Deck 8: Human Development

Question 1

Which of the following is true concerning the nature-nurture debate?

A)Most researchers believe that genes and environment interact to influence human behavior.
B)Most researchers are either pro-nature or pro-nurture when describing the causes of human behavior.
C)People with genetic predispositions for certain behaviors will eventually express that type of behavior.
D)Gene expression is not substantially influenced by the environment.

Answer 1

Most researchers believe that genes and environment interact to influence human behavior.

Question 2

Which of the following demonstrates one of the core questions generated by the Genain quadruplets?

A)Is Bruce an anxious child because his parents are overprotective,or did Bruce's frail nature cause his parents to be overprotective?
B)Is Donna angry most of the time because her parents were always at work?
C)Is Teresa depressed because her sister gets more attention or because she doesn't like school?
D)Is Ronald overweight because he overeats,or is it because he does not like to go outside?

Answer 2

Is Bruce an anxious child because his parents are overprotective,or did Bruce's frail nature cause his parents to be overprotective?

Question 3

Which concept is analogous to the number of bubbles generated when you drop an alka-seltzer into a glass of water?

A)Proliferation
B)Myelinization
C)Synaptogenesis
D)Pruning

Answer 3

Proliferation

Question 4

We learned in Chapter 2 that Wade Boggs,a famous baseball player,ate chicken before every game.What concept would you be a victim of if you believed that eating chicken caused him to hit the ball better?

A)Superstition
B)Post hoc fallacy
C)False beliefs
D)Positive correlation

Question 5

When attempting to understand developmental transitions that people face throughout their life span,which of the following research designs would be most informative?

A)Cross-sectional designs
B)Longitudinal designs
C)Correlational research designs
D)Cohort research designs

Question 6

In terms of conducting research,which of the following is a major disadvantage of the longitudinal design?

A)The time involved in completing the study
B)The inability to dismiss cohort effects
C)The difficulty in obtaining informed consent
D)The great variation of different generations on development

Question 7

In what way are the psychologists who study teratogens like homicide detectives?

A)Both groups have specialized degrees and work with people.
B)Both groups often have to work backwards to identify the source of the problem.
C)Both groups have to deal with uncooperative individuals.
D)Both groups share the burden of unanswerable questions.

Question 8

The human brain begins to develop after

A)18 days.
B)18 weeks.
C)2 months.
D)3 months.

Question 9

If you wanted to study the increase or decrease in word processing skills over time,which of the following might represent a cohort effect?

A)The popularity of voice recognition systems in cars
B)The popularity of iPods and MP3 players
C)The popularity of text messaging
D)The popularity of video games

Question 10

The study of how behavior changes over time is called

A)prenatal development.
B)maturation.
C)the aging process.
D)developmental psychology.

Question 11

Megan doesn't like to read because she doesn't like school.What type of conclusion does this statement represent?

A)Correlational
B)Bidirectional
C)Unidirectional
D)Causal inference

Question 12

A ball of identical cells that haven't yet begun to take on a specific function during early pregnancy is called a(n)

A)blastocyst.
B)teratogen.
C)embryo.
D)zygote.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is illustrative of the post hoc fallacy?

A)Believing that because most professional athletes lift weights,weightlifting produces professional athletes
B)Believing that because one is muscular in body type,one is more likely to become a professional athlete
C)Believing that because one is specially trained,one is more likely to become a professional athlete
D)Believing that because one has benefitted from the best coaching,one will have a good chance of becoming a professional athlete

Question 14

Which concept could easily be dismissed by anyone who has witnessed a father tossing his young child up into the air and catching him,and the sheer joy expressed by the child?

A)Infant determinism
B)Childhood trauma
C)Infant maltreatment
D)Childhood fragility

Question 15

Dr.Dulaney wants to study how artificial light affects the growth of his plants.He selects ten different plants at various stages of growth and records their height.What type of study is Dr.Dulaney conducting?

A)Longitudinal
B)Cross-sectional
C)Developmental
D)Sequential

Question 16

The heart,lungs,and brain begin to form during the ________ period of prenatal development.

A)fetal
B)zygotic
C)embryonic
D)blastocyst

Question 17

Either breast feeding leads to higher levels of intelligence,or parents that are more intelligent are more likely to breast feed their children.What type of conclusion is represented by this statement?

A)Unidirectional
B)Multidirectional
C)Reciprocal causation
D)Bidirectional

Question 18

Alfred is from a family of alcoholics.Which developmental concept should give him hope that he will not necessarily become an alcoholic himself?

A)Nature versus nurture
B)Gene-environment interaction
C)Infant determinism
D)Childhood fragility

Question 19

Which research method is most suitable for studying factors that influence behavioral change over time?

