Deck 18: Prevention and Mental Health Promotion in the Community

Question 1

The Canadian Institute for Health Information recommends an ecological approach to mental health promotion, encouraging government to

A) address a broad range of risk factors.
B) circumvent the most well-established risk factors.
C) implement strategies at individual, community and societal levels.
D) implement strategies at the ecological level of analysis.
E) treat mental health promotion as a non-reducible ecological system.

Answer 1

implement strategies at individual, community and societal levels.

Question 2

In developing a disease prevention program, researchers working from a Public Health approach tend to focus on three components of the disease: characteristics of the __________, characteristics of the __________ and finally, the __________, or manner by which the disease is transmitted.

A) host; environment; agent
B) germ; environment; agent
C) pathogen; environment; agent
D) host; mechanism; acquisition process
E) germ; environment; pathogenesis

Answer 2

host; environment; agent

Question 3

Reducing stressors while preparing individuals to better cope with stressors is the focus of

A) clinical prevention.
B) health psychology.
C) public health promotion.
D) community intervention.
E) tertiary prevention.

Answer 3

public health promotion.

Question 4

The public health approach is characterized by all of the following steps EXCEPT

A) identifying the disease and developing a reliable method of diagnosis.
B) developing prevention programs.
C) researchers tend to focus on the person, the environment, and the agent.
D) encouraging effective coping strategies.
E) developing a theory of the course of development taken by the disease.

Question 5

All of the following are considered central mechanisms that can help people cope with adversity EXCEPT

A) promoting aerobic exercise as a means of dealing with stress.
B) creating opportunities for personal growth.
C) enhancing self-esteem and self-efficacy.
D) reducing the impact of risks.
E) helping individuals deal with stressful life events.

Question 6

All of the following distinguish community psychology from clinical psychology EXCEPT

A) community psychologists stress the interdependence of the individual, family, and community.
B) community psychology takes an ecological approach.
C) community psychologists focus on treating groups rather than individuals.
D) community psychologists encourage the use of social support groups.
E) community psychology focuses on prevention.

Question 7

The more general risk factors for poor mental health that __________ an individual has, the more an individual is to disorder.

A) handicapped
B) resilient
C) affected
D) protected
E) vulnerable

Question 8

Katie's high school is involved in a special program designed to encourage the students to practice safe sex so as to reduce the likelihood of pregnancy and STIs. This program is an example of

A) a high-risk prevention program.
B) a universal prevention program.
C) a psychological secondary prevention program.
D) a biological primary prevention program.
E) an indicated high-risk program.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true?

A) At this point, we know what specific risk factors are linked to specific disorders.
B) At this point, we know what specific protective factors reduce specific disorders.
C) At this point, we still know extremely little about risk and protective factors for psychopathology.
D) At this point, it is difficult to connect specific risk factors and protective factors with specific forms of abnormal behaviour.
E) At this point, we know much more about resilience factors than we do about protective factors.

Question 10

What is resilience?

A) the process by which parents and the community enhance "grit" in children.
B) flexibility in one's approach to solving problems.
C) the process of persisting at difficult tasks until they are done.
D) the process of protecting oneself from risk factors.
E) the process of positive adaptation to significant adversity through the interaction of risk and protective factors.

Question 11

Which of the following is a personal characteristic that has often been associated with personal resilience?

A) a rational way of thinking.
B) an internal locus of control.
C) agreeableness.
D) introversion.
E) extraversion.

Question 12

Well-being tends to be the focus of mental health

A) primary prevention.
B) intervention.
C) prevention.
D) tertiary prevention.
E) promotion.

Question 13

Primary prevention programs seek to __________, secondary prevention programs aim to __________ and tertiary programs aim to __________.

A) eliminate disorders; reduce the associated harms; limit the duration of disorders
B) reduce incidence of disorder; limit duration of a disorder; reduce disability resulting from an established disorder
C) limit exposure to disorder; block the mechanism of a disorder; limit the severity of a disorder that has occurred
D) prevent entry of a pathogen into the country; limit population exposure; limit the transmission of a disorder
E) reduce incidence; limit severity; limit duration

Question 14

Community psychology had its roots in

A) clinical psychology.
B) sociological medicine.
C) organizational psychology.
D) anthropology.
E) ecological perspective.

Question 15

Community psychology is necessary for prevention for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A) No treatment will be 100% effective.
B) There are not enough trained professionals to treat all of those who need it.
C) Treatment services have not reduced rates of disease in the population.
D) For health in general, treatment services have not been effective in reducing rates of disease in a population.
E) Group therapy has been shown to be more effective than individual therapy.

Question 16

The local high school has a program that attempts to provide teens with strategies to cope with peer pressures to drink and use drugs. This approach would be characteristic of

A) campaigning.
B) public health approach.
C) drug education.
D) secondary prevention.
E) tertiary prevention.

Question 17

Prevention programs that target participants on the basis of known risk factors for certain mental health problems (which can be "internal" or external to the participant) are called

A) secondary, or indicated prevention programs.
B) selective prevention programs.
C) mental health promotion programs.
D) early intervention programs.
E) universal programs.

