Deck 22: C: Revolution, Socialism, and Global Conflict the Rise and Fall of World Communism 1917-Present

Question 1

Which of the following was a criticism of the Soviet model of industrialization made by Chinese leaders in the mid-1950s?

A) It privileged villages at the expense of cities.
B) It placed too much emphasis on market forces.
C) It failed to prioritize light and heavy industry.
D) It promoted individualistic and careerist values.

Answer 1

It promoted individualistic and careerist values.

Question 2

Which of the following contributed to the failure of Soviet reforms to strengthen socialism and revive a stagnant economy?

A) The planned economy was dismantled before a functioning market-based system could emerge.
B) The combination of nationalism,consumerism,and tradition created a strange and troubled hybrid.
C) The government adamantly refused to abandon communist economic policies.
D) The Soviet Communist Party would not relinquish its political monopoly or promote democracy.

Answer 2

The planned economy was dismantled before a functioning market-based system could emerge.

Question 3

Which of the following reflects aspects of the Chinese Communist Party's strategy on its revolutionary path to power?

A) Administrative reform and urban planning
B) War socialism and trench warfare
C) Land reform and guerrilla warfare
D) Labor strikes and trade unions

Answer 3

Land reform and guerrilla warfare

Question 4

Which of the following was a feature common in both Soviet and Chinese policies toward women?

A) They defined women's place firmly in the home.
B) They directly attacked male domination within the family.
C) They were largely state-directed.
D) They originated in grassroots movements.

Question 5

In contrast to Russia,the communist revolution in China

A) faced a weaker foe in their rival,the Guomindang.
B) was completed within a year but collapsed in a decade.
C) focused on building peasant support in the countryside.
D) explicitly rejected the ideas of Karl Marx and V.Lenin.

Question 6

In contrast to China,the collectivization of agriculture in the Soviet Union

A) was marked by extensive violence and the execution or deportation of wealthier peasants.
B) featured "speak bitterness meetings" at which peasants confronted and humiliated landlords.
C) was centered on huge people's communes created during the Great Leap Forward.
D) was impeded by the age-old deference that peasants traditionally had rendered to their social superiors.

Question 7

How did the cold war affect countries emerging from colonial rule in the second half of the twentieth century?

A) Both the United States and the Soviet Union gave them military and economic aid in the hope of gaining their support.
B) The majority of them were absorbed into a largely voluntary American sphere of influence.
C) The majority found themselves unable to escape from the military-backed Soviet sphere of influence.
D) They found themselves being used as pawns in the rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Question 8

Which of the following contributed to the outbreak of the Russian Revolution?

A) The class struggle between the urban poor and the impoverished peasantry
B) The inability of the newly established soviets to speak for ordinary people
C) The popularity of the Romanov dynasty
D) The pressures of World War I

Question 9

What effect did the Soviet policy of glasnost have on the communist countries in Eastern Europe?

A) It deepened widespread feelings of political apathy and public cynicism.
B) It sparked demonstrations that toppled the communist states in Eastern Europe.
C) It granted Eastern European states greater autonomy from Soviet control.
D) It suppressed anticommunist movements and confirmed communism as the dominant ideology.

Question 10

Which of the following describes relations among those countries controlled by communist parties?

A) Peaceful and open cooperation strengthened the ties of friendship.
B) Divisive conflict undermined any sense of communist solidarity.
C) They were a monolithic force firmly under Soviet control.
D) They united in common opposition to global capitalism.

Question 11

In what respect did the communist movements in the twentieth century depart from Marxist theory?

A) They occurred in societies with democratic political systems.
B) They occurred in societies with capitalist economies.
C) They occurred in highly industrialized societies.
D) They occurred in largely agrarian societies.

Question 12

Which of the following refers to the military alliance that united the Soviet Union with Eastern European communist states against Western capitalist countries during the cold war?

A) The Warsaw Pact
B) North Atlantic Treaty Organization
C) Treaty of Friendship
D) Communist International

Question 13

Which of the following promises made by the Bolsheviks resonated with the majority of the Russian population in 1917?

A) Victory in war
B) Worker control of factories
C) Programs aimed at Russification
D) Abdication of the tsar

Question 14

What did the different expressions of global communism in the twentieth century share in common?