A)Longitudinal
B)Cohort
C)Cross-sectional
D)Correlational

Question 20

Tabitha was sexually abused as a young child.In her twenties now,she has managed to graduate college and is starting her career.Which aspect of development is being represented?

A)Childhood fragility
B)Resilience
C)Nature versus nurture
D)Infant determinism

Question 21

According to Piaget,equilibration involves the processes of

A)assimilation and accommodation.
B)egocentrism and constructivism.
C)maturation and conservation.
D)conservation and scaffolding.

Question 22

Three-year-old Joaquin is given a glass of water.His mother then decided to pour the water into a larger cup with a lid.Joaquin starts complaining that he has less water.He has yet to understand the theory of

A)object permanence.
B)egocentrism.
C)conservation.
D)accommodation.

Question 23

The inability to view the world from any perspective other than their own is called

A)object permanence.
B)accommodation.
C)conservation.
D)egocentrism.

Question 24

According to Piaget,the process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures is called

A)accommodation.
B)assimilation.
C)object permanence.
D)conservation.

Question 25

The correct order of Piaget's stages is

A)preoperational,concrete operations,sensorimotor,formal operations.
B)formal operations,concrete operations,sensorimotor,preoperational.
C)sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operations,formal operations.
D)concrete operations,preoperational,formal operations,sensorimotor.

Question 26

Four-year-old Kayla has a pet cat at home named Fluffy.She is riding with her mom to the store and sees another cat on the street.She promptly tells her mom that Fluffy is out in the street.When her mom stops to investigate,she sees a cat,but it is not Fluffy.According to Piaget,what process has Kayla engaged in?

A)Assimilation
B)Accommodation
C)Adaptation
D)Equilibrium

Question 27

Karla understands her world by grasping,sucking,and physically handling objects in her path.Karla is in Piaget's ________ stage of development.

A)Sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 28

Jean Piaget is best known for his pioneering work in the area of ________ development.

A)social
B)cognitive
C)psychosocial
D)identity

Question 29

A 7-year-old is likely to imagine having a third eye,which could be placed anywhere on the body.If asked where they would like to place the extra eye,the 7-year-old is likely to say

A)"in my stomach."
B)"between my other two eyes."
C)"on my back."
D)"in the palm of my hand."

Question 30

Jacoby has learned that tables have four legs.He goes out to eat with his parents and is seated at a pedestal table.Although initially confused,he acknowledges that the new object is indeed a table.According to Piaget,what process has Jacoby engaged in?

A)Adaptation
B)Assimilation
C)Accommodation
D)Egocentrism

Question 31

According to Piaget,children in the __________ stage lack object permanence

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operations
D)formal operations

Question 32

Which concept explains why 4-year-old Jeremy thinks Mommy will definitely want the newest Power Ranger action figure for her birthday?

A)Egocentrism
B)Conservation
C)Accommodation
D)Animism

Question 33

Zeke tells his little sister that there is no such thing as the tooth fairy.According to Piaget,what is his sister likely to experience?

A)Assimilation
B)Accommodation
C)Disequilibration
D)Equilibrium

Question 34

Marko believed that all red go-carts were fast until he drove a very slow one at the fair.Marko's revised views on red go-carts illustrates

A)accommodation.
B)assimilation.
C)conservation.
D)equilibration.

Question 35

Five-year-old Mason is learning how to throw a ball.He and his dad have been throwing the ball back and forth all day.At breakfast the next morning,mom hands Mason an apple,which he proceeds to throw across the room.According to Piaget,what process is Mason exhibiting?

A)Accommodation
B)Assimilation
C)Imitation
D)Adaptation

Question 36

When her older brother hides behind the sofa,Carmen looks behind the sofa to find him.Carmen has developed

A)object permanence.
B)equilibration.
C)conservation.
D)assimilation.

Question 37

Chiyoko has developed a sucking scheme as a way of understanding objects around her.Chiyoko's behavior of sucking on a harmonica to make music is an example of

A)accommodation.
B)assimilation.
C)equilibration.
D)conservation.

Question 38

A high school student is probably functioning in Piaget's __________ stage.

A)preoperational
B)formal operations
C)sensorimotor
D)concrete operations

Question 39

During the ________ stage of development,a child will not have developed object permanence.

A)preoperational
B)sensorimotor
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 40

What game would be difficult to play with a child lacking object permanence?

A)Checkers
B)Peek-a-boo
C)Four-square
D)Hide and seek

Question 41

According to Piaget,which of the following questions could be answered by a 13-year-old and not a 7-year-old?

A)Who is President of the United States?
B)Who is taller,LeBron or Kobe?
C)What would happen if you missed school tomorrow?
D)What would happen if you cut the cake in half?

