Deck 45: Antisocial Relations

Question 1

Which of the following is true about aggression?

A) It varies too much to be instinctive in humans.
B) It is just one instinct among many.
C) It is instinctive but shaped by learning.
D) It is the most important human instinct.

Answer 1

It varies too much to be instinctive in humans.

Question 2

Research studies have indicated that the tendency of viewers to misperceive normal sexuality, devalue their partners, and trivialize rape is

A) increased by exposure to pornography.
B) not changed after exposure to pornography.
C) decreased in men by exposure to pornography.
D) decreased in both men and women by exposure to pornography.

Answer 2

increased by exposure to pornography.

Question 3

Kelly, a Republican, and Carlos, a Democrat, both believe that members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of other parties. Their beliefs best illustrate

A) the two-factor theory.
B) the just-world phenomenon.
C) deindividuation.
D) ingroup bias.

Answer 3

ingroup bias.

Question 4

The belief that those who suffer deserve their fate is expressed in the

A) just-world phenomenon.
B) phenomenon of ingroup bias.
C) scapegoat theory.
D) frustration-aggression principle.

Question 5

People may unconsciously harbor negative racial associations. This best illustrates the subtle nature of

A) reciprocity norms.
B) subordinate goals.
C) social traps.
D) implicit prejudice.

Question 6

Evidence that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated offers support for

A) cognitive dissonance theory.
B) social exchange theory.
C) the scapegoat theory.
D) attribution theory.

Question 7

When visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian was said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." This reaction is best explained in terms of

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) the just-world phenomenon.
C) the social-responsibility norm.
D) deindividuation.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of implicit prejudice?

A) Jake, who is White, gives higher evaluations to essays he believes to be written by Blacks than to White-authored essays.
B) Carol believes that White people are arrogant.
C) Brad earns more than Jane, despite having the same job skills, performance level, and seniority.
D) In certain countries, women are not allowed to drive.

Question 9

Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the text discussion of the roots of prejudice?

A) people's tendency to overestimate the similarity of people within groups
B) people's tendency to assume that exceptional, or especially memorable, individuals are unlike the majority of members of a group
C) people's tendency to assume that the world is just and that people get what they deserve
D) people's tendency to discriminate against those they view as "outsiders"

Question 10

Regarding the influence of alcohol and testosterone on aggressive behavior, which of the following is true?

A) Consumption of alcohol increases aggressive behavior; injections of testosterone reduce aggressive behavior.
B) Consumption of alcohol reduces aggressive behavior; injections of testosterone increase aggressive behavior.
C) Consumption of alcohol and injections of testosterone both promote aggressive behavior.
D) Consumption of alcohol and injections of testosterone both reduce aggressive behavior.

Question 11

Aggression is defined as behavior that

A) hurts another person.
B) is intended to hurt another person.
C) is hostile, passionate, and produces physical injury.
D) has all of these characteristics.

Question 12

Compared with their nonplaying counterparts, young adolescents who play a lot of violent video games have been found to

A) experience fewer angry feelings.
B) see the real world as less dangerous.
C) get into more arguments and fights.
D) earn better grades in school.

Question 13

We tend to perceive the members of an ingroup as ________ and the members of an outgroup as ________.

A) similar to one another; different from one another
B) different from one another; similar to one another
C) above average in ability; below average in ability
D) below average in ability; above average in ability

Question 14

Violent criminals often have diminished activity in the ________ of the brain, which play(s) an important role in ________.

A) occipital lobes; aggression
B) hypothalamus; hostility
C) frontal lobes; controlling impulses
D) temporal lobes; patience

Question 15

Research studies have found a positive correlation between aggressive tendencies in animals and levels of the hormone

A) estrogen.
B) adrenaline.
C) noradrenaline.
D) testosterone.

Question 16

A store owner charges Black customers more than Hispanic customers for the very same merchandise. The owner is most clearly engaging in

A) deindividuation.
B) stereotyping.
C) group polarization.
D) discrimination.

Question 17

Aggressive behavior is most likely to be ________ by injections of testosterone and ________ by consumption of alcohol.

A) increased; decreased
B) decreased; increased
C) increased; increased
D) decreased; decreased

Question 18

Shortly after Alex learned that he had failed to make the high school football team, he vandalized the team's locker room and broke several classroom windows. His behavior is best explained in terms of

A) group polarization.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) social loafing.
D) the frustration-aggression principle.