A) A militant nationalism that emphasized isolationism
B) A stateless society without private property
C) A common ideology derived from European Marxism
D) A commitment to reform through peaceful and democratic means

Question 15

What was the end result of Mao's two great campaigns-the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution?

A) The replacement of the Communist Party as the governing body in the country by the military
B) The death and ruin of tens of millions,and the widespread discrediting of communism
C) China's parity with the United States in terms of industrial production
D) The rejection of Karl Marx's ideas in favor of free market capitalism

Question 16

Which of the following made modernization more difficult in China than in Russia?

A) The abundance of fertile land in China
B) The larger population in China
C) The Chinese Communist Party's lack of support in the countryside
D) The Chinese Communist Party's lack of administrative and governing experience

Question 17

What was the result of the reforms instituted under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping in China in the 1980s?

A) Economic stagnation,social upheaval,and famine
B) A competitive multiparty electoral system
C) Rapid economic growth based on capitalist models
D) The collapse of the Chinese Communist Party

Question 18

Which of the following contributed to American global influence in the decades following World War II?

A) The absorption of European colonies within the American sphere of influence
B) The ideological differences and political rivalry among European states
C) The failure of other countries to break the American monopoly on oil
D) A productive economy in a country untouched by the destruction of war

Question 19

What did the Russian and Chinese revolutions share in common with the French Revolution?

A) A commitment to Marxist ideology
B) A focus on promoting the interests of the middle class
C) A nostalgia for the cultural traditions of the past
D) A vision of the good society in a modernizing future

Question 20

Refer to Map 21.3 in the textbook.Which of these countries belonged to neither NATO nor the Warsaw Pact?

A) Norway
B) Portugal
C) Czechoslovakia
D) Ireland

Question 21

Which of the following contributed to the Bolsheviks' victory in the Russian civil war?

A) The divisions among their opponents
B) The end of World War I
C) The financial backing of Japan
D) The support of non-Russian nationalities

Question 22

Which of the following was a feature of most communist states?

A) Market economies operating free of state control
B) Corporate control of the arts,education,and the media
C) Civil societies that functioned independently
D) Mass organizations controlled by the Communist Party

Question 23

Which of the following countries was an arena for a hot war between Soviet-backed communist forces and U.S.-backed resistance forces?

A) Japan
B) Cambodia
C) Afghanistan
D) Yugoslavia

Question 24

Which of the following was a value emphasized in the socialist modernity of communist states?

A) Materialism
B) Individualism
C) Equality
D) Tolerance

Question 25

Which of the following occurred in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism?

A) The disintegration of the European Union,League of Nations,and NATO
B) The emergence of the U.S.dollar as the international currency
C) The establishment of English as a global language in international discourse
D) Open conflict among different ethnic groups living within the same state

Question 26

In the twenty-first century,international tensions born of communism remain in

A) West Africa and the South Pacific.
B) East Asia and the Caribbean.
C) Eastern Europe and Latin America.
D) Southeast Asia and India.

Question 27

Which of the following reflects a consequence of the policy of glasnost in the Soviet Union not intended by the leadership in Moscow?

A) Leaders of nationalist movements accused the Soviet leadership of treating non-Russian areas as colonies to be exploited.
B) Private entrepreneurial activity reinvigorated the stagnant Soviet economy and resulted in an industrial revolution.
C) The aging conservative establishment of the Soviet Communist Party was strengthened by strong popular support.
D) The Soviet model of communism gained worldwide acceptance and was adopted by even noncommunist countries.

Question 28

The tensions of the cold war strengthened the influence of which of the following on the governments of the United States and the Soviet Union?

A) The military-industrial complex
B) The savings and loan industry
C) The International Monetary Fund
D) The World Bank

Question 29

Which of the following events in China was most similar to the search for "enemies of the people" in the Soviet Terror of the late 1930s?

A) The Great Leap Forward
B) The Cultural Revolution
C) The Tiananmen Incident
D) The "speak bitterness meetings"

Question 30

Which of the following was a feature of both Soviet and Chinese reforms in the 1980s and 1990s?

A) Promoting democracy through competitive elections
B) Introducing ration coupons to control the black market
C) Welcoming foreign investment in joint enterprises
D) Granting independence to labor unions and political parties