Question 42

The phase,or learning period,when children are receptive to learning a new skill but aren't yet successful at it is called

A)the formal operations stage.
B)the concrete operations stage.
C)the zone of proximal development.
D)scaffolding.

Question 43

The term scaffolding was borrowed for use in psychology by

A)Piaget.
B)Vygotsky.
C)Skinner.
D)Kohlberg.

Question 44

Postconventional morality takes place during Piaget's __________ stage.

A)sensorimotor
B)concrete operations
C)formal operations
D)preoperational

Question 45

According to Piaget,egocentrism involves the perception that

A)others view the world as you do.
B)others view the world differently than you do.
C)you might be incorrect in your judgments.
D)things exist even if not picked up by your senses.

Question 46

Mrs.Baker is taking her 3-year-old daughter for a stroll around the neighborhood.As they walk,she is labeling the different things they encounter.Soon after,her daughter points and says "flower." According to Vygotsky,what process is Mrs.Baker demonstrating?

A)Assimilation
B)Deferred imitation
C)Social interaction
D)Scaffolding

Question 47

As compared to Piaget's theory,Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development best explains how a child learns to

A)cross a street safely for the first time.
B)speak for the first time.
C)crawl for the first time.
D)stand upright for the first time.

Question 48

Ken is able to perform mathematical operations only if he can use manipulatives and familiar examples in working up his answers.Ken is in Piaget's ________ stage.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 49

Miss Johnson gave Mark and Tia equal sized lumps of clay.Tia immediately rolled hers into a long shape.Mark cried and complained that Tia had received more clay.Mark's behavior represents

A)an inability to accommodate.
B)an inability to assimilate.
C)difficulty with formal operational tasks.
D)an inability toconserve.

Question 50

According to Vygotsky,cognitive development results from

A)biological maturation.
B)scaffolding.
C)genetics.
D)innate intelligence.

Question 51

According to Piaget,egocentrism is to ________ as conservation is to ________.

A)concrete operations; formal operations
B)preoperations; concrete operations
C)formal operations; preoperations
D)preoperations; formal operations

Question 52

Piaget may have overestimated the degree to which

A)cognitive development follows a typical course.
B)social factors influence skill development.
C)cultural factors influence the rate of skill development.
D)prenatal factors influence the rate at which skills emerge.

Question 53

Which of the following statements is representative of Vygotsky's approach to learning?

A)One's course of cognitive development is genetically fixed and cannot be significantly influenced by social factors.
B)One's course of cognitive development can be significantly influenced by instructional style and scaffolding.
C)All children pass through the same cognitive developmental stages at similar points in time.
D)To prevent frustration,children should be presented with tasks that they can fully complete on their own.

Question 54

According to Vygotsky,what would be the most effective way to identify a child's level in the zone of proximal development?

A)Talk to the child.
B)Observe the child.
C)Give a test to the child.
D)Allow the child to interact with his environment.

Question 55

Which concept explains why Mrs.Waters,who is hosting a birthday party for seven 5-year-olds,needs to use all the same size bowls for the ice cream she is serving?

A)Egocentrism
B)Conservation
C)Assimilation
D)Differentiation

Question 56

According to Piaget,students begin to successfully complete division and multiplication problems during the ________ stage.

A)preoperational
B)concrete operational
C)formal operational
D)sensorimotor

Question 57

Asking students to predict how the course of history may have changed if the first president were a woman would likely motivate students in which of Piaget's stages to answer thoroughly?

A)Sensorimotor
B)Preoperational
C)Concrete operational
D)Formal operational

Question 58

Piaget's theory applies to such topics as

A)predicting cognitive developmental gains in college students.
B)exploring gender differences in cognitive development.
C)designing high school curricula for gifted and talented students.
D)creating lesson plans for first grade students.

Question 59

During which of Piaget's stages does a child demonstrate the ability to reason about abstract ideas and logical concepts?

A)Sensorimotor
B)Preoperational
C)Concrete operational
D)Formal operational

Question 60

Which is NOT a criticism of Piaget's work?

A)Development is more gradual than stagelike.
B)Piaget's methods may have been culturally biased.
C)Piaget viewed learning as an active rather than passive process.
D)Piaget did many of his tests on his own children.

Question 61

Stranger anxiety is

A)dominant in Western cultures.
B)almost identical across cultures.
C)dominant in Eastern cultures.
D)rarely seen in children.

Question 62

Which problem might give a 3-year-old the toughest time?

A)Asking her to compare the number of jelly beans to the number of raisins
B)Asking her to compare the number of quarters to the number of pennies
C)Asking her to compare the number of shoes to the number of dresses
D)Asking her to compare the number of cars to the number of trucks

Question 63

Which attachment style do most U.S.infants possess?

