Deck 3: Stress and Its Effects

Question 1

Research findings on minor hassles suggest that the effects of stress are

A)cumulative or additive.
B)mutually exclusive.
C)overwhelming to everyone.
D)inversely related to the number of demands.

Answer 1

cumulative or additive.

Question 2

Crowding and noise have been identified as sources of that have been found to be correlated with elevated stress hormones.

A)acute stress
B)traumatic stress
C)ambient stress
D)rational stress

Answer 2

ambient stress

Question 3

Threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no apparent time limit are referred to as

A)ambient stressors.
B)cultural stressors.
C)acute stressors.
D)chronic stressors.

Answer 3

chronic stressors.

Question 4

Acute stressors

A)are threatening events that have a relatively short duration and clear endpoint.
B)are unpleasant environmental conditions to which one must adjust.
C)are conditions that have a relatively long duration and no apparent time limit.
D)always lead to physical illness.

Question 5

has been a major source of stress in many urban areas such as Northern India.

A)Religious conflict
B)Crowding
C)Pre-attack overload
D)Coping deficiency

Question 6

The emerging consensus among contemporary researchers is that stress is

A)a stimulus event that presents difficult demands.
B)the response of physiological arousal elicited by a troublesome event.
C)a special stimulus-response transaction in which one feels threatened or experiences loss or harm.
D)a series of events that tend to elicit overwhelming feelings of anxiety.

Question 7

Whether or not an event is stressful is most likely to depend on

A)how much physiological arousal it causes.
B)how much change there is.
C)how one appraises and adapts to the event.
D)whether one is prepared for the event.

Question 8

One challenge faced by members of ethnic minorities in dealing with everyday discrimination is that manifestations of such discrimination are often

A)imaginary.
B)ambiguous.
C)minor.
D)consistent.

Question 9

According to psychologists,frustration occurs when

A)feelings of anger are aroused.
B)the pursuit of some goal is thwarted.
C)incompatible motivations are activated.
D)individuals perceive subjective threat.

Question 10

The four major types of stress described in your textbook are

A)pressure,anxiety,environment,and social demands.
B)frustration,anger,pressure,and change.
C)frustration,internal conflict,pressure,and change.
D)internal conflict,pressure,anxiety,and social demands.

Question 11

The notion that "stress lies in the eye of the beholder" suggests that

A)coping strategies tend to vary from individual to individual.
B)people's appraisals of stressful events are highly subjective.
C)there are certain events that just about everyone finds stressful.
D)the appraisal of stress generally involves the use of visual imagery.

Question 12

Which of the following may be a significant cause of stress for immigrants?

A)Covert discrimination
B)Overt interracial conflict
C)Acculturation
D)Effects of modernization

Question 13

Secondary appraisal involves

A)making plans to avoid the situation.
B)tapping into your defense mechanisms.
C)determining if the threat is irrelevant to you.
D)evaluating your coping resources and options for dealing with stress.

Question 14

One accepted definition of stress is

A)any potentially upsetting event that occurs in one's environment.
B)any circumstance that threatens well-being and taxes coping abilities.
C)any negative change that occurs in the course of life.
D)anything that causes chronic illness in organisms.

Question 15

Which of the following statements regarding the nature of stress is correct?

A)Routine hassles may have significant negative effects on mental and physical health.
B)Major stressful events make up the majority of events that are stressful.
C)Most people effectively deal with everyday stress through the use of defense mechanisms.
D)Minor stressors always produce minor effects.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a major source of stress described in your textbook?

A)Change
B)Internal conflict
C)Frustration
D)Socialization

Question 17

Which of the following is a common kind of frustration leading to stress?

A)Anger
B)Anxiety
C)Losses
D)Subjective threat

Question 18

Primary appraisal is an initial evaluation of whether an event is

A)imminent.
B)detrimental to one's health.
C)relevant and stressful.
D)expected.

Question 19

The term "ambient stress" refers to

A)stress that seems to have no identifiable source.
B)specific situations in which stress is most likely to occur.
C)chronic environmental conditions that place adaptive demands on people.
D)stressful situations that result from demands placed on us by others.

Question 20

Dealing with a rude store clerk and waiting for the results of an examination are two examples of

A)acute stressors.
B)ambient stressors.
C)environmental stressors.
D)chronic stressors.