Question 18

The four key characteristics of mental health promotion, identified by Cowen (1996) are:

A) proactive; population-focused; multi-dimensional; ongoing
B) reactive; targeted; multi-dimensional; ongoing
C) proactive; targeted; focused; ongoing
D) reactive; population focused; focused; ongoing
E) proactive; population-focus; bi-dimensional; appropriately timed

Question 19

According to the ecological perspective, mental health problems can be viewed as having

A) singular etiologies.
B) multiple levels of analysis.
C) a concern with treating the individual.
D) impetus from the disease model.
E) an environmental explanation.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a protective factor for mental health?

A) positive role models
B) aspirations and planning for the future
C) parental monitoring
D) attractiveness to peers and adults
E) education at a private school

Question 21

Pat and his parents live in a high-risk neighborhood. Pat's parents do not allow him to hang out on the streets, he must complete his homework and be in by his curfew. Placing limits on Pat's behaviour is an example of

A) prevention.
B) altering exposure to risk.
C) an authoritarian parenting style.
D) a secure attachment.
E) parental involvement.

Question 22

The main focus of the Prenatal Early Infancy Project was to

A) assist the mothers in having regular medical check-ups.
B) study children from before birth until late adolescence.
C) ensure that the mothers maintained optimal health.
D) prevent child abuse and neglect.
E) ensure that the mothers did not consume drugs or alcohol during pregnancy.

Question 23

What is true regarding the reaction of Canadian provinces to calls for prevention?

A) Funding for prevention programs appears to be greatest in the Western provinces.
B) There has been an increase in funding to prevention projects.
C) Various programs are proposed, yet funding is not provided for prevention.
D) Prevention programs are wholeheartedly supported.
E) Funding for prevention programs appears to be lagging in the Atlantic provinces.

Question 24

The future focus of prevention/promotion programs should be

A) documenting outcomes.
B) successful implementation.
C) children and youth.
D) developing more effective programs.
E) determining which groups most need help.

Question 25

Better Beginnings, Better Futures differs from most prevention projects in that

A) it was designed to address child, family, and community development.
B) a home-visiting component is included.
C) funding was provided by the community members themselves.
D) community psychologists are responsible for most decisions.
E) it focused only on families falling below the poverty line.

Question 26

The family and social network is a part of

A) the exosystem.
B) the microsystem.
C) the individual.
D) the macrosystem.
E) the culture.

Question 27

Which of the following was NOT one of the longer-term benefits of the Prenatal Early Infancy Project?

A) Fourteen percent of the poor, unmarried teenage mothers in the control group abused their children, compared to 4% in the nurse-visited group.
B) The children in the nurse-visited group showed better conceptual reasoning than did children in the control group.
C) Nurse-visited women had lower rates of substance abuse.
D) Nurse-visited women had higher rates of employment.
E) The children in the nurse-visited group were less likely to visit a physician for injuries or ingestions.

Question 28

In Ontario, Ontario Early Years Centers have been developed as a result of a report entitled

A) The Kirby Report.
B) A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians.
C) Achieving Health for All.
D) Reversing the Real Brain Drain: Early Years Study - Final Report.
E) Mental Health for Canadians: Striking a Balance.

Question 29

In a recent review of Canadian programs, Waddell et al. (2007) found that only __________ has demonstrated positive mental health outcomes for children.

A) the Community Action Program for Children (CAPC)
B) the Better Beginnings project
C) the Early Head Start project
D) The Perry Preschool project
E) the Prenatal Early Infancy project

Question 30

Return on investment studies have computed economic returns for a variety of early intervention programs with families and children at risk. These studies have generated estimates ranging from __________ to ____ return on every dollar invested.

A) $0.25; $1.75
B) $0.75; $3.50
C) $1.00; $12.00
D) $1.50; $17.00
E) $2.50; $29.00

Question 31

In the Prenatal Early Infancy Project, all of the following outcomes were observed, EXCEPT

A) improvement in the quality of their diets.
B) fewer kidney infections.
C) fewer preterm deliveries.
D) a slight increase in abusive behaviour toward their children.
E) participants experienced more informal support and made greater use of community services.

Question 32

Olds' Prenatal Early Infancy Project was

A) a support group implemented by pregnant women who were at risk for poor outcomes.
B) a universal prevention program designed to assist single women who were pregnant for the first time.
C) a prevention program designed for pregnant women with alcohol use disorder.
D) a home-visitation project designed to improve maternal and child functioning.
E) a hospital-based health program designed to increase maternal well-being and health.

Question 33

Outcome failures of a prevention program might be due to poor implementation. On the basis of the Durlak & DuPre (2008) research, the chapter concludes that ___ and are related ___ to positive outcomes.

A) fidelity; dosage or intensity
B) dosage; intensity
C) positivity; dosage or intensity
D) fidelity with appropriate adaptation; positivity
E) fidelity with appropriate adaptation; dosage or intensity

Question 34

Joshua was born with PKU, and was immediately placed on a special diet to prevent mental retardation. This is an example of

A) biological primary prevention.
B) biological tertiary prevention.
C) disease prevention.
D) reactive treatment.
E) biological secondary prevention.

