Deck 7: The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division

Question 1

What system would suppress the digestive organs during times of greater physical activity?

A) sympathetic
B) parasympathetic
C) enteric nervous system
D) somatic nervous system
E) none of these

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The autonomic nervous system is

A) part of the somatic nervous system
B) the involuntary branch of the peripheral nervous system's efferent division
C) part of the central nervous system
D) the involuntary branch of the peripheral nervous system's efferent division and part of the somatic nervous system
E) all of these

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The motor end plate

A) contains receptor sites that are capable of binding curare
B) contains acetylcholinesterase
C) experiences an increase in permeability to cations when combined with acetylcholine
D) contains nicotinic receptors
E) all of these

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The sympathetic nervous system causes

A) blood vessels with alpha receptors to dilate
B) bronchioles to constrict
C) pupils of the eye to dilate
D) sweat glands to be inhibited
E) the urinary bladder to contract and eliminate urine

Question 5

Select the incorrect statement about the parasympathetic nervous system.

A) It inhibits all cardiac muscle and smooth muscle.
B) Neurotransmitter from all its postganglionic fibers bind to muscarinic receptors.
C) Neurotransmitter from all its preganglionic fibers bind to nicotinic receptors.
D) Part of it originates in the brain and part of it originates in the sacral region of the spinal cord.
E) It inhibits all cardiac muscle and smooth muscle, and neurotransmitter from all its postganglionic fibers bind to muscarinic receptors.

Question 6

The neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is

A) acetylcholine
B) the same as the transmitter substance at parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings
C) the same as that released by all preganglionic fibers
D) acetylcholine and the same as the transmitter substance at parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings
E) all of these

Question 7

Sympathetic stimulation ____ heart rate and ____ the motility in the digestive tract.

A) does not affect; decreases
B) decreases; decreases
C) decreases; increases
D) increases; decreases
E) increases; increases

Question 8

Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers

A) arise from the ganglion chain located along either side of the spinal cord
B) are cholinergic
C) secrete a chemical messenger that binds to muscarinic receptors
D) arise from the ganglion chain located along either side of the spinal cord and are cholinergic
E) are cholinergic and secrete a chemical messenger that binds to muscarinic receptors

Question 9

The parasympathetic nervous system

A) has long preganglionic fibers that end on terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ
B) dominates in quiet, relaxed situations
C) releases a postganglionic neurotransmitter that binds with muscarinic receptors
D) has neurons that display nicotinic receptors
E) all of these

Question 10

Which of the following does not characterize the sympathetic nervous system?

A) It promotes responses that prepare the body for strenuous physical activity.
B) It has some afferent fibers.
C) Most of its postganglionic neurons are adrenergic.
D) Its effects may be excitatory or inhibitory.
E) It has some afferent fibers and most of its postganglionic neurons are adrenergic.

Question 11

The sympathetic nervous system

A) is part of the somatic nervous system
B) has some cholinergic postganglionic fibers
C) has preganglionic neurons that originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
D) none of these
E) has some cholinergic postganglionic fibers and has preganglionic neurons that originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

Question 12

Which one of the following involves a response of a skeletal muscle through an efferent output?

A) augmented breathing from the diaphragm
B) delayed emptying of the stomach
C) increased pumping of blood
D) increased secretion of insulin
E) initiation of sweating

Question 13

Which statement is correct?

A) Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end on the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.
B) Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic postganglionic fibers.
C) Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.
D) Terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.
E) Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

Question 14

Which is not characteristic of sympathetic pathways?

A) Fibers originate from the thoracic and lumbar levels.
B) Preganglionic fibers release norepinephrine.
C) Some postganglionic fibers release ACh.
D) Short preganglionic fibers.
E) Most preganglionic fibers synapse in the chain ganglia.

Question 15

Postganglionic autonomic fibers

A) end in a single synaptic knob that releases the neurotransmitter
B) have numerous varicosities that simultaneously release neurotransmitter over a large area of the innervated organ rather than on single cells
C) innervate skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
D) end in a single synaptic knob that releases the neurotransmitter and innervate skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
E) have numerous varicosities that simultaneously release neurotransmitter over a large area of the innervated organ rather than on single cells and innervate skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle

Question 16

The overall functioning of the ANS contributes to

A) conservation of energy resources when stress levels are low
B) mobilization of energy reserves when stress levels are high
C) suppression of non-vital activities when stress levels are high
D) homeostasis
E) all of these

Question 17

Parasympathetic stimulation ____ heart rate and ____ the motility in the digestive tract.

A) does not affect; increases
B) decreases; decreases
C) decreases; increases
D) increases; decreases
E) increases; increases

Question 18

Atropine ____ the effect of acetylcholine at ____ receptors and ____ ____ receptors.