Question 21

Internal conflict occurs when

A)pursuit of an important goal is thwarted.
B)an event is perceived as threatening.
C)two incompatible behavioral impulses compete for expression.
D)ambiguous stimuli are encountered in the environment.

Question 22

Research suggests that positive emotional reactions to stress may have the adaptive quality of enhancing

A)fear reactions.
B)social,intellectual,and physical resources.
C)avoidance strategies.
D)use of defense mechanisms.

Question 23

Which of the following researchers designed a scale to measure pressure as a form of life stress?

A)Albert Bandura
B)Thomas Holmes
C)Neil Miller
D)Wayne Weiten

Question 24

Psychologists study responses to stress at which of the following levels?

A)Behavioral
B)Emotional
C)Physiological
D)All of the above

Question 25

Whenever others expect you to conform to their expectations or perform in certain ways,you tend to experience

A)anger.
B)conflict.
C)frustration.
D)pressure.

Question 26

Research supports a previous theory that internal conflicts generate considerable psychological stress.The theorist who first proposed this was

A)Freud.
B)Watson.
C)Selye.
D)Maslow.

Question 27

You want to ask someone for a date,but you are afraid of being rejected.Which of the following types of conflict applies to your situation?

A)Approach-approach
B)Avoidance-avoidance
C)Approach-avoidance
D)Frustration-aggression

Question 28

Weiten's research on the stressful effects of pressure indicates that there is a strong relationship between pressure and

A)the appraisal of stress.
B)measures of procrastination.
C)a variety of psychological problems.
D)stress-induced physiological arousal.

Question 29

Current research indicates that

A)positive change is typically more stressful than negative change.
B)only negative change is stressful.
C)we have little reason to believe that change is inevitably stressful.
D)all change is inevitably stressful.

Question 30

Research with the Social Readjustment Rating Scale has shown that people with higher scores

A)are less susceptible to stress.
B)know from experience how to handle stress.
C)tend to have pessimistic outlooks on life.
D)are vulnerable to physical and psychological problems.

Question 31

Holmes and Rahe concluded that change is stressful

A)only when it is undesirable.
B)only when it is overwhelming.
C)whether it is undesirable or desirable.
D)only when accompanied by pressure.

Question 32

are largely uncontrollable and are accompanied by physiological changes.

A)Conflicts
B)Pressures
C)Stressors
D)Emotions

Question 33

are any noticeable alteration in one's life circumstances.

A)Stressors
B)Life conflicts
C)Life changes
D)Dissonances

Question 34

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale was designed to measure

A)frustration.
B)all kinds of stress.
C)change-related stress.
D)the anxiety produced by certain events.

Question 35

Research findings indicate that subjective cognitive appraisals may influence a person's responses to stressors.

A)emotional
B)social
C)controllable
D)perceptual

Question 36

Approach-avoidance conflicts often produce

A)vacillation.
B)frustration.
C)aggression.
D)self-directed anger.

Question 37

Generally,which kind of conflict tends to be the least stressful?

A)Approach-approach
B)Avoidance-avoidance
C)Approach-avoidance
D)All types are equally stressful.

Question 38

Ruth has been dealing with the loss of her home in a fire.According to Lazarus's research,Ruth is most likely to experience

A)positive emotions.
B)negative emotions.
C)both positive and negative emotions.
D)post-traumatic stress disorder.

Question 39

You are a talented artist and good at mathematics.You enjoy both and don't know which to major in at college. Which of the following types of conflict applies to your situation?

A)Approach-approach
B)Avoidance-avoidance
C)Approach-avoidance
D)Frustration-aggression

Question 40

According to research,Janet has found studying for finals and her graduate exams so stressful that the only behavior NOT likely to occur is

A)poorer academic performance.
B)escape behaviors such as drinking.
C)increased depression.
D)increased concentration.

Question 41

Hans Seyle's work was important because it showed

A)how prolonged physiological arousal that is meant to be adaptive could lead to diseases.
B)how ambient stress could lead to a traumatic stress response.
C)that positive change is just as stressful as negative change.
D)that children do not react to stress the same way that adults do.

Question 42

is credited with formulating the theory of stress reactions called the general adaptation syndrome.

