Deck 32: A: Basic Motivational Concepts and Hunger

Question 1

The arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for explaining an infant's urge to

A) cry.
B) sleep.
C) eat.
D) explore.

Answer 1

explore.

Question 2

It is characteristic of robins to build nests. This is an example of

A) a set point.
B) homeostasis.
C) a drive.
D) an instinct.

Answer 2

an instinct.

Question 3

The influence of personal and cultural experience on our wants and desires can most clearly be seen in the influence of ________ on motivation.

A) instincts
B) homeostasis
C) incentives
D) set points

Answer 3

incentives

Question 4

Like evolutionary psychology, instinct theory most clearly assumed that behavior is influenced by

A) homeostasis.
B) set points.
C) incentives.
D) genetic predispositions.

Question 5

An incentive is a

A) rigidly patterned behavior characteristic of an entire species.
B) state of deprivation that triggers arousal.
C) positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
D) state of arousal triggered by deprivation.

Question 6

The term homeostasis literally means

A) "common to all."
B) "unique to humans."
C) "staying the same."
D) "motivational dynamics."

Question 7

Which of the following is most clearly NOT an example of an incentive?

A) social disapproval
B) a pornographic movie
C) a low blood glucose level
D) the smell of rotten eggs

Question 8

Contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider ________ to be a human instinct.

A) infant sucking
B) the need to belong
C) religious ritual
D) erotic plasticity

Question 9

Dr. Ligorano has devoted his professional life to researching the desires and needs that energize and direct behavior. His area of research has obviously been

A) emotion.
B) cognition.
C) motivation.
D) behavior genetics.

Question 10

The body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state is known as

A) basal metabolic rate.
B) instinct.
C) homeostasis.
D) metabolism.

Question 11

Which theory most clearly emphasizes the importance of homeostasis in motivation?

A) instinct theory
B) drive-reduction theory
C) arousal theory
D) hierarchy of needs theory

Question 12

Which of the following refers to a physiological state that usually triggers a state of motivational arousal?

A) need
B) homeostasis
C) drive
D) incentive

Question 13

An instinctive behavior is one that

A) is common to an entire species.
B) is unlearned.
C) is rigidly patterned.
D) has all of these characteristics.

Question 14

A thick, juicy hamburger is to hunger as ________ is to ________.

A) need; drive
B) incentive; drive
C) homeostasis; thirst
D) incentive; instinct

Question 15

The arousal theory of motivation would be most helpful for explaining why

A) recreational skydivers jump out of airplanes.
B) hungry fishermen venture across dangerous ocean waters.
C) starving prisoners are preoccupied with thoughts of food.
D) sexually active teens learn to practice effective birth control.

Question 16

When we are too hot, we perspire in order to lower our body temperature and thereby

A) preserve body warmth.
B) arouse drives.
C) maintain homeostasis.
D) lower the set point.

Question 17

A drive refers to

A) a rigidly patterned and unlearned behavior characteristic of a species.
B) anything that is perceived as having positive or negative value in motivating behavior.
C) an aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need.
D) the body's resting rate of energy expenditure.

Question 18

Lack of body fluids is to thirst as ________ is to ________.

A) motivation; emotion
B) need; drive
C) homeostasis; hunger
D) incentive; instinct

Question 19

Internal push is to external pull as ________ is to ________.

A) incentive; set point
B) instinct; need
C) need; drive
D) need; incentive

Question 20

A lack of sufficient oxygen intake is an example of a(n)

A) drive.
B) instinct.
C) need.
D) incentive.

Question 21

The arcuate nucleus is located within the

A) pancreas.
B) hypothalamus.
C) frontal lobes.
D) body's fat cells.

Question 22

The form of blood sugar that provides the major source of energy for body tissues is

A) ghrelin.
B) insulin.
C) glucose.
D) serotonin.

Question 23

Prisoners of war placed on a semistarvation diet in which their food intake is cut in half are likely to

A) lose half their original body weight.
B) show an increased interest in sex and politics.
C) spend a great deal of time daydreaming about food.
D) do all of these things.

Question 24

Ghrelin is a ________ hormone secreted by the ________.

A) hunger-arousing; hypothalamus
B) hunger-suppressing; hypothalamus
C) hunger-arousing; stomach
D) hunger-suppressing; stomach

Question 25

Blood glucose levels are regulated by secretions of ________ by the pancreas.

A) PYY
B) leptin
C) orexin
D) insulin

Question 26

Several neural areas within the ________ regulate the extent to which we are motivated to eat.

A) hypothalamus
B) medulla
C) amygdala
D) hippocampus

Question 27

Professor Sanford explains that the need for physical safety must be met before city dwellers will be motivated to form close friendships with neighbors. Professor Sanford is providing an example of

A) set points.
B) a hierarchy of motives.
C) homeostasis.
D) evolutionary theory.

