Deck 2: Cell Physiology

Question 1

How is ATP synthesized via electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation? Be sure to include the following items in your

Answer 1

electrons, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, NADH, FADH₂, hydrogen ion pump, intermembrane space, ATP synthase, ATP, and oxygen.

Question 2

The rough endoplasmic reticulum

A) is studded with ribosomes
B) synthesizes proteins for export from the cell or for use in construction of a new cellular membrane
C) is continuous with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D) is connected to the nucleus
E) all of these

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which component below is not always found in a typical human cell?

A) cytosol
B) DNA
C) flagellum
D) plasma membrane
E) water

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Of the organelles below, which occurs in the lowest number within a typical human cell?

A) mitochondria
B) vaults
C) peroxisomes
D) lysosomes
E) nuclei

Question 5

Select the incorrect statement about the smooth ER.

A) It is abundant in most cell types.
B) It is found in liver cells.
C) It specializes in lipid metabolism.
D) In one type of cell, it is called sarcoplasmic reticulum.
E) It does not contain ribosomes.

Question 6

Select the incorrect statement about ribosomes.

A) They are composed of RNA.
B) They assemble polypeptides.
C) They may be bound to endoplasmic reticulum.
D) They are comprised of two parts.
E) They have a membrane.

Question 7

Which structure is not associated with the secretion of proteins produced by ER?

A) Golgi complex
B) smooth ER
C) transport vesicles
D) lysosomal membrane
E) plasma membrane

Question 8

Describe the structure and function of cilia and flagella. Be sure to include the following in your

Question 9

The rough ER is a membranous system associated with

A) chromosomes
B) lysosomes
C) microfilaments
D) ribosomes
E) vacuoles

Question 10

A typical human cell is about ____ micrometers in diameter.

A) 1 to 2
B) 10 to 20
C) 80 to 100
D) 150 to 200
E) 200 to 300

Question 11

Which organelle is not membrane-bound?

A) Golgi body
B) lysosome
C) mitochondrion
D) RER
E) ribosome

Question 12

Which statement about the plasma membrane is not true?

A) It serves as a mechanical barrier to hold in the contents of the cell.
B) It selectively controls movement of molecules between the ECF and the ICF.
C) It is the barrier that surrounds the blood vessels and separates the blood plasma from the interstitial fluid.
D) It contains proteins that provide membrane functions.
E) It has cholesterol to maintain rigidity.

Question 13

Select the structure that is not located in the cytosol of the cell.

A) ER
B) Golgi complex
C) lysosome
D) mitochondrion
E) nucleolus

Question 14

Describe two benefits of a cell carrying out anaerobic glycolysis. Be sure to include the following in your

Question 15

Which of the following is contained within the nucleus?

A) ribosomal subunits
B) cytosol
C) plasma membrane
D) endoplasmic reticulum
E) catalase

Question 16

Which of the following must be at ribosome in order for protein synthesis to occur?

A) tRNA
B) mRNA
C) DNA
D) All of these
E) tRNA and mRNA

Question 17

Which statement about human cells is incorrect?

A) They are living building blocks of the body.
B) They are generally about 100 times smaller than the smallest particle visible to the unaided eye.
C) They consist of highly organized inanimate chemicals.
D) They usually must be stained to be seen under a microscope.
E) They consist of a plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.

Question 18

Smooth ER in liver cells

A) contains large numbers of ribosomes
B) is called sarcoplasmic reticulum and stores calcium
C) has enzymes to detoxify harmful substances
D) has no interactions with other organelles
E) none of these

Question 19

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A) is most abundant in cells specialized for protein secretion
B) gives rise to transport vesicles containing newly synthesized molecules wrapped in a layer of smooth ER membrane
C) consists of stacks of relatively flattened sacs called cisternae
D) has many ribosomes
E) all of these

Question 20

Describe the movement of vesicles along microtubules in the cytoskeleton. Include the following in your

Question 21

Cristae are found in the

A) lysosome
B) mitochondrion
C) nucleolus
D) nucleus
E) rough ER

Question 22

Which modified form of pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle?

A) acetyl CoA
B) adenosine diphosphate
C) citric acid
D) oxaloacetic acid
E) pyruvic acid

Question 23

Chemiosmosis

A) releases CO₂
B) extracts energy from a H⁺ concentration gradient
C) transfers hydrogens from the ETS to NAD⁺
D) converts pyruvate to lactate
E) none of these

Question 24

Extrusion of materials to the exterior of the cell through the plasma membrane is called

A) endocytosis
B) exocytosis
C) phagocytosis
D) pinocytosis
E) all of these

Question 25

What is the carbon-based end product (chain) of glycolysis?

A) NADH
B) ATP
C) pyruvate
D) FADH₂
E) CO₂

Question 26

The form of endocytosis in which whole cells such as bacteria are brought in is

A) exocytosis
B) pinocytosis
C) receptor-mediated endocytosis
D) phagocytosis
E) mitosis

Question 27

Select the incorrect characteristic of mitochondria.

