
C)They often make the people who hold the stereotypes feel better about themselves.
D)They are the result of low intelligence.

Question 77

Which of the following theories would suggest that the objectification of women may be partially the result of people's efforts to deny mortality?

A)objectification theory
B)terror management theory
C)social identity theory
D)system justification theory

Question 78

Infrahumanization:

A)increases willingness to help an outgroup.
B)decreases willingness to help an outgroup.
C)has no effect on willingness to help an outgroup.
D)decreases willingness to help an ingroup.

Question 79

_____ is the tendency to assume an association between two rare or distinctive occurrences,such as being in a minority group and performing negative actions.

A)Prejudice
B)Illusory correlation
C)Stereotype threat
D)Ingroup bias

Question 80

All of the following are true about illusory correlations EXCEPT which statement?

A)They are based on a kernel of truth.
B)They generally occur when two are things are rare and co-occur in close proximity.
C)When strange or unusual things co-occur,our mind automatically assumes a connection.
D)They generally occur when two are things are distinctive and co-occur in close proximity.