Question 28

Abraham Maslow referred to the need to live up to one's fullest and unique potential as the

A) need hierarchy.
B) need to belong.
C) need for self-esteem.
D) need for self-actualization.

Question 29

The specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time is known as the

A) set point.
B) incentive level.
C) hypothalamic plateau.
D) basal metabolic rate.

Question 30

Electrically stimulating an appetite-enhancing center within the hypothalamus of a well-fed animal is likely to

A) cause the animal to begin eating.
B) decrease the animal's basal metabolic rate.
C) prevent the conversion of the animal's blood glucose to fat.
D) permanently lower the animal's set point.

Question 31

The hunger-dampening hormone secreted by fat cells is

A) orexin.
B) insulin.
C) leptin.
D) ghrelin.

Question 32

When people are hungry, they ________ easily recall such feelings in their own past and they are ________ likely to perceive hunger as a driving force in other people's behavior.

A) more; less
B) less; more
C) more; more
D) less; less

Question 33

According to Maslow, our need for ________ must be met before we are prompted to satisfy our need for ________.

A) food; love
B) self-esteem; adequate clothing
C) self-actualization; economic security
D) self-transcendence; self-actualization

Question 34

Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that people are unlikely to be motivated to obtain ________ if they are deprived of ________.

A) sexual gratification; self-esteem
B) good grades in school; love and safety
C) food and shelter; political freedom
D) friendship and love; religious fulfillment

Question 35

Abraham Maslow suggested that self-transcendence needs motivate people to strive for

A) self-esteem.
B) self-actualization.
C) transpersonal meaning.
D) the experience of flow.

Question 36

Which of the following appetite hormones is secreted by the hypothalamus?

A) PYY
B) orexin
C) leptin
D) ghrelin

Question 37

Home-life satisfaction is more strongly predictive of subjective well-being in wealthy nations than in poor ones. This fact would be most clearly anticipated by

A) arousal theory.
B) hierarchy of needs theory.
C) instinct theory.
D) evolutionary theory.

Question 38

Feelings of hunger are ________ by high levels of PYY and ________ by high levels of leptin.

A) increased; decreased
B) decreased; increased
C) increased; increased
D) decreased; decreased

Question 39

In looking at the relationship between hunger and conditions of the stomach, researchers have discovered that

A) hunger cannot be experienced if one's stomach is full.
B) stomach contractions are necessary for experiencing hunger.
C) rats whose stomachs are removed continue to eat regularly.
D) humans and animals without stomachs lose the capacity to feel hungry.

Question 40

The desire to avoid stress is to ________ theory as the desire to avoid boredom is to ________ theory.

A) arousal; incentive
B) instinct; drive-reduction
C) incentive; instinct
D) drive-reduction; arousal

Question 41

Obesity increases the risk of

A) gallstones.
B) arthritis.
C) diabetes.
D) all of these conditions.

Question 42

Lorissa is a fussy eater who refuses to take even a small taste of foods she has not seen before. Her behavior best illustrates

A) social facilitation.
B) unit bias.
C) narcissism.
D) neophobia.

Question 43

Over the past 40 years, the rate of obesity among American adults has ________ and the rate of obesity among American teens has ________.

A) increased; decreased
B) decreased; increased
C) increased; increased
D) decreased; decreased

Question 44

Twelve weeks after severely obese people had weight-loss surgery and lost significant weight, one experiment found that they had

A) improved memory performance.
B) decreased testosterone levels.
C) higher blood pressure.
D) increased levels of anxiety.

Question 45

Professor Lindstrom emphasizes that the motivation to eat involves the interactive influence of mood, basal metabolic rate, and cultural expectations regarding appropriate food consumption. The professor's emphasis best illustrates

A) instinct theory.
B) a biopsychosocial approach.
C) arousal theory.
D) the evolutionary perspective.

Question 46

People eat ________ when given a large rather than a small serving of food. They eat ________ when given a large rather than a small bowl out of which to eat their food.

A) less; less
B) less; more
C) more; less
D) more; more

Question 47

The consumption of carbohydrates is most likely to

A) lower the body's set point.
B) decrease blood glucose levels.
C) reduce stress and tension.
D) prevent homeostasis.

Question 48

Murial often tastes free samples of different foods while grocery shopping. She eats many more of these free samples when the grocery store is crowded with shoppers than when there are only a few other shoppers. This best illustrates the impact of

A) unit bias.
B) neophobia.
C) set points.
D) social facilitation.

Question 49

People consume more ice cream when scooping it with a big scoop rather than a small one. This best illustrates

A) flow.
B) unit bias.
C) social facilitation.
D) homeostasis.

Question 50

After eating a normal lunch, two patients readily consumed a second lunch 20 minutes later because they had

A) no memory of the previous meal.
B) excessively high blood glucose levels.
C) just received injections of PYY.
D) unusually low levels of ghrelin secretions.

Question 51

A drop in basal metabolic rate is most likely to result from

A) high testosterone levels.
B) a semistarvation diet.
C) obesity.
D) excess leptin.

