Deck 35: Introduction to Emotion

Question 1

The arousal that lingers after an intense argument may intensify sexual passion. This best illustrates

A) relative deprivation.
B) the spillover effect.
C) the adaptation-level phenomenon.
D) the feel-good, do-good phenomenon.

Answer 1

the spillover effect.

Question 2

Which theory suggests that you would not experience intense anger unless you were first aware of your racing heart or other symptoms of physiological arousal?

A) the relative deprivation theory
B) the James-Lange theory
C) the adaptation-level theory
D) the Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 2

the James-Lange theory

Question 3

An approach to lie detection that assesses a suspect's physiological response to details of a crime known only to police investigators is called the

A) relative deprivation principle.
B) catharsis hypothesis.
C) adaptation-level principle.
D) guilty knowledge test.

Answer 3

guilty knowledge test.

Question 4

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that

A) emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and a cognitive label.
B) the conscious experience of an emotion occurs at the same time as the body's physical reaction.
C) emotional experiences are based on an awareness of the body's responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus.
D) emotional ups and downs tend to balance in the long run.

Question 5

Antonio's car stalls in the middle of a railroad crossing just as a train is rapidly approaching. His emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by

A) a decreased blood sugar level.
B) a decreased respiration rate.
C) contraction of the arteries.
D) dilation of his pupils.

Question 6

The instantaneous and automatic fear response we experience when unexpectedly stumbling upon a snake illustrates the importance of the

A) amygdala.
B) hypothalamus.
C) pituitary gland.
D) hippocampus.

Question 7

(Thinking Critically) Current estimates are that an innocent person taking a polygraph test would have been declared guilty approximately ________ of the time.

A) three-fourths
B) one-half
C) one-third
D) one-fourth

Question 8

Which of the following was NOT raised as a criticism of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A) The body's responses are too similar to trigger the various emotions.
B) Emotional reactions occur before the body's responses can take place.
C) The cognitive activity of the cortex plays a role in the emotions we experience.
D) People with spinal cord injuries at the neck typically experience less emotion.

Question 9

Evidence that emotion precedes physiological arousal would be most inconsistent with the ________. Evidence that emotion precedes mentally labeling our physiological arousal would be most inconsistent with the ________.

A) relative deprivation principle; adaptation-level phenomenon
B) the adaptation-level phenomenon; relative deprivation principle
C) James-Lange theory; two-factor theory
D) two-factor theory; James-Lange theory

Question 10

When Mr. Morgan misinterpreted his harmless symptoms of autonomic nervous system arousal as indicative of an impending heart attack, he suffered an unusually intense level of fear. His emotional suffering is best understood in terms of the

A) catharsis hypothesis.
B) James-Lange theory.
C) relative deprivation principle.
D) two-factor theory.

Question 11

(Thinking Critically) Law enforcement officials sometimes use a lie detector to assess a suspect's responses to details of the crime believed to be known only to the perpetrator. This is known as the

A) inductive approach.
B) deductive approach.
C) guilty knowledge test.
D) screening examination.

Question 12

Exuberant infants and alert, energetic adults are especially likely to show high levels of brain activity in the

A) limbic system.
B) sensory cortex.
C) cerebellum.
D) left frontal lobe.

Question 13

Which division of the nervous system is especially involved in bringing about emotional arousal?

A) somatic nervous system
B) peripheral nervous system
C) sympathetic nervous system
D) parasympathetic nervous system

Question 14

Emotions consist of which of the following components?

A) physiological reactions
B) behavioral expressions
C) conscious feelings
D) all of these components

Question 15

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

A) increases salivation and increases blood pressure.
B) decreases salivation and decreases blood pressure.
C) increases salivation and decreases blood pressure.
D) decreases salivation and increases blood pressure.

Question 16

A lie detector test is used to monitor a person's

A) insulin levels.
B) stomach contraction.
C) brain activity.
D) respiration.

