Deck 6: Sampling

Question 1

A description of a cluster sample might be ______.

A) people who respond to a mailed survey make up the sample
B) all students who sign up for a study make up the sample
C) 60% of the population is left handed so 60% of the subjects chosen are also left handed
D) subjects are selected from a local preschool class to represent preschoolers who live in the area

Answer 1

subjects are selected from a local preschool class to represent preschoolers who live in the area

Question 2

The percentage of people out of the total number available who respond to a survey is called the ______.

A) response rate
B) reply speed
C) response speed
D) percentage rate

Answer 2

response rate

Question 3

Individuals are selected at random from a list of phone numbers to be called for a survey making the sampling used a ______.

A) simple random
B) stratified random
C) haphazard/volunteer
D) cluster

Answer 3

simple random

Question 4

The difference in scores that occurs when we test a sample drawn out of the population is ______.

A) sampling error
B) stratified error
C) cluster error
D) independent error

Question 5

The sampling technique that is likely to create the largest amount of sampling error ______.

A) stratified random sample
B) simple random sample
C) volunteer sample
D) cluster sample

Question 6

The most common type of convenience sample used by psychologists is the ______ sample.

A) simple random
B) cluster
C) haphazard
D) stratified random

Question 7

Individuals are selected from a participant pool made up of students at a university who volunteer for the study. This type of sampling is ______.

A) simple random sample
B) stratified random sample
C) haphazard/volunteer sample
D) cluster sample

Question 8

The most likely population for this study is ______.

A) all Americans
B) all people
C) all adults over age 60
D) all adults who exercise

Question 9

Convenience samples will likely increase the amount of sampling error in the study, lowering its ______ validity by making a test of the hypotheses less accurate.

A) external
B) sample
C) haphazard
D) internal

Question 10

The sampling technique that involves choosing individuals from the population such that individuals are chosen from a pre-existing group ______.

A) simple random sample
B) cluster sample
C) haphazard sample
D) stratified random sample

Question 11

The sampling technique that is likely to create the smallest amount of sampling error ______.

A) cluster sample
B) simple random sample
C) volunteer sample
D) stratified random sample

Question 12

The ______ is the group of individuals a researcher wants to learn about in a study, whereas the ______ is the group of individuals tested in a study.

A) sample; population
B) population; sample
C) population; sampling error
D) sampling error; population

Question 13

The sampling technique that involves choosing individuals from the population such that individuals from the population who volunteer are selected ______.

A) simple random sample
B) quota sample
C) haphazard sample
D) stratified random sample

Question 14

The sampling technique used for this study is ______.

A) simple random sample
B) quota sample
C) volunteer sample
D) stratified random sample

Question 15

Volunteers are selected from students such that the proportion of students in each age range in the sample matches the proportion in the population, using ______ type of sampling.

A) quota sample
B) stratified random sample
C) haphazard/volunteer sample
D) cluster sample

Question 16

The sampling technique that involves choosing individuals from the population at random where each individual has an equal chance of being selected is ______.

A) simple random sample
B) quota sample
C) volunteer sample
D) stratified random sample

Question 17

Students are selected at random from lists of students at a university organized by class level such that the proportion of individuals at each class level in the population of students matches the proportion selected for the sample. This type of sampling is ______.

A) simple random sample
B) stratified random sample
C) haphazard/volunteer sample
D) cluster sample

Question 18

A quota sample example might be described as ______.

A) people who respond to a mailed survey make up the sample
B) all students who sign up for a study make up the sample
C) 60% of the population is left handed so 60% of the participants chosen are also left handed
D) participants are selected from a local preschool class to represent preschoolers who live in the area

Question 19

The sampling technique that involves choosing individuals from the population at random where the proportions of members of different groups are the same in the population and the sample is ______.

A) simple random sample
B) cluster sample
C) volunteer sample
D) stratified random sample

Question 20

Individuals are selected at random for a study from a list of members of Girl Scout troops to represent the population of girls aged 8-13. This sampling is ______.

A) simple random sample
B) stratified random sample
C) haphazard/volunteer sample
D) cluster sample

Question 21

Study participant recruitment incentives may be influential to certain types of students making the results ______.

A) less difficult to generalize
B) more difficult to generalize
C) more narrow in scope
D) less narrow in scope

Question 22

It is important to use a ______ sample when sampling error is likely to be large.

A) convenience
B) haphazard
C) volunteer
D) probability

Question 23

In convenience samples the probability of an individual being chosen from the population cannot be determined, because individuals are ______.

A) not entirely voluntary
B) less representative
C) not chosen randomly
D) more likely to drop out

Question 24

A sample chosen such that individuals are chosen with a specific probability is ______ sampling.

