Deck 6: Long-Term Memory: Influences on Retrieval

Question 1

You meant to visit the campus bookstore before it closed, but you do not remember that you wanted to do that until two hours after closing time. This scenario is a failure of which type of memory?

A) prospective
B) implicit
C) explicit
D) serial position

Answer 1

prospective

Question 2

Your professor asks you to design an implicit memory test. How will you know if you have cued implicit memories in your test subjects?

A) if they struggle with recognizing which names in a list belong to famous people
B) if they excel at recognizing which names in a list belong to famous people
C) if they score higher on items that refer to material you presented earlier than on new items
D) if they score higher on new items than on items referring to material you presented earlier

Answer 2

if they score higher on items that refer to material you presented earlier than on new items

Question 3

Processing the meaning of information is known as ______.

A) interpretive processing
B) elaborative encoding
C) iconic processing
D) linear encoding

Answer 3

elaborative encoding

Question 4

Based on the information about comparing recall and recognition tasks, you can conclude that you will perform better on tests if you know ______ before you begin studying.

A) what format the test will be in (multiple choice, essay, and so on)
B) that you can study all night if necessary
C) why the professor believes the test is necessary
D) what type of room the test will be given in (large, small, crowded, and so on)

Question 5

You are designing a study that asks subjects, "Which of these psychological concepts have you heard of?" and then presents a list of concepts. Which type of retrieval task is this?

A) recall
B) recognition
C) implicit
D) prospective

Question 6

The beginning of a word list is to the ______ as the end of a word list is to the ______.

A) initiation effect; termination effect
B) recency effect; primacy effect
C) termination effect; initiation effect
D) primacy effect; recency effect

Question 7

Suppose you want to become a memory champion like Andi Bell and Joshua Foer. You could achieve your goal by working hard to ______.

A) develop a photographic memory
B) develop superior autobiographical memory
C) use mnemonics
D) use prospective memory tasks

Question 8

You are presented with the following questions: (1) Is KITTEN in all capital letters?
(2) Does KITTEN rhyme with MOOSE?
(3) Is KITTEN a type of animal?
Which would you most likely remember?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3

Question 9

Which of these factors seems to be important in aiding the consolidation process?

A) sleep
B) multitasking
C) cramming
D) storage

Question 10

______ processing is to questions about typeface as ______ processing is to questions about sentence completion.

A) Deep; shallow
B) Iconic; echoic
C) Shallow; deep
D) Echoic; iconic

Question 11

"A natural process that occurs when information is unable to be retrieved from memory" is the definition of ______.

A) cognition
B) remembering
C) forgetting
D) storage

Question 12

Of the three main processes of memory--encoding, storage, and retrieval--______ and ______ are the processes most under our control.

A) encoding; retrieval
B) storage; retrieval
C) encoding; storage

Question 13

While studying for a psychology exam, you devise a poem about Piaget's stages of development to help you remember them. This is an example of ______.

A) shallow processing
B) deep processing
C) spacing effects
D) storage

Question 14

One reason that spacing out your studying is best is that you ______.

A) won't get tired
B) are increasing the number of retrieval cues
C) won't be bored with studying
D) won't have to go to class as often

Question 15

The more ______ encoding processes are, the better we remember.

A) time-consuming
B) simple
C) shallow
D) effortful

Question 16

A neural process by which memories are strengthened and more permanently stored in the brain is ______.

A) interference
B) encoding
C) consolidation
D) memorization

Question 17

Your professor asks you to design a series of cued recall tasks. Which of these examples could you use?

A) "What is the name of your favorite artist?"
B) "Can you remember the names of three famous artists?"
C) "Do you recall which artist painted 'Guernica'? The name begins with a P."
D) "Why do you like the work of your favorite artist? Give three reasons."

Question 18

A question that asks you to remember specific information is a(n) ______ task, while a question that asks you whether you have encountered a particular name, image, or fact before is a(n) ______ task.

A) prospective memory; implicit memory
B) implicit memory; prospective memory
C) recognition; recall
D) recall; recognition

Question 19

Jason conducts an experiment in which his participants are asked to study a list of 30 words. He finds that participants tend to recall the beginning of the list rather than the middle or end of the list. Which effect is he showing support for?

A) recency
B) primacy
C) photographic memory
D) prospective memory

Question 20

During college, you took several semesters of a foreign language. According to Ebbinghaus, you would ______ a lot of information early on, but then the rate of loss ______ as the length of time since study ______.

A) forget; slows; increases
B) remember; slows; increases
C) forget; increases; increases
D) remember; increases; decreases

Question 21

Your friend says that she wants to develop a photographic memory. According to what you have read in this chapter, what is the best response you can make?

A) Use mnemonics whenever possible, as many ancient peoples did.
B) Study information in stages rather than all at once.
C) Build memory palaces to help you recall important skills and concepts.
D) There is no clear evidence that photographic memory exists.

Question 22

Joseph was very anxious when taking his GRE exam, although he was not anxious while studying for it. According to the idea of ______, he will not do well on the GRE exam.

A) mood-dependent effects
B) environmental context effects
C) the testing effect
D) the recency effect

Question 23

Jodie insists on getting to class two hours before an exam so she has plenty of time to review her notes in the same classroom where she learned the information and will be taking the exam. She must believe in ______.