A) blocks; muscarinic; does not affect; nicotinic
B) enhances; muscarinic; does not affect; nicotinic
C) blocks; nicotinic; does not affect; muscarinic
D) enhances; nicotinic; does not affect; muscarinic
E) blocks; muscarinic; enhances; nicotinic

Question 19

Nicotinic receptors

A) bind with acetylcholine released from parasympathetic postganglionic fibers
B) respond to acetylcholine released from sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers
C) are found primarily in the heart
D) bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers
E) none of these

Question 20

The sympathetic nervous system

A) is always excitatory for smooth muscle
B) innervates only tissues concerned with protecting the body against challenges from the outside environment
C) dominates in rest-and-digest situations
D) contains cholinergic and adrenergic fibers
E) contains cholinergic and adrenergic fibers and is always excitatory for smooth muscle

Question 21

Which of the following is the final signaling step following impulse conduction along the axon terminal?

A) ACh binds with receptors on the muscle cell membrane, opening sodium channels.
B) ACh diffuses across the cleft of the junction.
C) ACh is released by exocytosis.
D) Calcium diffuses into the terminal button.
E) Voltage-gated channels for calcium are opened.

Question 22

Acetylcholine

A) binds to cholinergic receptors on preganglionic neurons
B) destroys acetylcholinesterase
C) binds to muscarinic receptors
D) is released from all postganglionic neurons
E) all of these, except destroys acetylcholinesterase

Question 23

Curare

A) strongly binds to acetylcholine receptor sites
B) inhibits acetylcholinesterase
C) is found in pesticides and military nerve gases
D) strongly binds to acetylcholine receptor sites and is found in pesticides and military nerve gases
E) all of these

Question 24

Which of the following chemicals paralyzes skeletal muscle by binding to the acetylcholine receptor sites?

A) black widow spider venom
B) curare
C) organophosphates
D) insecticide
E) local anesthetics

Question 25

An EPP

A) occurs because of Na⁺ diffusing into a muscle fiber after ACh binds with a receptor on the muscle fiber
B) is usually smaller in magnitude than an EPSP
C) is terminated when Ca²⁺ inactivates acetylcholine
D) occurs because of Na⁺ diffusing into a muscle fiber after ACh binds with a receptor on the muscle fiber and is usually smaller in magnitude than an EPSP
E) occurs because of Na⁺ diffusing into a muscle fiber after ACh binds with a receptor on the muscle fiber and is terminated when Ca²⁺ inactivates acetylcholine

Question 26

Select the CNS structure(s) that can influence autonomic activity.

A) medulla
B) hypothalamus
C) spinal cord
D) all of these
E) medulla and hypothalamus

Question 27

The sympathetic nervous system is always excitatory to the organs it innervates.

Question 28

The parasympathetic nervous system inhibits the rate of heartbeat.

Question 29

Which type of receptor binds norepinephrine on cardiac muscle, thus increasing cardiac activity?

A) cholinergic
B) nicotinic
C) alpha
D) beta-1
E) beta-2

Question 30

Acetylcholinesterase

A) has enhanced activity from organophosphates
B) inactivates a neurotransmitter.
C) is a neurotransmitter
D) stimulates an EPSP
E) triggers the release of sodium from postsynaptic cells

Question 31

What is the fate of ACh following binding to receptors?

A) It remains bound, causing continued excitement.
B) It is removed by acetylcholinesterase.
C) It is actively reabsorbed by the axon terminal.
D) It is passively reabsorbed by the muscle cell.
E) None of these.

Question 32

Acetylcholine

A) opens voltage-gated Na⁺ channels in skeletal muscle fibers, which causes depolarization of the muscle fibers
B) may decrease the permeability of the motor end plate to Na⁺ and K⁺ when combined with the receptor sites on the motor end plate
C) always depolarizes skeletal muscle fibers and postganglionic neurons
D) opens voltage-gated Na⁺ channels in skeletal muscle fibers, which causes depolarization of the muscle fibers, and always depolarizes skeletal muscle fibers and postganglionic neurons
E) all of these

Question 33

Atropine is an antagonist of ACh and works by

A) selectively binding to nicotinic receptors
B) selectively binding to muscarinic receptors
C) blocking the binding of ACh
D) selectively binding to nicotinic receptors and selectively binding to muscarinic receptors
E) selectively binding to muscarinic receptors and blocking the binding of ACh

Question 34

The neuromuscular junction

A) is the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber
B) transmits an action potential between the nerve cell and muscle cell on a one-to-one basis
C) may produce either an EPSP or an IPSP on the motor end plate
D) is the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber, and transmits an action potential between the nerve cell and muscle cell on a one-to-one basis
E) all of these

Question 35

Botulism is caused by a toxin from bacteria in the species

A) Clostridium
B) Escherichia
C) Salmonella
D) Staphylococcus
E) Streptococcus

Question 36

Myasthenia gravis

A) is an autoimmune disease
B) occurs when axons are unable to release adequate amounts of acetylcholine
C) can be treated with a drug that temporarily inhibits acetylcholinesterase
D) is an autoimmune disease and can be treated with a drug that temporarily inhibits acetylcholinesterase
E) none of these

Question 37

Efferent neurons

A) have cell bodies in ganglia
B) are part of a two-neuron chain in the autonomic nervous system
C) arise peripherally at a receptor
D) send information toward the CNS
E) signal only skeletal muscles

Question 38

Which organ is not innervated by the parasympathetic division?