A) They have an inner fluid-filled space called the cristae.
B) They possess their own DNA.
C) They are the site of cellular respiration.
D) Their inner membranes contain electron carriers.
E) They possess two membranes.

Question 28

What might happen if you took in less than optimum amounts of niacin in your diet?

A) Fewer pyruvate molecules would be produced.
B) Available FAD would increase.
C) The number of hydrogen ions pumped through the ETS in a given amount of time would increase.
D) The number of Krebs cycles occurring in a given amount of time would increase.
E) All of these.

Question 29

Which statement regarding the citric acid cycle is incorrect?

A) It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
B) It forms carbon dioxide.
C) It forms two ATP molecules during each turn.
D) Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate react to form citric acid.
E) Each turn forms one molecule of GTP.

Question 30

During anaerobic conditions

A) More pyruvate is formed from lactate.
B) The degradation of glucose cannot proceed beyond the Krebs cycle.
C) Mitochondrial processing of nutrient molecules takes place.
D) More pyruvate is formed from lactate, and the degradation of glucose cannot proceed beyond the Krebs cycle.
E) None of these.

Question 31

Where do the citric acid cycle reactions occur?

A) cytoplasm
B) cytosol
C) inner-mitochondrial membrane
D) outer-mitochondrial membrane
E) mitochondrial matrix

Question 32

What accounts for the most ATP production?

A) Krebs cycle
B) citric acid cycle
C) NADH
D) oxidative phosphorylation
E) glycolysis

Question 33

Select the incorrect association.

A) ATP/high-energy bonds
B) electron transport chain/mitochondrion
C) glycolysis/anaerobic
D) glycolysis/cytosol
E) pyruvate/five-carbon molecule

Question 34

Identify the true statement(s) about anaerobic respiration.

A) It completely oxidizes certain food molecules.
B) It forms a compound that can be altered and then enter the Krebs cycle.
C) It generates ATP molecules.
D) All of these.
E) It forms a compound that can be altered and then enter the Krebs cycle, and it generates ATP molecules.

Question 35

Which of the following does not apply to lysosomes?

A) They contain hydrolytic enzymes.
B) They generate hydrogen peroxide.
C) They aid in the breakdown of material that is taken into the cell through endocytosis.
D) When they are abnormal, Tay-Sachs disease may result.
E) They help remove damaged organelles.

Question 36

Where is CO₂ released in the aerobic cellular respiration process?

A) glycolysis
B) electron transport chain
C) Krebs cycle
D) just prior to pyruvate entering the Krebs cycle
E) Krebs cycle and just prior to pyruvate entering the Krebs cycle

Question 37

The SNARE complex provides

A) recognition of foreign proteins in the cell
B) binding of correct enzyme with correct substrate
C) a means to deliver vesicles to an appropriate site
D) for receptor mediated endocytosis
E) all of these

Question 38

The complexes within electron transport chains

A) are "circuits" for small amounts of electricity to pass through
B) contain NADH that transports electrons
C) transport H⁺ into the mitochondrial matrix
D) are in the mitochondrion's inner membrane
E) all of these

Question 39

Which characteristic of the Golgi complex is incorrect?

A) It sorts and directs products to their final destination.
B) It modified proteins chemically.
C) It produces secretory vesicles.
D) It synthesizes proteins using free ribosomes.
E) It receives transport vesicles coming from the ER.

Question 40

Why do most cells in the body require oxygen molecules?

A) Glucose cannot be broken down without it.
B) It pulls electrons off the electron transport chains in the last part of cellular respiration.
C) The electron transport system must pump it through the inner membrane for chemiosmosis.
D) ATP synthase uses it to add a phosphate ion to ADP in order to make ATP.
E) It pulls electrons off the electron transport chains in the last part of cellular respiration and ATP synthase uses it to add a phosphate ion to ADP in order to make ATP.

Question 41

Select the incorrect statement about vaults.

A) They may play a role in drug resistance.
B) Their shape resembles hexagonal barrels.
C) They are larger than ribosomes.
D) They are organelles.
E) They are not visible by ordinary staining techniques.

Question 42

Which of the following organelles contains catalase?

A) peroxisomes
B) mitochondria
C) lysosomes
D) vaults
E) all of these, except vaults

Question 43

Microtubules

A) serve as a mechanical stiffener for microvilli
B) are specialized to detect sound and positional changes in the ear
C) form non-muscle contractile assemblies
D) play an important structural role in parts of the cell subject to mechanical stress
E) none of these

Question 44

The bending movements of cilia and flagella

A) are associated with microtubules and kinesin
B) involve the alternate assembly and disassembly of actin filaments
C) are produced by the sliding of adjacent microtubule doublets past each other
D) involves dynein action on microfilaments
E) involves myosin action on microfilaments

Question 45

Glycolysis

A) yields two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose processed
B) yields two molecules of NADH when converting one glucose into two pyruvates
C) does not take place in the mitochondrion
D) all of these
E) yields two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose processed, and yields two molecules of NADH when converting one glucose into two pyruvates

Question 46

Actin and myosin filaments are very common in ____ cells.