Question 35

Which of the following is true of Canada?

A) Canada is ahead of many Western European countries in social policies that support families.
B) Canada has dramatically reduced rates of child poverty.
C) Canada's national mental health strategy focuses too little on prevention or promotion.
D) Beginning in the late 1980s, the federal government increased transfer payments to the provinces.
E) There are very few national and provincial early childhood education initiatives.

Question 36

Prevention programs have been used to deal with all of the following problems EXCEPT

A) bullying.
B) adult illiteracy.
C) criminal behaviour and conduct disorder.
D) depression.
E) anxiety problems.

Question 37

A contextual approach to well-being must account for the roles of ________ and _________ variables.

A) temporal; ecological.
B) situational; ecological.
C) situational; temporal
D) home; academic.
E) internal; external.

Question 38

The affirmation field consists of two intersecting continua:

A) The capability dimension and the participation dimension
B) The first dimension and third dimension
C) The deficit dimension and the ability dimension
D) The validation dimension and healing dimension
E) The empowerment dimension and the validation dimension

Question 39

Which statement best describes the results of the Perry Preschool Project?

A) Children at high-risk were better able to complete their academic careers.
B) This program is more beneficial to girls than to boys.
C) Although there were long -term benefits of this program, there were no immediate benefits.
D) The short-term effects on academic performance disappeared by the time the children were in grades 3 and 4.
E) The long-term benefits of participation in the program are unknown.

Question 40

Researchers have found that the most positive and long-lasting impacts of prevention programs occur when

A) the programs are long and intensive.
B) the programs include free access to psychotherapy.
C) the programs are brief and simple.
D) the programs have a follow-up five to ten years later.
E) the programs last for one to two years.

Question 41

From the view of mental health promotion, mental health is the absence of mental disorder.

Question 42

Indicated prevention programs are functionally very similar to early intervention programs.

Question 43

Generally, early childhood intervention programs have not been found to have a high return on investment (ROI).

Question 44

High risk programs always attempt to involve communities that are at risk for particular reasons (i.e., low SES, crime-infested, etc.).

Question 45

The Better Beginnings, Better Futures project could be considered universal, since it was offered to all children and their families in a given age range.

Question 46

Primary prevention focuses on reducing mental health problems and enhancing functioning.

Question 47

Recently, some provinces have begun prevention initiatives.

Question 48

Community psychology emphasizes the ecological perspective and the inter- dependence of the individual, the family, the community and society.

Question 49

Distinguish community psychology from clinical psychology.

Question 50

List five general risk factors for poor mental health and identify some general protective factors.

Question 51

In a review of 526 prevention studies, Durlak and colleagues (2007) found that _____ of the studies attempted to change community conditions.

A) 5 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 67 percent
D) 74 percent
E) None

Question 52

The only way to reduce the impact of a risk factor is to remove that risk factor from the individual's environment.

Question 53

The ecological perspective focuses on the individual, his or her family and social network, schools and workplaces, and social norms and policies.

Question 54

A community psychologist would be responsible for diagnosing and treating those of lower socioeconomic status.

Question 55

The Canadian government has been extremely supportive of prevention efforts, and funding for prevention programs is becoming increasingly available.

Question 56

Joffe and Albee (1981) refer to these as the "causes of the causes" of social and psychological problems.

A) poor parenting
B) societal sources of injustice
C) dictatorships
D) social media
E) individualistic societies

Question 57

Although there has been a call for a social justice approach to prevention, to date, there haven't been any clear, concrete programs that model this approach.

Question 58

Define the three types of prevention

Question 59

The Perry Preschool Program and the Prenatal Early Infancy project are examples of high-risk programs because they focus on individuals who are already at a disadvantage for having problems (due to low SES, unemployment, etc.).

Question 60

Specific risk factors are responsible for certain types of mental health problems, and if we intervene early enough, we could prevent specific problems in groups of people.

Question 61

Prilleltensky (2005) shows that it is helpful to plot the timing of an MHP / prevention program (i.e., universal prevention vs. indicated prevention / early intervention for problems that have already started) against the ecological level of implementation (i.e., micro vs. macro levels), creating four quadrants. Describe these quadrants and identify examples of MHP interventions for each.

Question 62

What exactly is "resilience?" What other psychological construct overlaps with resilience?

Question 63

Compare and contrast the high-risk approach vs. the universal approach to promotion/prevention programs.

Question 64

What are the elements of the Better Beginnings Program? Is this

Question 65

What is "cumulative risk?" What are the inadequacies in the current understanding of cumulative risk?

Question 66

Briefly outline the prevention and promotion policy in Canada.

Question 67

Highlight the three major goals of the Better Beginnings, Better Futures project.

Question 68

Briefly outline future directions for prevention and promotion.

Question 69

Briefly describe Olds' Prenatal Early Infancy Project; focus on results.