Deck 9: Extranuclear Inheritance

Question 1

Which three classes of macromolecules are encoded by mtDNA?

A)carbohydrates,enzymes,and proteins
B)lipids,carbohydrates,and nucleic acids
C)transfer RNA,ribosomal RNA,and nuclear RNA
D)proteins,transfer RNAs,and ribosomal RNA
E)photosystem I,photosystem II,and tRNA

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What is the name of a form of extrachromosomal inheritance that is due to transmission of symbiotic or parasitic microorganisms?

A)pathogenic paternal transfer
B)microbial genomic transfer
C)infectious heredity
D)organellar inheritance
E)uniparental genome transfer

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In aerobically cultured yeast,you isolate a petite mutant.You believe it is a suppressive mutant.Which cross would you do below to determine that it is indeed suppressive?

A)petite × petite yields half petite and half wild type
B)petite × petite yields all petite
C)wild type × wild type yields petite
D)petite × wild type yields all petites
E)petite × wild type yields half petite and half wild type

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The endosymbiont theory is support by several lines of evidence one of which is ____.

A)mitochondria,chloroplast,and bacteria all have circular chromosomes
B)the chloroplast genome resembles the genome of the mitochondria
C)both mitochondria and chloroplasts generate ATP
D)both mitochondria and peroxisomes have circular chromosomes
E)both bacteria and lysosomes have degradative enzymes

Question 5

Why is variegation in four o'clock plants determined by the phenotype of the ovule source?

A)Dominant genes demonstrating variegation come from the ovule.
B)The mitochondria determine the leaf coloration,and the mitochondria are inherited through the ovule.
C)Recessive genes demonstrating variegation come from the ovule.
D)The chloroplasts determine the leaf coloration,and the chloroplasts are inherited through the ovule.
E)The ovule nuclear genome contains the genes for leaf coloration.

Question 6

In what way do mitochondrial mutations influence phenotype?

A)They affect the production of ATP generated through cellular respiration.
B)Mutated mitochondrial DNA has no effect on phenotypes.
C)They affect the production of ribosomes and protein synthesis.
D)They cause the nuclear DNA to segregate ineffectively.
E)Cells with mutated mitochondrial DNA cannot undergo anaphase.

Question 7

You discover a new alien race that you decide to call the PAMMARIANS.They are different from us in that they have three sexes,called Q,R,and S.All three sexes must fuse their gametes to form a new PAMMARIAN and you thought dating on the Earth was hard! .They have nuclear DNA and extrachromosomal organelles,similar to mitochondria,called MITOCHLORIANS,which have their own DNA.The R gender is like human females they donate the cytoplasm during the mating .Q and S do NOT donate cytoplasm during mating,like human males.Which of the following is TRUE?

A)In a mating,if only the S gender individual has a mitochlorian DNA mutation that causes a phenotype,the offspring WILL HAVE a mitochlorian mutant phenotype.
B)In a mating,if only the Q gender individual has a mitochlorian DNA mutation that causes a phenotype,the offspring WILL HAVE a mitochlorian mutant phenotype.
C)In a mating,if the S and Q genders have a mitochlorian DNA mutation,the offspring will be mutant as well.
D)In a mating,if only the Q gender individual has a mitochlorian DNA mutation that causes a phenotype,the offspring will have NO mitochlorian mutant phenotype.
E)In a mating,if only the R gender individual has a mitochlorian DNA mutation that causes a phenotype,the offspring will have NO mitochlorian mutant phenotype.

Question 8

____phenotypes are passed equally to offspring by both males and females.

A)Autosomal recessive
B)X- linked dominant
C)X- linked recessive
D)Mitochondrial
E)Autosomal dominant

Question 9

Which of the following organelles are involved in the general category of organelle heredity?

A)lysosomes and peroxisomes
B)factors and episomes
C)mitochondria and chloroplasts
D)Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum
E)Golgi apparatus and nuclei

Question 10

In Neurospora crassa,a mutation called poky phenotype is slow growth)is passed down cytoplasmically.Which cross below is not consistent this type of inheritance?

A)female wild type × male poky yields all wild type
B)female poky × male poky yields all poky
C)female wild type × male wild type yields all wild type
D)female wild type × male wild type yields half poky
E)female poky × male wild type yields all poky

Question 11

The inheritance of the petite phenotype in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is complicated by an interaction of mitochondrial and nuclear genes.Which of the following is a false statement about petites in S.cerevisiae?

A)Both nuclear and cytoplasmic mitochondrial genes contribute to the petite phenotype in some cases.
B)Suppressive petites are characterized by mitochondria lacking most of its DNA.
C)Segregational petites are characterized by mutations in the nuclear genome.
D)Neutral petites,when crossed to wild type,yield wild- type mitochondrial function.
E)The three categories of petites are segregational,neutral,and suppressive.

Question 12

To which of the following does the term heteroplasmy refer?