Question 19

After being heavily exposed to X-rated films, men are later ________ likely to perceive extramarital sex as troubling and ________ likely to perceive a woman's friendliness as sexual interest.

A) more; less
B) less; more
C) more; more
D) less; less

Question 20

We have a tendency to overestimate the similarities among people we have sorted into a single category. This best illustrates the ________ roots of prejudice.

A) social
B) emotional
C) biological
D) cognitive

Question 21

Unjustifiable and negative behavior toward a group and its members is called

A) deindividuation.
B) groupthink.
C) discrimination.
D) group polarization.

Question 22

Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying

A) group polarization.
B) deindividuation.
C) the bystander effect.
D) social inequalities.

Question 23

Prejudice is a(n) ________; discrimination is a(n) ________.

A) dispositional attribution; situational attribution
B) ingroup bias; outgroup bias
C) normative influence; informational influence
D) attitude; behavior

Question 24

Research studies have shown that frequent exposure to sexually explicit films

A) makes a woman's friendliness seem more sexual.
B) diminishes the attitude that rape is a serious crime.
C) may lead individuals to devalue their partners.
D) may produce all of these effects.

Question 25

Which of the following describes a stereotype?

A) Vladimir is especially attracted to Latin-American women.
B) Peter feels very uncomfortable interacting with Blacks.
C) Robin is convinced that university professors are usually impractical and forgetful.
D) Cyril never hires people younger than 16 to work in his restaurant.

Question 26

People with power and status may become prejudiced because

A) they tend to justify the social inequalities between themselves and others.
B) those with less status and power tend to resent them.
C) those with less status and power appear less capable.
D) they feel proud and are boastful of their achievements.

Question 27

Prejudice is best defined as

A) the tendency to favor members of one's own group.
B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.
C) a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals.
D) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate.

Question 28

On the basis of what Americans say, in the last half-century

A) gender prejudice has decreased and racial prejudice has increased.
B) gender prejudice has increased and racial prejudice has decreased.
C) gender prejudice has decreased and racial prejudice has decreased.
D) gender prejudice has increased and racial prejudice has increased.

Question 29

At a conscious level, Aaron doesn't think he's prejudiced. Yet he automatically feels uncomfortable in situations where he has to interact with people of different races from his own. Aaron's experience best illustrates the distinction between

A) equity and self-disclosure.
B) situational and dispositional attributions.
C) explicit and implicit attitudes.
D) normative and informational social influence.

Question 30

People who blame victims of cancer for their medical misfortune best illustrate

A) deindividuation.
B) social facilitation.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) the just-world phenomenon.

Question 31

In one experiment, White respondents typically took longer to identify words such as peace and paradise as "good" when the words were associated with Black-sounding names rather than White-sounding names. This best illustrated

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) the other-race effect.
C) mirror-image perceptions.
D) implicit prejudice.

Question 32

Neuroscientists have detected implicit prejudice in an emotion-processing center known as the

A) thalamus.
B) amygdala.
C) hippocampus.
D) sensory cortex.

Question 33

Most researchers agree that

A) media violence is a factor in aggression.
B) there is a negative correlation between media violence and aggressiveness.
C) paradoxically, watching excessive pornography ultimately diminishes an individual's aggressive tendencies.
D) media violence is too unreal to promote aggression in viewers.

Question 34

Several south Asian countries have experienced a shortfall in ________ births. In addition, a ________ of the children in Chinese orphanages are girls.

A) female; minority
B) male; minority
C) female; majority
D) male; majority

Question 35

Prejudice can be not only subtle but also automatic and unconscious. This is best illustrated in studies of

A) deindividuation.
B) implicit associations.
C) group polarization.
D) mirror-image perceptions.

Question 36

When shown computer-generated faces of men that are slightly feminized or slightly masculinized, people prefer the slightly ________ faces. Women are most likely to perceive a man with a slightly ________ face as having placed a personal ad seeking a "special lady to love and cherish."

A) masculinized; masculinized
B) feminized; feminized
C) masculinized; feminized
D) feminized; masculinized

Question 37

Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called

A) superordinate goals.
B) situational attributions.
C) stereotypes.
D) social norms.