A) blood vessels
B) intestines
C) eye
D) liver
E) erectile tissues

Question 39

Select the correct statement about the neuromuscular junction.

A) AChE activity is absent here.
B) It involves presynaptic neurons of the autonomic nervous system.
C) It is a junction between two neurons.
D) It is always excitatory.
E) The axon terminals do not store neurotransmitters.

Question 40

What would occur if ACh was not removed from the nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle cells?

A) The cell would relax.
B) The cell would repolarize with the opening of chloride channels.
C) The cell would remain contracted until fatigued.
D) Sodium would continue to move into the cell, causing excitation.
E) The cell would remain contracted until fatigued, and sodium would continue to move into the cell causing excitation.

Question 41

Dual innervation of organs by both branches of the autonomic nervous system allows a fine degree of control over these organs.

Question 42

The preganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system are cholinergic fibers.

Question 43

Muscarinic receptors are found on the effector cells innervated by the sympathetic division.

Question 44

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers are longer than parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

Question 45

Only terminals of autonomic nerve fibers and motor neurons end in a single, enlarged knoblike structure that releases neurotransmitter.

Question 46

ACh always causes depolarization of skeletal muscles.

Question 47

The sympathetic nervous system has its cells of origin in the brain stem as well as the spinal cord.

Question 48

Parasympathetic activation of sweat glands occurs to help reduce body temperatures.

Question 49

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord.

Question 50

The parasympathetic nervous system dominates in situations when a person is afraid.

Question 51

Most innervated blood vessels receive only sympathetic nerve fibers.

Question 52

Autonomic activity can be influenced by conscious neural activity.

Question 53

Most innervated blood vessels receive sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.

Question 54

Action potentials are transmitted on a one-to-one basis at both a neuromuscular junction and a synapse.

Question 55

By blocking the effect of acetylcholine at muscarinic but not nicotinic receptors, atropine is able to block parasympathetic effects while not influencing sympathetic activity at all.

Question 56

The salivary glands and the eye are sympathetically innervated by cranial nerves.

Question 57

The autonomic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

Question 58

Sympathetic stimulation of the urinary bladder relaxes the activity of this organ.

Question 59

The autonomic and somatic nervous systems are part of the efferent nervous system.

Question 60

The autonomic nervous system mainly controls smooth and cardiac muscles, but it can inhibit a few skeletal muscles.

Question 61

Binding of a neurotransmitter to a beta receptor on the urinary bladder causes the bladder to contract.

Question 62

Complete each of the following statments.
Sympathetic fibers originate from ____________________ and ____________________ spinal nerves.

Question 63

Complete each of the following statments.
The ____________________ is a modified sympathetic ganglion that secretes hormones similar or identical to sympathetic postganglionic neurotransmitters into the blood.

Question 64

Acetylcholinesterase is stored in secretory vesicles in the motor end plate of the muscle fiber.

Question 65

Binding of ACh with receptor sites on the motor end plate opens chemical messenger-gated cation channels in the motor end plate, bringing about depolarization of the motor end plate.

Question 66

The axons controlling skeletal muscles are large and myelinated.

Question 67

Complete each of the following statments.
The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the ____________________ nervous system, which dominates in fight-or-flight situations, and the ____________________ nervous system, which dominates in quiet, relaxed situations.

Question 68

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are the two kinds of adrenergic receptors.

Question 69

Complete each of the following statments.
Most sympathetic postganglionic fibers have cell bodies in a sympathetic ganglion ____________________.

Question 70

Atropine blocks all nicotinic receptor sites.

Question 71

Complete each of the following statments.
The two divisions of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system are the ____________________ nervous system, which supplies cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands, and the ____________________ nervous system, which supplies skeletal muscle.

Question 72

The sympathetic postganglionic fibers that innervate the sweat glands secrete acetylcholine rather than norepinephrine.

Question 73

It is possible through the use of drugs to activate the receptors found in bronchiolar smooth muscle without influencing the receptors in the heart.

Question 74

Clostridium botulinum toxin inhibits acetylcholinesterase.

Question 75

Complete each of the following statments.
Most sympathetic postganglionic fibers secrete the neurotransmitter ____________________, whereas all parasympathetic postganglionic fibers secrete the neurotransmitter ____________________.

Question 76

An EPP is a graded potential.

Question 77

Complete each of the following statments.
____________________ fibers of the autonomic nerve pathway are located partially in the central nervous system.

Question 78

Action potentials are initiated at the motor end-plate region of skeletal muscle fibers.

Question 79

An EPP is similar to an EPSP, except that the magnitude of an EPSP is much larger.

Question 80

Sympathetic and parasympathetic activity at the salivary glands is antagonistic.