Question 52

The concept of a set point best illustrates an explanation of motivation in terms of

A) instincts.
B) incentives.
C) homeostasis.
D) metabolism.

Question 53

In places where agriculture has produced milk, survival patterns have favored people with lactose tolerance. This best illustrates the impact of cultural trends on

A) human genetics.
B) set points.
C) basal metabolic rates.
D) the experience of flow.

Question 54

The World Health Organization defines ________ as a BMI of 30 or more.

A) unit bias
B) high cholesterol
C) obesity
D) hypertension

Question 55

When encouraged to eat as much as they want, people tend to eat less if the foods are offered in smaller rather than larger portion sizes. This illustrates

A) unit bias.
B) halo errors.
C) instincts.
D) set points.

Question 56

Some researchers prefer the term settling point to set point because the typical body weight of an adult is influenced by

A) basal metabolic rate.
B) several appetite hormones.
C) the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.
D) environmental and biological factors.

Question 57

Carbohydrates such as pasta, chips, and sweets help boost levels of the neurotransmitter

A) orexin.
B) ghrelin.
C) serotonin.
D) epinephrine.

Question 58

In most developing societies today (as in Europe in earlier centuries), obesity is a sign of

A) hypertension.
B) high social status.
C) neophobia.
D) low blood pressure.

Question 59

When an organism's weight falls below its set point, the organism is likely to experience a(n) ________ in hunger and a(n) ________ in its basal metabolic rate.

A) increase; increase
B) decrease; decrease
C) increase; decrease
D) decrease; increase

Question 60

A violent illness that follows our eating of a particular food is likely to influence our taste preferences. This illustrates that taste preferences are influenced by

A) basal metabolic rate.
B) learning experiences.
C) lactose tolerance.
D) the settling point.

Question 61

Rudy has been on a strict diet of 1000 calories per day for the last six weeks. He lost considerably more weight in the first three weeks of his diet than in the last three because

A) his metabolic rate has decreased.
B) his set point has increased.
C) lean tissue is maintained by fewer calories than is fat tissue.
D) his fat cells have begun to secrete elevated levels of leptin.

Question 62

Although Cara has been obese for as long as she can remember, she is determined to lose excess body weight with a low-calorie diet. Cara is most likely to have difficulty becoming and staying thin because

A) she may have a higher-than-average set point for body weight.
B) low-calorie diets trigger increased secretions of PYY.
C) lean tissue is maintained by fewer calories than is fat tissue.
D) her resting metabolic rate will increase and prompt her to overeat.

Question 63

Research on obesity and weight control indicates that

A) one pound is always lost for every 3500-calorie reduction in diet.
B) children with obese parents are no more likely to be obese than children with normal-weight parents.
C) once we become fat, we require less food to maintain our weight than we did to attain it.
D) it is easier for people to lose weight on the second or third attempt at dieting than on the first try.

Question 64

A variant of a gene called ________ nearly doubles the risk of becoming obese.

A) PYY
B) BMI
C) FTO
D) HPV

Question 65

People are more vulnerable to obesity if they experience

A) a lower-than-average settling point.
B) sleep deprivation.
C) unit bias.
D) neophobia.

Question 66

The relentless pursuit of thinness puts people at ________ risk of malnutrition and at ________ risk of smoking.

A) increased; decreased
B) decreased; increased
C) increased; increased
D) decreased; decreased

Question 67

Research studies suggest that workplace discrimination against those who are overweight is ________ common than gender discrimination and ________ common than race discrimination.

A) more; less
B) less; more
C) more; more
D) less; less

Question 68

Research on the genetic and environmental influences on body weight has revealed that

A) the weight of adopted people correlates with that of their biological parents, not with that of their adoptive parents.
B) the weight of fraternal twins reared together is more highly correlated than the weight of identical twins reared apart.
C) obesity is somewhat less common among Americans today than 50 years ago.
D) identical twin men are more similar in weight than identical twin women.

Question 69

A study that followed 370 obese women found that after seven years they were making ________ money and were ________ likely to be married than an equally intelligent comparison group of nonobese women.

A) more; less
B) less; more
C) more; more
D) less; less

Question 70

Among dieters who consciously restrain their eating, the urge to eat is likely to be unleashed by

A) drinking alcohol.
B) eating early in the day.
C) brief periods of exercise.
D) focusing attention on what they are eating.

Question 71

Which of the following statements would be the BEST advice for people who plan to lose weight by going on a restricted diet?

A) "The second diet is always easier than the first."
B) "Use soft drinks to reduce your hunger between meal times."
C) "Avoid eating during the day so you can enjoy a big meal in the evening."
D) "Eat simple meals that include only a few different foods."

Question 72

Compared with past years, people in developed countries today are consuming ________ food and engaging in ________ physical activity.

A) less; more
B) more; less
C) less; less
D) more; more