A)Hans Selye
B)Neal Miller
C)Walter Cannon
D)Michael Scheier

Question 43

Research on gender and the fight-or-flight response indicates that

A)fighting may be more adaptive for females than males because females need to fight off predators from their offspring.
B)fighting and fleeing may be less adaptive for females because both responses may endanger offspring.
C)men are more likely to fight and women are more likely to flee.
D)men and women are equally likely to expend a lot of effort on the care of offspring in times of stress.

Question 44

Seyle's general adaptation model has been criticized because

A)it ignores cultural influences on stress.
B)the order in which the stages occur may vary between individuals.
C)it ignores individual differences in the appraisal of stress.
D)there is no link between stress and physical illness.

Question 45

In humans,the fight-or-flight response is less adaptive than it was in ancestral humans because

A)our stresses are usually of short duration.
B)social evolution has surpassed biological evolution.
C)most modern human stresses can't be managed with these strategies.
D)modern humans don't have adequate equipment to fight or flee from threats.

Question 46

After barely squeezing through Anatomy 101 with a passing grade,you sleep 16 hours a day for the first 10 days of summer break and refuse to see any of your friends.You are in the stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

A)alarm
B)exhaustion
C)resistance
D)extinction

Question 47

The correct order of stages in the general adaptation syndrome is

A)resistance,alarm,exhaustion.
B)alarm,exhaustion,resistance.
C)resistance,exhaustion,alarm.
D)alarm,resistance,exhaustion.

Question 48

You realize that no matter how much you hate writing,you will not be able to drop out of English class this semester if you want to go to the graduate school of your choice.You hunker down for a miserable semester of hard and studious labor.You are in the stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

A)alarm
B)exhaustion
C)resistance
D)extinction

Question 49

The fight-or-flight response occurs in the

A)cerebral cortex.
B)parasympathetic division of the limbic system.
C)sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
D)synaptic vesicles in the brain.

Question 50

Being followed when walking home late at night or narrowly escaping a car accident are experiences that would activate the

A)resistance reaction.
B)alarm reaction.
C)non-sympathetic nervous system.
D)exhaustion reaction.

Question 51

The fight-or-flight response is a reaction that begins in response to a threat.This is a(n)reaction.

A)involuntary
B)voluntary
C)unusual
D)cultural

Question 52

are hormones that help mobilize the body for action.

A)Amphetamines
B)Immunosteroids
C)Catecholamines
D)Neurotransmitters

Question 53

An alternative to the fight-or-flight response that may be present for females is the

A)tend-and-befriend response.
B)lock-and-load response.
C)freeze-and-free-up response.
D)cat-and-mouse response.

Question 54

Betty jumped when she heard a loud crashing sound behind her.This is because her sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A)was conserving her bodily resources.
B)was preparing to tend for those in stressful circumstances.
C)was mobilizing her bodily resources for emergencies.
D)was calming her body after the fight-or-flight response.

Question 55

The general adaptation syndrome is a

A)general coping strategy for dealing with stress.
B)severe stress-related psychological disorder.
C)set of bodily responses to stress.
D)physiological-based solution for stressful problems.

Question 56

The correlation between test-related anxiety and exam performance is thought to be

A)positive.
B)negative.
C)U-shaped.
D)nonexistent.

Question 57

You hate mathematics and feel a knot forming in your stomach when you read in the college catalog that Calculus I is required for your chosen major.You are in the stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

A)alarm
B)exhaustion
C)resistance
D)extinction

Question 58

Sometimes,anxiety helps us by motivating us to study for a test,but if we become too anxious,we pass our optimal level of arousal and spend too much time worrying instead of studying.This type of correlation is described as

A)a downward spiral.
B)the inverted-U hypothesis.
C)negative.
D)positive.

Question 59

The "fight­or­flight" response was first described by

A)Martin Seligman.
B)Ray Rosenman.
C)Walter Cannon.
D)Hans Selye.

Question 60

Optimal level of arousal is related to

A)level of self-esteem.
B)the complexity of the task.
C)personality type.
D)optimism of the individual.

Question 61

Mark has been working in a men's clothing store for over a year.Most days,he is the only employee present and does all tasks and sales on his own.The owner of the store rarely stops by,and when he does,he complains that Mark has not sold enough.Mark may have some psychological problems due to chronic stress.Which of the following is NOT a likely reaction?