A)Disorganized
B)Insecure-avoidant
C)Secure
D)Insecure-anxious

Question 64

Research involving the Strange Situation reveals that

A)most infants are not upset when their mothers leave because they believe that she will return shortly.
B)most infants are upset when their mothers leave and when they return because they feel neglected.
C)most infants are upset when their mothers leave and are happy when they return.
D)most infants are happy when their mothers leave and are upset when they return.

Question 65

At 5 years old,Sammy is better able to understand his friends' feelings as compared to when he was 3 years old.Sammy is acquiring a

A)theory of mind.
B)self-concept.
C)sense of identity.
D)sense of self-reflection.

Question 66

Which of the following is an example of imprinting?

A)A young child's behavior is influenced by peer pressure.
B)A young child imitates the behaviors of older siblings.
C)Young geese demonstrate an attachment to a round ball.
D)Young geese scatter away in fear when a ball approaches them.

Question 67

Infant Opie barely reacts as his mother leaves the room.Although she is gone for nearly 20 minutes,he scarcely acknowledges her return.How would you classify Opie's attachment?

A)Secure
B)Insecure-avoidant
C)Insecure-anxious
D)Disorganized

Question 68

The belief that children will have increased cognitive abilities if their parents play classical music for them during infancy reflects

A)a pro-nurture perspective.
B)a pro-nature perspective.
C)a belief that genes set limits on cognitive ability.
D)a belief that cognitive ability is genetically determined.

Question 69

Which is true concerning research related to the "Mozart Effect"?

A)Weak evidence exists supporting the claims that exposure to classical music improves cognitive functioning.
B)Strong evidence exists supporting the claims that exposure to classical music improves cognitive functioning.
C)No evidence exists supporting the claims that exposure to classical music improves cognitive functioning.
D)Currently the market for classical music videos and toys has dropped off.

Question 70

When placed in Strange Situations with surrogate mothers,Harlow's monkeys demonstrated signs of

A)insecure attachment.
B)imprinting.
C)stranger anxiety.
D)authoritative attachment.

Question 71

Researchers studying infant attachment styles using the Strange Situation have found that most infants are

A)upset with mom's departure and remain upset when she returns.
B)upset with mom's departure but are happy when she returns.
C)not upset with mom's departure because they know she will return shortly.
D)happy with mom's departure and remain happy when she returns.

Question 72

Harlow's study of infant rhesus monkeys showed that

A)surrogate mothers who were cold to the touch but provided milk produced the strongest attachment responses.
B)surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide milk produced the strongest attachment responses.
C)early imprinting led to the strongest attachments of monkeys to their surrogate mothers.
D)surrogate mothers who were inconsistent in providing milk produced the weakest attachment responses.

Question 73

__________ used rhesus monkeys to research the phenomenon that came to be known as contact comfort.

A)Piaget
B)Harlow
C)Skinner
D)Vygotsky

Question 74

Children involved in Strange Situation research change attachment styles frequently in follow-up studies,meaning that this method of measuring attachment style lacks

A)reliability.
B)validity.
C)integrity.
D)honesty.

Question 75

Each time Sonya's mother leaves,Sonya reacts with panic.When her mother returns,Sonya first reaches for her mother but then wants to be put back down.Sonya has most likely developed a(n)__________ attachment.

A)secure
B)insecure-avoidant
C)disorganized
D)insecure-anxious

Question 76

The Halls have a brand new baby.What is the most important thing they should do to create an attachment?

A)Hold the infant.
B)Feed the infant.
C)Play with the infant.
D)Talk to the infant.

Question 77

What concept from Piaget's theory may interfere with a child's developing theory of mind?

A)Assimilation
B)Egocentrism
C)Accommodation
D)Conservation

Question 78

Which of the following represents cross-cultural differences in attachment study research?

A)More infants from Japan fall into the insecure-anxious category as compared to U.S.infants.
B)More infants from Japan fall into the insecure-avoidant category as compared to U.S.infants.
C)More infants from the United States display disorganized attachments as compared to infants from Japan.
D)Infants from Japan are more likely to react to their mom's departure with indifference as compared to U.S.infants.

Question 79

Althea is a single mom who is trying to work from home as she raises her newborn baby.Often when her baby begins to cry,she is on the phone with clients and cannot respond immediately.However,if she isn't busy,she rushes to her baby's side at any sign of distress.Which type of attachment is likely to form?

A)Secure
B)Insecure-avoidant
C)Insecure-anxious
D)Disorganized

Question 80

A zookeeper finds that a flock of geese follows her wherever she moves because she is the first object that they saw after hatching.What is this situation an example of?

A)Trust
B)Imprinting
C)Contact comfort
D)Insecure attachment