A)conditions in which the germ plasm is a mixture of dominant and recessive genes
B)cells with a variable mixture of normal and abnormal organellar genomes
C)heterozygous individuals with more than one gene pair involved
D)a circumstance that is homologous to incomplete dominance
E)various stages of development of mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 13

Forms of inheritance that do not follow typical Mendelian patterns and that appear to be more influenced by the parent contributing the most cytoplasm to the embryo are grouped under the general heading of ____.

A)suppressive inheritance
B)dominance and/or recessiveness
C)neo- Mendelian inheritance
D)extrachromosomal inheritance
E)sex- linked inheritance

Question 14

In what way do segregational petite mutations differ from neutral petites?

A)Segregational petites follow Mendelian inheritance as a result of the influence of nuclear genes; neutral petites,when crossed to wild type,produce only wild- type,normal- sized colonies.
B)When a neutral petite is crossed to a segregational petite,all offspring are neutral petites.
C)Neutral petites follow Mendelian inheritance as a result of the influence of nuclear genes; segregational petites,when crossed to wild type,produce only wild- type,normal- sized colonies.
D)When a segregational petite is crossed to a wild- type cell,all offspring are petite.However,when a neutral petite is crossed to a wild- type cell,all offspring are wild type.
E)Neutral petites are dominant and segregational petites are recessive mitochondrial genes.

Question 15

In organelle heredity,which of the following is TRUE?

A)In a reciprocal cross,the offspring will always have the phenotype that the mother egg has.
B)In a reciprocal cross,the offspring will have the phenotype of the mother's genotype.
C)In a reciprocal cross,the offspring will have different phenotypes depending on which phenotype the father has.
D)In a reciprocal cross,the offspring will have varied phenotypes depending on which X chromosome is converted into a Barr body.
E)In a reciprocal cross,the imprinted gene will always come from the mother.

Question 16

The plant coleus has three distinct leaf color phenotypes: green,white,and variegated white and green mixed t crosses are made as follows: female variegated leaves × male green leaves gives offspring with all variegated leaves female green leaves × male with white leaves gives offspring with all green leaves
Female with white leaves × male with variegated leaves gives offspring with all white leaves
This is an example of ____.

A)cytoplasmic inheritance
B)X- linked recessive disorder
C)Mendelian inheritance
D)genomic imprinting
E)maternal effect

Question 17

An example of____ involves pigmentation in Mirabilis jalapa.

A)organelle heredity
B)gene dosage effect
C)nucleolar inheritance
D)maternal effect
E)X- linked recessive

Question 18

Which of the following matings indicates that a Chlamydomonas mutant with photosynthetic defects that resulted from a deficiency in chloroplast translation is located on the chloroplast genome?

A)mt⁺ photo^- × mt^- photo⁺ yields all str^-
B)a petite × alpha wild type yields all petite
C)mt⁺ photo⁺ × mt^- photo^- yields all str^-
D)mt⁺ photo^- × mt^- photo⁺ yields mt⁺ photo⁺ and mt^- photo^-
E)mt⁺ photo^- × mt^- photo⁺ yields mt⁺ photo^- and mt^- photo⁺

Question 19

Inheritance of the green and white patches phenotype in Mirabilis jalapa four o'clock is an example of____ .

A)maternal effect
B)organelle heredity
C)infectious heredity
D)reciprocal cytoplasmic inheritance
E)maternal influence

Question 20

What is the expression pattern of dominant- negative mutations in petite strains of yeast?

A)Expression of wild- type mitochondria is enhanced.
B)Mitochondrial membranes become hyperpolarized.
C)Expression of mutant mitochondria resembles expression of wild- type mitochondria.
D)The function of wild- type mitochondria is suppressed.
E)Mitochondria show enhanced capacity of oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 21

One explanation for organelle inheritance of disease phenotypes is that____ .

A)chloroplasts,for example,are completely dependent on the nuclear genome for components
B)mitochondria and chloroplasts lack DNA and are therefore dependent on the maternal cytoplasmic contributions
C)organelles such as mitochondria are always wild type
D)mitochondria and chloroplasts have DNA that is subject to mutation
E)None of the answers listed are correct.

Question 22

Which of the following is false?

A)In maternal effect,an offspring will have the genotype of their mother.
B)In a reciprocal cross,if an offspring has the mother's phenotype for both crosses,cytoplasmic inheritance is responsible.
C)The direction of shell coiling in Lymnaea peregra is influenced by the orientation of the first cleavage division.
D)It is safe to say that a maternal effect is caused by the genotype,not the phenotype,of the parent producing the egg.
E)When a maternal effect gene is seen,the offspring will demonstrate the phenotype of the mother's genotype.

Question 23

The genes for light eyes lt; light and straw bristles stw; straware tightly linked on chromosome 2 in Drosophila melanogaster.The Malpighian tubes of lt larvae and adults are maternally affected in that Malpighian tubes of lt/lt organisms,whose mothers were lt⁺/lt and have more yellow pigment than those from lt/lt mothers.There is no maternal effect associated with the straw locus.Give the phenotypes of the offspring from the following crosses.