Question 38

Priming people with a flashed Black face rather than a flashed White face makes them more likely to misperceive a flashed tool as a gun. This best illustrates the subtle character of

A) ingroup bias.
B) deindividuation.
C) implicit racial associations.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 39

Worldwide, women are ________ likely than men to live in poverty, and they are ________ likely than men to be illiterate.

A) more; less
B) less; more
C) more; more
D) less; less

Question 40

Studies of implicit prejudice indicate that prejudice is often

A) triggered by deindividuation.
B) a response to frustration.
C) unconscious.
D) unlearned.

Question 41

If poverty causes high rates of crime, the high crime rates can be used to justify discrimination against those who live in poverty. This best illustrates

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) the bystander effect.
C) the blame-the-victim dynamic.
D) deindividuation.

Question 42

Although President Obama is of mixed race, White Americans typically perceive and label him as Black. Researchers believe this happens because White observers ________ the distinctive physical features of the less-familiar Black minority.

A) selectively attend to
B) have negative attitudes regarding
C) form mirror-image perceptions of
D) make situational attributions regarding

Question 43

The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races is called

A) ingroup bias.
B) the other-race effect.
C) deindividuation.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 44

Twenty Wallonians were arrested for nonviolent crimes, whereas 20 Pireaneans were arrested for violent crimes. The tendency to judge that more crimes were committed by Pireaneans than by Wallonians best illustrates the power of

A) ingroup bias.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) deindividuation.
D) vivid cases.

Question 45

Only when experimental participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. This best illustrates that victim blaming is fueled by

A) the bystander effect.
B) the foot-in-the-door-phenomenon.
C) hindsight bias.
D) deindividuation.

Question 46

The set of people perceived as different from "us" is called a(n)

A) group polarization.
B) scapegoat.
C) other-race effect.
D) outgroup.

Question 47

Creating groups based on the outcome of a coin toss leads people to favor their own new group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) deindividuation.
D) ingroup bias.

Question 48

Disparaging or belittling a despised outgroup provides people with a heightened sense of

A) the fundamental attribution error.
B) superordinate goals.
C) self-esteem.
D) social loafing.

Question 49

The tendency to categorize people on the basis of their gender is most likely to lead Jack to believe that

A) women all have pretty much the same attitudes about sex.
B) women seem to be unpredictable, because no two are alike.
C) most men tend to be logical and emotionally controlled.
D) in contrast to women, men have very similar tastes in dress and fashion.

Question 50

Ingroup bias best illustrates the impact of our ________ on prejudice.

A) superordinate goals
B) social identities
C) deindividuation
D) reciprocity norms

Question 51

An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins is best explained in terms of

A) deindividuation.
B) ingroup bias.
C) the bystander effect.
D) the just-world phenomenon.

Question 52

An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins best illustrates a potential consequence of

A) deindividuation.
B) ingroup bias.
C) the bystander effect.
D) the just-world phenomenon.

Question 53

Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. This best illustrates

A) the just-world phenomenon.
B) ingroup bias.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) scapegoating.

Question 54

Which of the following persons is most clearly acting aggressively?

A) a noisy neighbor who often mows his lawn at 8 o'clock on Saturday mornings
B) a child who tries to hit another child with a rock
C) an assertive salesperson who interrupts your evening meal with a telephone sales pitch
D) a careless motorist who accidentally smashes into the fender of a parked car

Question 55

According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from

A) the other-race effect.
B) the just-world phenomenon.
C) ingroup bias.
D) frustration.

Question 56

The longer Chinese people have resided in a Western country, the less they exhibit

A) social loafing.
B) self-disclosure.
C) the other-race effect.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 57

Following the consumption of alcohol, people are increasingly likely to respond to minor frustrations with violent outbursts. This best illustrates

A) scapegoat theory.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
D) the interaction of biology and experience.

Question 58

People tend to perceive the members of an outgroup as ________ each other and the members of an ingroup as ________ each other.

A) different from; similar to
B) similar to; different from
C) similar to; similar to
D) different from; different from

Question 59

Montel, a White university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of the

A) chameleon effect.
B) just-world phenomenon.
C) scapegoat theory.
D) reciprocity norm.