Question 17

A therapist tells a patient who is afraid of elevators that his rapid breathing while on an elevator is not due to fear but is a natural consequence of too little oxygen in a small, enclosed space. With this new interpretation of his arousal, the patient no longer dreads elevators. The reduction in the patient's fear is best understood in terms of the

A) adaptation-level phenomenon.
B) two-factor theory.
C) James-Lange theory.
D) Zajonc-LeDoux theory.

Question 18

Concerning emotions and their accompanying bodily responses, which of the following appears to be true?

A) Each emotion has its own bodily response and underlying brain circuit.
B) All emotions involve the same bodily response as a result of the same underlying brain circuit.
C) Many emotions involve similar bodily responses but have different underlying brain circuits.
D) All emotions have the same underlying brain circuits but different bodily responses.

Question 19

In the Schachter-Singer experiment, which college men reported feeling an emotional change in the presence of the experimenter's highly emotional confederate?

A) those receiving epinephrine and expecting to feel physical arousal
B) those receiving a placebo and expecting to feel physical arousal
C) those receiving epinephrine but not expecting to feel physical arousal
D) those receiving a placebo and not expecting to feel physical arousal

Question 20

Some emotional responses to visual stimuli appear to involve no deliberate thinking. These emotional responses are said to follow a "low-road" pathway that bypasses the

A) thalamus.
B) amygdala.
C) cerebral cortex.
D) optic nerve.

Question 21

Several studies have shown that physical arousal can intensify just about any emotion. For example, when people who have been physically aroused by exercise are insulted, they often misattribute their arousal to the insult. This finding illustrates the importance of

A) cognitive labels of arousal in the conscious experience of emotions.
B) a minimum level of arousal in triggering emotional experiences.
C) the simultaneous occurrence of physical arousal and cognitive labeling in emotional experience.
D) all of these things.

Question 22

"Schachter and Singer's" two-factor theory emphasizes that emotion involves both

A) the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the nervous system.
B) verbal and nonverbal expression.
C) physical arousal and a cognitive label.
D) universal and culture-specific aspects.

Question 23

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the body's arousal is related to the sympathetic nervous system in the same way that subjective awareness of emotion is related to the

A) cortex.
B) hypothalamus.
C) thalamus.
D) parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 24

(Thinking Critically) The polygraph measures

A) lying.
B) brain rhythms.
C) chemical changes in the body.
D) physiological indexes of arousal.

Question 25

Which of the following was NOT presented in the text as evidence that some emotional reactions involve no deliberate, rational thinking?

A) Some of the neural pathways involved in emotion are separate from those involved in thinking and memory.
B) Emotional reactions are sometimes quicker than our interpretations of a situation.
C) People can develop an emotional preference for visual stimuli to which they have been unknowingly exposed.
D) Arousal of the sympathetic nervous system will trigger an emotional reaction even when artificially induced by an injection of epinephrine.

Question 26

Research with subliminally flashed stimuli supports Robert Zajonc's view that

A) the heart is always subject to the mind.
B) emotional reactions involve deliberate rational thinking.
C) cognition is not necessary for emotion.
D) responding to a subliminal stimulus is a learned skill.

Question 27

Who suggested that "we feel sorry because we cry . . . afraid because we tremble"?

A) Stanley Schachter
B) William James
C) Walter Cannon
D) Richard Lazarus

Question 28

According to the ________, you would be able to experience emotion even without sympathetic nervous system arousal.

A) Cannon-Bard theory
B) James-Lange theory
C) two-factor theory
D) catharsis hypothesis

Question 29

Cassandra's mother told her, "You know you are in love when your heart beats fast and you experience that unique trembling feeling inside." This remark best illustrates the ________ theory of emotion.

A) Cannon-Bard
B) two-factor
C) catharsis
D) James-Lange

Question 30

The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the ________ gland(s) in response to stimulation by the ________ branch of the nervous system.