Question 24

Molecular/structural orientations gradients in an egg are thought to play a significant role in development.What is the origin of such gradients?

A)During formation of the egg,nutritional as well as informational molecules RNAs)are placed in appropriate positions for the development of the embryo.
B)When an egg is fertilized,the gradient is set up based on the side of the egg on which the most mitochondria reside.
C)During early development,the nucleus is placed into position of the highest concentration.
D)Where the sperm penetrated the egg is the area of highest concentration.
E)The side facing up has the lowest concentration of molecules.

Question 25

Through the study of mitochondrial disorders,scientists have suggested a link between the decline of mitochondrial function and aging.What process appears to be involved in this suspected phenomenon?

A)decline of mutations in the nuclear genome
B)accumulation of mutations in the mtDNA
C)recombination among mtDNAs of different mitochondria
D)recombination of mtDNA and nuclear DNA
E)accumulation of sporadic mutations in the nuclear genome

Question 26

The maternal effect in Lymnaea is such that the genotype of the egg determines the direction of shell coiling regardless of the genotype of the offspring.Apparently,the cause of this spectacular maternal effect results from .

A)orientation of the spindle apparatus in early cleavage
B)genophores present in the egg cytoplasm
C)colicins "poisoning" one of the cleavage centers
D)allelic substitution as demonstrated from RNA injection experiments
E)the F factor exerting its influence on the centrosome

Question 27

Axis development is determined by a MATERNAL EFFECT gene in Drosophila.A dominant Bicoid allele is required to set up the correct axis development in flies.bb two loss of function alleles is LETHAL in this MATE EFFECT gene. A female Drosophila named Eustacia had all dead offspring.What is Eustacia's GENOTYPE?

A)bb
B)BB
C)Bb
D)BB or Bb
E)Bb or bb

Question 28

Approximately one in 5000 humans either have a mitochondrial DNA disorder or are at risk for developing such a disorder.What future approach involving nuclear transplantation might be available to treat mtDNA- based human disorders?

A)mitochondrial suppression
B)mitochondrial activation
C)mitochondrial replacement therapy
D)nuclear disintegration
E)nuclear activation

Question 29

In MATERNAL EFFECT,which of the following is TRUE?

A)In a reciprocal cross,the offspring's genotype and phenotype are the same as the mother's.
B)In a reciprocal cross,the grandfather's alleles have the most influence.
C)The mother's genotype is the offspring's phenotype.
D)The mother's phenotype is the offspring's phenotype.
E)In a reciprocal cross,only the father's alleles are expressed.

Question 30

Molecular/structural orientations gradients)in an egg are thought to play a significant role in development.What evidence indicates that the maternal genotype is involved in providing such gradients?

A)Results indicate that the snail shell coiling is passed exclusively from the mother.
B)The snail shell coiling depends on the genotype of the mother and the offspring.
C)The snail's father's genotype dictates the next generation's phenotype.
D)Snail shell's coil based on environmental conditions.
E)Results non- Mendelian)indicate that the direction of shell coiling in snails is determined by the genotype of the mother,not the genotype of the zygote.

Question 31

Direction of shell coiling in Lymnaea peregra is strongly and most directly influenced by ____.

A)the phenotype of the father
B)the genotype of the mother
C)the genotype of the embryo itself
D)the genotype of the father
E)the phenotype of the mother

Question 32

Which criterion below does not indicate that a human disorder may be attributable to genetically altered mitochondria?

A)passed down more readily to male offspring
B)deficiency in some bioenergetic functions of mitochondria
C)maternal rather than Mendelian inheritance pattern
D)documentation of a specific mitochondrial genetic mutation
E)deficiency in ability to generate ATP

Question 33

Describe the molecular and transmission characteristics of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy LHON .

A)maternal inheritance,which includes mtDNA lesions
B)cytoplasmic inheritance,which includes cpDNA lesions
C)X- linked recessive
D)cytoplasmic inheritance,which includes mtDNA lesions
E)dominant maternal inheritance

Question 34

Direction of shell coiling in the snail Lymnaea peregra is conditioned by a form of extrachromosomal inheritance known as ____.

A)sex- linked inheritance
B)maternal effect
C)epistasis
D)heteroplasmy
E)independent assortment

Question 35

Name two human disorders that appear to be transmitted extrachromosomally.

A)Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Down syndrome
B)cri- du- chat syndrome and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
C)poky chromosome syndrome and kidney cancer
D)myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fiber disease and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
E)reactive oxygen syndrome and myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fiber disease

Question 36

Kearns- Sayre syndrome KSS results in progressive loss of vision and hearing,as well as heart defects.What is the genetic basis for this disease?

A)ATP builds up and runs the electron transport chain backwards.
B)Reactive oxygen species mutate DNA.
C)Ageing shortens the telomeres of the mitochondrial DNA.
D)Too much sunlight damages mtDNA.
E)Deletions occur in mtDNA,and the proportion of defective mtDNAs increases as the severity of the symptoms increases.