Question 60

According to the text, aggression always involves

A) physical damage.
B) anger and hostility.
C) the intent to hurt.
D) a reaction to frustration.

Question 61

Testosterone levels are ________ correlated with assertiveness and ________ correlated with tolerance for frustration.

A) positively; positively
B) negatively; negatively
C) positively; negatively
D) negatively; positively

Question 62

Minimal levels of father care are associated with high levels of

A) conformity.
B) group polarization.
C) social facilitation.
D) aggression.

Question 63

The frustration-aggression principle suggests that anger results when

A) false stereotypes influence perceptions of others.
B) an attempt to achieve some goal is blocked.
C) there are striking differences of opinion among group members.
D) self-awareness and self-restraint are reduced.

Question 64

Jason was fouled by an unfamiliar opponent during a basketball game at a neighborhood park. His consumption of alcohol prior to the game is most likely to lead him to interpret the foul as

A) funny.
B) his own fault.
C) unintended.
D) a provocation.

Question 65

Aggression-replacement programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid

A) implicit prejudice.
B) the other-race effect.
C) modeling violence.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 66

When a mild-mannered woman had an electrode implanted in her amygdala, she

A) developed more aggressive tendencies.
B) acted just as she had before the implantation.
C) became even milder, unable even to say "no" to anyone's request for help.
D) lost her ability to remember events that had recently occurred.

Question 67

When a leader of a caged monkey colony became threatening, one small monkey learned to push the control button activating a(n)

A) food release mechanism.
B) alcoholic drink dispenser.
C) room lighting fixture.
D) brain-implanted electrode.

Question 68

Violent pornographic movies often perpetuate the myth that

A) many women enjoy aggressive sexual encounters.
B) most rapes are commonly committed by victims' dates or acquaintances.
C) women are more likely rape victims than are men.
D) most rapes are never reported to the police.

Question 69

German university men administered hotter chili sauce to a woman after listening to women-hating lyrics. The song lyrics provided the university men with

A) GRIT.
B) a social script.
C) deindividuation.
D) superordinate goals.

Question 70

People heavily exposed to violent pornography are likely to engage in sexually aggressive behaviors that reflect a misleading

A) hindsight bias.
B) social script.
C) bystander effect.
D) two-factor theory.

Question 71

Culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations are called

A) social scripts.
B) situational attributions.
C) superordinate goals.
D) mirror-image perceptions.

Question 72

The fact that human aggression varies widely from culture to culture most strongly suggests that it is NOT

A) a reaction to frustration.
B) influenced by social norms.
C) an unlearned instinct.
D) a product of deindividuation.

Question 73

Which of the following would be the best advice to give parents who are concerned about the frequent aggressive outbursts of their 6-year-old son?

A) "Make a point of rewarding and praising your son whenever he is socially cooperative and altruistic."
B) "Be consistent in spanking your child after every outburst so he'll realize that aggression never pays."
C) "Encourage your son to watch the devastating consequences of violence portrayed on TV."
D) "Don't be concerned about your child's aggressiveness, unless the behavior pattern continues beyond the fifth grade."

Question 74

After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. His action is best explained in terms of the

A) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) bystander effect.
D) frustration-aggression principle.

Question 75

Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on aggression.

A) proximity
B) deindividuation
C) genetic influences
D) the bystander effect

Question 76

The Y chromosome is the most well-known genetic marker identifying those who are most likely to

A) form stereotypes.
B) engage in aggression.
C) experience cognitive dissonance.
D) commit the fundamental attribution error.

Question 77

A wide economic gulf between a country's rich and poor is especially likely to be associated with

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) social facilitation.
C) high crime rates.
D) superordinate goals.

Question 78

In Major League baseball games, the probability of batters being hit by a pitched ball increases with

A) the batter's age.
B) larger crowd sizes.
C) higher air temperatures.
D) the salary levels of the pitchers.

Question 79

High violence rates among White Americans in southern U.S. towns settled by Scots-Irish herders illustrate the impact of ________ on aggression.

A) ingroup bias
B) social influence
C) deindividuation
D) hindsight bias

Question 80

Animals that have successfully fought to get food or mates become increasingly ferocious. This best illustrates that aggression is influenced by

A) superordinate goals.
B) scapegoating.
C) frustration.
D) reinforcement.