A) pituitary; sympathetic
B) pituitary; parasympathetic
C) adrenal; sympathetic
D) adrenal; parasympathetic

Question 31

The basic components of emotion are

A) sympathetic arousal, parasympathetic inhibition, and cognitive labeling.
B) physical gestures, facial expressions, and psychological drives.
C) expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience.
D) cognition, affect, and behavior.

Question 32

(Thinking Critically) Many psychologists are opposed to the use of lie detectors because

A) they represent an invasion of a person's privacy and could easily be used for unethical purposes.
B) there are often serious discrepancies among the various indicators such as perspiration and heart rate.
C) polygraphs cannot distinguish the various possible causes of arousal.
D) they are accurate only about 50 percent of the time.

Question 33

The idea that an emotion-arousing stimulus is simultaneously routed to the cortex and to the sympathetic nervous system is central to the

A) James-Lange theory.
B) relative deprivation principle.
C) two-factor theory.
D) Cannon-Bard theory.

Question 34

In laboratory experiments, fear and joy

A) result in an increase in heart rate.
B) stimulate different facial muscles.
C) increase heart rate and stimulate different facial muscles.
D) result in a decrease in heart rate.

Question 35

Which theory of emotion emphasizes the simultaneous experience of the body's response and emotional feeling?

A) James-Lange theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) two-factor theory
D) Zajonc's theory

Question 36

Which theory of emotion implies that every emotion is associated with a unique physiological reaction?

A) James-Lange theory
B) Cannon-Bard theory
C) two-factor theory
D) Zajonc's theory

Question 37

According to the James-Lange theory, we experience emotion ________ we notice our physiological arousal. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, we experience emotion ________ we become physiologically aroused.

A) before; before
B) before; after
C) after; at the same time as
D) at the same time as; after

Question 38

Which of the following most accurately describes emotional arousal?

A) Emotions prepare the body to fight or flee.
B) Emotions are voluntary reactions to emotion-arousing stimuli.
C) Because all emotions have the same physiological basis, emotions are primarily psychological events.
D) Emotional arousal is always accompanied by cognition.

Question 39

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that

A) to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.
B) the expression of emotion reduces our level of physiological arousal.
C) an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers both physiological arousal and the subjective experience of emotion.
D) to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and able to cognitively label the emotion.

Question 40

In an emergency situation, emotional arousal will result in

A) increased rate of respiration.
B) increased blood sugar.
C) a slowing of digestion.
D) all of these events.

Question 41

Our most rapid and automatic emotional responses may result from the routing of sensory input through the thalamus directly to the

A) hippocampus.
B) hypothalamus.
C) cerebellum.
D) amygdala.

Question 42

The lingering arousal associated with one emotional state can intensify a completely different state of emotion. This is called

A) the spillover effect.
B) the adaptation-level phenomenon.
C) catharsis.
D) the general adaptation syndrome.

Question 43

Evidence that people can develop an emotional preference for stimuli to which they have been unknowingly exposed has convinced Robert Zajonc that

A) our thoughts are not influenced by our emotional states.
B) our normal feelings of love and anger are typically irrational.
C) the two-factor theory of emotion is essentially correct.
D) sometimes emotion precedes cognition.

Question 44

After being physically aroused by his daily three-mile run, Martin finds that he experiences stronger resentment if his wife asks for an unexpected favor and more intense romantic feelings if she kisses him. Martin's experience can best be explained by the

A) two-factor theory.
B) James-Lange theory.
C) Cannon-Bard theory.
D) adaptation-level phenomenon.

Question 45

The spillover effect is best explained in terms of the

A) relative deprivation principle.
B) catharsis hypothesis.
C) adaptation-level phenomenon.
D) two-factor theory.

Question 46

According to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are ________ and ________.

A) facial expressions; a cognitive label
B) emotion-arousing events; physical arousal
C) physical arousal; overt behavior
D) a cognitive label; physical arousal

Question 47

In one experiment, college men were injected with epinephrine before spending time with either a joyful or an irritated person. The results of this experiment support the idea that

A) some emotions can be experienced apart from cognition.
B) there are subtle but distinct physiological differences among the emotions.
C) our experience of emotion depends on how we interpret the body's arousal.
D) happiness is largely a function of experience.