A) environmental context effects
B) mood-dependent effects
C) transfer-inappropriate processing
D) the serial position curve

Question 24

Both encoding and retrieval together influence memory performance in ______.

A) depth-of-processing effects
B) environmental-dependent effects
C) mood-dependent effects
D) transfer-appropriate processing

Question 25

According to research summarized by Roediger and Pyc, which of these questions should you ask yourself to ensure that you retain as much relevant information as possible before a test?

A) "Why is this answer correct?"
B) "How much should I rest before the test?"
C) "Where can I study that is most similar to the testing room?"
D) "When did I learn this information?"

Question 26

Your textbook describes the case of AJ, who claimed to be able to report what occurred in her life on any date past 1980. The researchers tested AJ and found that she had a superior ______.

A) frontal lobe
B) autobiographical memory
C) sensory cortex
D) recency effect

Question 27

Jenna and Ellis give each other practice quizzes between studying and taking their exam. They are trying to take advantage of the ______ effect.

A) primacy
B) recency
C) serial position
D) testing

Question 28

According to Roediger and Pyc, before you take a test, it is helpful to spend time doing what?

A) completing multiple-choice practice tests if the test will require short answers
B) completing all your studying for the test in one long block of time
C) identifying which information you have trouble recalling
D) covering the same topics in each study session

Question 29

The primacy effect depends on ______ as the recency effect depends on ______.

A) working memory; long-term memory
B) short-term memory; working memory
C) working memory; short-term memory
D) long-term memory; short-term memory

Question 30

For thousands of years, humans have used memory techniques called ______ to help them remember information.

A) mnemonics
B) retrieval effects
C) serial position curves
D) memory languages

Question 31

Study is to ______ as tests are to ______.

A) retrieval; encoding
B) encoding; retrieval
C) mnemonics; processing
D) processing; mnemonics

Question 32

After you have memorized a list of words, you are most likely to demonstrate ______ if you are tested on the list immediately.

A) fading of memory
B) the primacy effect
C) the recency effect
D) strongest recall for the middle of the list

Question 33

Your textbook describes how memory champions devise a(n) ______ to help them remember and navigate through a great deal of information.

A) memory palace
B) memory plan
C) outline
D) study guide

Question 34

Matching the circumstances of encoding and retrieval aids memory. This phenomenon is known as the ______.

A) primacy effect
B) recency effect
C) environmental context principle
D) encoding specificity principle

Question 35

After you have memorized a list of words, you are most likely to demonstrate ______ if you are tested on the list the next day.

A) decay of your ability to recall
B) the recency effect
C) the primacy effect
D) strongest recall of the middle of the list

Question 36

In order to study brain areas associated with memory, Ramon devises a song that involves memories from his own life. This is an example of ______.

A) the testing effect
B) method of loci
C) a mnemonic
D) biographical memory

Question 37

Which of these plans of action is most likely to help you retrieve information from your long-term memory before you take a test?

A) Study, then create a prospective memory of doing well on the test, and then take the test.
B) Study, then practice retrieving the information, and then take the test.
C) Study, then work on photographic memory, and then take the test.
D) Sleep for at least two hours, study, and then take the test.

Question 38

Your memories of everything you did yesterday are evidence of ______.

A) the recency effect
B) autobiographical memory
C) biographical memory
D) mood-dependent learning

Question 39

The idea that the human mind tends to notice unusual things is known as the ______ effect.

A) strangeness
B) bizarreness
C) recency
D) primacy

Question 40

While studying for the exam that determines whether you will get into law school, you decide to take a practice exam that matches the format of the official exam. This is an example of ______.

A) transfer-appropriate processing
B) environmental context effects
C) mood-dependent effects
D) the primacy effect

Question 41

Define the serial position curve and discuss why it is relevant to everyday living. Give examples.

Question 42

Explain what prospective memory is. What could you do in your everyday life to improve your prospective memory?

Question 43

Sleeping between the study period and the test of information you want to remember will make it more difficult for you to retrieve that information from long-term memory.

Question 44

Define the term "mnemonic" and provide examples. Explain how you could use mnemonics to improve your study habits, and describe a situation in which mnemonics provide little help.

Question 45

The more shallow the level of processing, the easier it is to remember data.

Question 46

If given a list of words, people are more likely to remember the middle of the list rather than the beginning or the end.

Question 47

Of the three main processes of memory--encoding, storage, and retrieval--storage and retrieval are the processes most under our control.

Question 48

Discuss the "levels of processing" theory of memory storage and retrieval. Define and explain each of the three types of processing, and explain how you could use this theory to improve your own studying.

Question 49

Highlighting concepts in your textbook is the best way to study for an exam.

Question 50

Discuss the hypotheses presented about the reasons we forget information. Provide examples from your own life.

Question 51

Bethany spends 30 minutes a day for a month studying for her psychology final, whereas Shane spends six hours the day before the exam studying. Shane is more likely to do better than Bethany on the exam.

Question 52

Interference occurs when other information prevents the retrieval of the target information.

Question 53

Many researchers believe that lack of consolidation is a way that we forget information.

Question 54

We forget a great deal of information very quickly after study, but then the rate of loss slows as the length of time since study increases.

Question 55

The more active and effortful encoding processes are, the better we remember.