A)Insomnia
B)Sexual difficulties
C)Homicidal feelings
D)All of the above

Question 62

Research reveals that stress often contributes to the onset of which of the following?

A)Depression
B)Schizophrenia
C)Eating disorders
D)All of the above

Question 63

Recent research on the effect of pressure on task performance in "normal" subjects suggests that

A)choking under pressure is fairly common.
B)choking under pressure is just an excuse.
C)choking under pressure is a phenomenon unique to amateur performers.
D)normal people are less likely to choke under pressure than are professional athletes.

Question 64

Psychosomatic diseases are

A)common reactions to single traumatic events.
B)psychological disturbances associated with burnout.
C)imaginary physical ailments caused by psychological factors.
D)genuine physical ailments caused partly by psychological factors.

Question 65

Pressure to perform may disrupt attention to task performance by

A)making one feel self-conscious.
B)making one focus on the task.
C)encouraging one to focus on the source of the pressure.
D)overemphasizing the importance of the task.

Question 66

The "master gland" of the endocrine system is the

A)pituitary.
B)adrenal cortex.
C)adrenal medulla.
D)hypothalamus.

Question 67

Mounting evidence from research indicates that stress may the functioning of the immune system.

A)stimulate
B)destroy
C)suppress
D)enhance

Question 68

Research findings indicate that on a cognitive task,stress may increase one's tendency to

A)systematically review options.
B)jump to conclusions too quickly.
C)consider a variety of options.
D)organize information into categories.

Question 69

Bart coped with flunking his midterm by telling everyone he was positive his professor's poor teaching was the reason Bart got such a bad grade.This is an example of

A)adaptive behavior.
B)positive coping.
C)how coping allowed him to handle the situation effectively.
D)an unhealthy coping response.

Question 70

Psychosomatic disease because of research on stress.

A)has fallen into disuse
B)is popular
C)is unrelated to stress
D)none of these

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of burnout?

A)Lowered self-efficacy
B)Immediate traumatic stresses
C)Cynicism
D)Emotional exhaustion

Question 72

Signs of burnout in the workplace include

A)decreased production.
B)increased health problems.
C)increased absenteeism.
D)all of the above.

Question 73

involves active efforts to master,reduce,or tolerate the demands of stress.

A)Coping
B)Adjustment
C)Stress tolerance
D)General adaptation

Question 74

Post-traumatic stress disorder involves

A)immediate reaction to stressful war experiences.
B)stress reactions in anticipation of a traumatic event.
C)psychological disturbance due to the experience of a major traumatic event.
D)psychotic reactions to chronic stress,which emerge after one leaves the stressful environment.

Question 75

Which of the following was NOT cited in your text as a disruptive effect of severe stress on cognitive functioning?

A)Inability to integrate new information
B)Reduced working memory efficiency
C)Decrease in cortisol production
D)Poorly organized view of options

Question 76

Physical and emotional exhaustion and a lowered sense of self-efficacy due to work-related stress is called

A)burnout.
B)reaction formation disorder.
C)the general adaptation syndrome.
D)post-traumatic stress disorder.

Question 77

Which of the following is NOT a beneficial effect that may result from stress?

A)Satisfies the need for stimulation and challenge
B)Increases optimism
C)Promotes personal growth
D)Inoculates against later stresses

Question 78

Terry has been practicing freethrow shots in the backyard.Terry has the chance to shoot a half-court basket for a $10,000 prize at a professional basketball game.Research indicates that Terry is

A)more likely to make the shot in front of a large crowd than in the backyard,because the added pressure increases the ability to filter out distractions.
B)less likely to choke under the pressure than a professional athlete,because professionals have their job on the line.
C)very likely to choke under pressure.
D)less likely to make the shot if Terry is female.

Question 79

Coping efforts are

A)not necessarily adaptive or maladaptive.
B)necessarily healthy.
C)permanent.
D)effective.

Question 80

Which of the following appears to be a key factor in predicting who is most likely to develop PTSD following a traumatic event?

A)The age of the victim
B)The place of the traumatic event
C)The intensity of the person's reaction at the time of the traumatic event
D)The person's intelligence