Question 48

Unlike the low-road brain pathway, the high road for emotional responses extends through the

A) thalamus.
B) cortex.
C) hypothalamus.
D) cerebellum.

Question 49

The autonomic nervous system regulates the ________ that accompanies different emotions.

A) conscious experiences
B) expressive behaviors
C) physiological arousal
D) subjective well-being

Question 50

The two-factor theory of emotion would have difficulty explaining why a

A) person comes to fear snakes after he sees someone else bitten by one.
B) person's fear of snakes is reduced after she receives a calming tranquilizer.
C) person automatically fears snakes even though he thinks they are attractive and harmless.
D) person's fear of snakes is reduced after she learns that most snakes are harmless.

Question 51

Rapid fear reactions to sensory input in the absence of conscious thought are possible because certain neural pathways bypass the

A) hypothalamus.
B) amygdala.
C) thalamus.
D) prefrontal cortex.

Question 52

Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty while he was taking a difficult test, Harley concluded that he was "anxious." Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty when an attractive lady asked him to dance, Harley concluded that he was "falling in love." The differing emotions experienced by Harley can best be explained by the

A) relative deprivation principle.
B) James-Lange theory.
C) two-factor theory.
D) catharsis hypothesis.

Question 53

Tranquilizing drugs that inhibit sympathetic nervous system activity often reduce people's subjective experience of intense anxiety. Which theory of emotion would have the greatest difficulty explaining this effect?

A) James-Lange
B) Cannon-Bard
C) two-factor
D) Schachter-Singer

Question 54

Lee was momentarily terrified as a passing automobile nearly sideswiped his car. When one of his passengers joked that he almost had a two-color car, Lee laughed uncontrollably. Lee's emotional volatility best illustrates the

A) adaptation-level phenomenon.
B) relative deprivation principle.
C) catharsis hypothesis.
D) spillover effect.

Question 55

The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by

A) Walter Cannon and Philip Bard.
B) Robert Zajonc and Richard Lazarus.
C) William James and Carl Lange.
D) Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer.

Question 56

In their dispute over the role of cognition in emotion, both Zajonc and Lazarus agree that

A) cognitive reactions always precede emotional reactions.
B) emotional reactions always precede cognitive reactions.
C) some emotional reactions involve no conscious thinking.
D) cognitive reactions and emotional reactions always occur simultaneously.

Question 57

The two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of ________ than does the James-Lange theory.

A) cognitive activity
B) subjective well-being
C) physiological arousal
D) heart rate

Question 58

In an experiment to test the spillover effect, college men were injected with epinephrine prior to spending time with an experimenter's accomplice who acted either euphoric or irritated. Which individuals in this experiment were LEAST likely to experience the emotion demonstrated by the experimenter's accomplice?

A) those who were led to think the injection would produce no physiological arousal
B) those who were promised a large sum of money for participating in the experiment
C) those who were told that the injection would cause them to become physiologically aroused
D) those who were asked to run in place after receiving the injection

Question 59

When confronted by an armed robber, your emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by

A) decreases in blood sugar levels.
B) slowing of digestion.
C) increases in salivation.
D) decreases in respiration rate.

Question 60

Research has shown that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce the intensity of certain emotional experiences. This finding supports the

A) Cannon-Bard theory.
B) adaptation-level principle.
C) James-Lange theory.
D) catharsis hypothesis.

Question 61

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

A) increases respiration and increases salivation.
B) increases respiration and decreases salivation.
C) decreases respiration and decreases salivation.
D) decreases respiration and increases salivation.

Question 62

As people experience negative emotions

A) the right prefrontal cortex becomes more electrically active.
B) the right prefrontal cortex becomes less electrically active.
C) the left prefrontal cortex becomes more electrically active.
D) the left prefrontal cortex becomes less electrically active.