A) epithelial
B) muscle
C) nerve
D) red blood
E) white blood

Question 47

Identify the true statement(s).

A) Kinesin always moves toward a centriole.
B) Dynein always moves toward the plasma membrane.
C) Dynein is responsible for movement of microvilli.
D) Myosin motors move along actin proteins.
E) Myosin motors move along actin proteins and Dynein always moves toward the plasma membrane.

Question 48

NADH

A) is an energy carrier
B) plays a role in cellular respiration
C) is produced in glycolysis
D) is produced in the citric acid cycle
E) all of these

Question 49

Nicotimamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

A) does not convert ADP + Pi to ATP
B) is found in the cytosol
C) is a hydrogen carrier molecule
D) is found in the mitochondrion
E) all of these

Question 50

ATP synthase

A) pumps H⁺ ions into the intermembrane space
B) transports oxygen
C) accepts H⁺ ions from NADH
D) synthesizes ATP
E) pumps H⁺ ions into the intermembrane space and synthesizes ATP

Question 51

During axonal transport

A) Kinesins carry axonal debris toward the axon terminal.
B) Kinesins move toward the nucleus of the cell.
C) Dyneins carry secretory vesicles toward the axon terminal.
D) Dyneins move away from the nucleus.
E) Microfilaments serve as the major intracellular "highway."

Question 52

Intermediate filaments

A) comprise mitotic spindles
B) are important in cell regions subject to mechanical stress
C) comprise cilia and flagella
D) form the basal bodies
E) comprise cilia and flagella and form the basal bodies

Question 53

Select the item that is not a part of the cytoskeleton.

A) inclusions
B) intermediate filaments
C) microfilaments
D) microtubular lattice
E) microtubules

Question 54

The molecule that associates with microtubules to provide transport of secretory vesicles is

A) actin
B) myosin
C) kinesin
D) tubulin
E) keratin

Question 55

Ribosomes

A) are the site of protein synthesis
B) contain protein in their chemical makeup
C) contain RNA in their chemical makeup
D) consist of subunits that are constructed inside the nucleus
E) all of these

Question 56

Choose the incorrect statement about the cytoskeleton.

A) It may help organize groups of enzymes.
B) It is involved in replication of DNA.
C) It serves as a mechanical stiffener.
D) It is involved in cilia movement.
E) It has components within microvilli.

Question 57

Which of the following is not associated with the cytosol?

A) replication of chromosomes
B) enzymatic regulation of intermediary metabolism
C) storage of fat and glycogen
D) synthesis of proteins
E) site of glycolysis

Question 58

Glycolysis

A) produces citric acid
B) transfers energy to glucose
C) produces more ATP molecules than does one turn of the Krebs cycle
D) traps energy in FADH₂
E) none of these

Question 59

Which characteristic regarding microfilaments is incorrect?

A) They serve as mechanical stiffeners for microvilli.
B) They are composed of actin subunits.
C) They are the smallest elements of the cytoskeleton.
D) They are involved in cell locomotion.
E) They form mitotic spindles.

Question 60

The term aerobic means

A) in the blood
B) with carbon dioxide
C) with oxygen
D) without carbon dioxide
E) without oxygen

Question 61

Which of the following is most associated with storage of molecules that a cell uses as a source of energy?

A) peroxisome
B) inclusion
C) lysosome
D) nucleus
E) Golgi complex

Question 62

The Golgi complex is functionally connected to the ER.

Question 63

Which of the following may help transport ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus?

A) Golgi complex
B) mitotic spindle
C) vault
D) centriole
E) secretory vesicle

Question 64

The nucleus indirectly governs most cellular activities by directing the kinds and amounts of various enzymes and other proteins that are produced by the cell.

Question 65

The rough ER synthesizes proteins within their interconnected sacs.

Question 66

Lysosomes synthesize hydrolase enzymes.

Question 67

Identify all items that are inclusions.

A) peroxisome
B) glycogen granule
C) centriole
D) vault
E) glycogen granule and vault

Question 68

The cytoplasm includes everything between the plasma membrane and nucleus of a cell.

Question 69

DNA in the nucleus has the genetic instructions to make enzymatic proteins.

Question 70

DNA's genetic code is transcribed into rRNA.

Question 71

Electron microscopes are about 1000 times more powerful than light microscopes.

Question 72

RER is most abundant in cells specialized for steroid production.

Question 73

The endoplasmic reticulum is one continuous organelle consisting of many tubules and cisternae.

Question 74

Secretory vesicles are about 200 times larger than transport vesicles.

Question 75

Proteins synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum become permanently separated from the cytosol as soon as they have been synthesized.

Question 76

All cell organelles are renewable.

Question 77

Vaults are presumably descendants of primitive bacterial cells.

Question 78

Secretory vesicles are taken into a cell by means of phagocytosis.

Question 79

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is most abundant in cells specialized for protein secretion, whereas smooth endoplasmic reticulum is abundant in cells that specialize in lipid metabolism.

Question 80

Coated vesicles enclose a representative mixture of proteins present in the Golgi sac before budding off.