Question 63

Test performance is typically ________ when physiological arousal is ________.

A) best; moderate
B) worst; moderate
C) best; very low
D) best; very high

Question 64

The right prefrontal cortex is more active than the left prefrontal cortex when people experience

A) pride.
B) joy.
C) disgust.
D) love.

Question 65

As her professor distributed the mathematics test to the class, Blair's heart started to pound and her palms began to sweat. These physiological reactions were activated by her ________ nervous system.

A) sympathetic
B) central
C) somatic
D) parasympathetic

Question 66

A psychologist would have the greatest difficulty differentiating between anger and fear by monitoring the ________ associated with each.

A) hormone secretions
B) finger temperatures
C) heart rates
D) brain activity

Question 67

The level of physiological arousal typically associated with peak performance tends to be

A) lower on tasks that are well-learned.
B) higher on tasks that are difficult.
C) lower on tasks that are easy.
D) lower on tasks that are difficult.

Question 68

For purposes of lie detection, investigators have most commonly made use of a(n)

A) electrocardiograph.
B) electroencephalograph.
C) myograph.
D) polygraph.

Question 69

A deep neural center activated when people smell some disgusting food or when they feel moral disgust in response to a perceived injustice is called the

A) anterior cingulate cortex.
B) insula.
C) hypothalamus.
D) telomere.

Question 70

Boyd, a suspect in a criminal investigation, has agreed to take a lie detector test. The machine used in this test is most likely to measure his

A) blood sugar levels.
B) pupil dilation.
C) hormone secretions.
D) perspiration levels.

Question 71

Thaddeus will play a violin solo at his school tomorrow. His musical performance is likely to be ________ if his physiological arousal during the performance is ________.

A) best; very low
B) worst; moderate
C) best; very high
D) best; moderate

Question 72

The parasympathetic nervous system is to the sympathetic nervous system as ________ is to ________.

A) raising of blood sugar; lowering of blood sugar
B) inhibition of digestion; activation of digestion
C) contraction of pupils; dilation of pupils
D) increasing blood pressure; decreasing blood pressure

Question 73

Without any conscious effort, your ________ prepares you to fight or flee from dangerous situations.

A) hippocampus
B) frontal cortex
C) autonomic nervous system
D) spinal cord

Question 74

When her son fails to arrive home as expected, Elena fears he has been in an accident. Both her heart and respiration rate remain elevated until she sees him come safely through the door. Her body soon returns to normal due to the action of her ________ nervous system.

A) parasympathetic
B) sympathetic
C) central
D) somatic

Question 75

Increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex is to ________ as increased activity in the left frontal lobe is to ________.

A) anger; fear
B) disgust; joy
C) love; hate
D) elation; depression

Question 76

The guilty knowledge test is typically used to

A) evaluate a criminal's mental health.
B) assess a suspect's responses to details of a crime.
C) screen potential employees for possible past misdeeds.
D) determine the frequency with which an individual lies.

Question 77

A hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency is

A) acetylcholine.
B) epinephrine.
C) testosterone.
D) insulin.

Question 78

Which of the following research findings would be consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A) Facial expressions of emotion inhibit the conscious experience of emotion.
B) Distinctly different patterns of brain activity are associated with distinctly different emotions.
C) People with spinal cord injuries experience a considerable increase in the intensity of their angry feelings.
D) All of these statements are consistent with the James-Lange theory.

Question 79

Research on the accuracy of lie detector tests suggests that they

A) are more accurate for men than women.
B) are accurate only 50 percent of the time, even when administered by experts.
C) are more likely to declare the innocent guilty than to declare the guilty innocent.
D) are more likely to declare the guilty innocent than to declare the innocent guilty.

Question 80

Which division of the nervous system calms the body after an emergency has passed?

A) somatic
B) central
C) sympathetic
D) parasympathetic