A) convenience
B) haphazard
C) volunteer
D) probability

Question 25

Probability samples can ______ the amount of sampling error that exists in a study.

A) increase
B) double
C) reduce
D) eliminate

Question 26

______ require access in some way to the entire population to select individuals according to a predetermined probability value.

A) Convenience samples
B) Haphazard samples
C) Volunteer samples
D) Probability samples

Question 27

Convenience samples are also called ______.

A) volunteer samples
B) haphazard samples
C) cluster samples
D) purposive samples

Question 28

Simple random samples can be difficult to obtain for ______ populations.

A) small
B) large
C) diverse
D) homogenous

Question 29

______ participants may be more likely to respond to e-mail contacts, whereas ______ participants may be more likely to respond to phone contacts.

A) Younger; older
B) Older; younger
C) Male; female
D) Female; male

Question 30

Kahn and Schlosser (2010) study of doctoral students stratified programs ______ and ______.

A) by area; by size
B) by age; by area
C) by gender; by size
D) by age; by gender

Question 31

The ______ population is the population to which the researcher wishes to generalize the results of the study.

A) target
B) general
C) accessible
D) universal

Question 32

Convenience samples make it more difficult to generalize the results of the study to the population, lowering its ______.

A) internal validity
B) external validity
C) power
D) probability

Question 33

A sample chosen such that the probability of an individual being chosen cannot be determined is a ______.

A) convenience sample
B) haphazard sample
C) volunteer sample
D) probability sample

Question 34

Convenience samples likely increase the amount of sampling error in the study, lowering its ______.

A) internal validity
B) external validity
C) power
D) probability

Question 35

Unlike a stratified random sample, the ______ sample will make use of convenience sampling techniques such as recruiting participants from a participant sign-up pool or asking students sitting in the library to fill out the survey.

A) simple random
B) quota
C) volunteer
D) haphazard

Question 36

Sampling error will ______ whenever observations differ greatly from participant to participant in a sample.

A) increase
B) slightly decrease
C) stay the same
D) significantly decrease

Question 37

The ______ is not a probability sample.

A) simple random sample
B) stratified random sample
C) cluster sample
D) haphazard sample

Question 38

In a simple random sample, if a population has 100 individuals, the chance of any one individual being selected for the sample is ______.

A) 1 in 100
B) 50 in 100
C) 4 in 100
D) 10 in 100

Question 39

One way to fix the problem of lessened representativeness in cluster sampling is to ______ of clusters in the sampling procedure.

A) use another level
B) eliminate some
C) switch participants
D) use larger sizes

Question 40

Internet samples are typically less representative of the population of interest than samples that are collected face-to-face.

Question 41

Suppose you were conducting a study to evaluate the validity of a new questionnaire. You need 1,000 individuals to complete the new survey of 10 items and a previously validated survey of 15 items. Explain how you would choose your sample for this study and why.

Question 42

All studies, regardless of sampling technique, are subject to sampling error.

Question 43

Quota samples are similar to stratified random samples without the random selection from subsets of the population.

Question 44

Explain why probability samples are likely to have less sampling error than convenience samples.

Question 45

The cable sports channel ESPN often presents results of surveys they conduct by posting questions on their website and asking viewers to respond.
Describe two sources of bias that can increase sampling error for these surveys, assuming the population of interest is all individuals who watch ESPN.

Question 46

Discuss how a research study's response rate affects the overall study.

Question 47

Discuss the recruiting of study participants and what researchers need to consider.

Question 48

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using an Internet sample?

Question 49

Important knowledge can still be gained about human behavior from studies where it is unclear how well the results generalize to everyday behaviors and populations.

Question 50

Convenience samples where past participants recommend future participants is acquaintance sampling.

Question 51

A disadvantage of cluster sampling is that a portion of the population may be missed in the sample, giving the researcher a sample that is not fully representative of the population.

Question 52

Describe the difference between a sample and a population and how sampling error occurs.

Question 53

It is usually possible to test the entire population in a research study.

Question 54

Cluster sampling makes it easier to choose members randomly from smaller clusters to better represent the population.

Question 55

Many researchers have argued that results from psychological studies using volunteer college students for samples are not informative about the behavior in the general population.

Question 56

Volunteer samples are uncommon in psychological research.

Question 57

All sampling error can be removed from a study if the appropriate sampling technique is used.

Question 58

External validity of a study should be considered when conclusions are drawn from results collected with a convenience sample.

Question 59

Stratified random sampling ensures equal probability of being chosen from a large population.

Question 60

In convenience samples the probability of an individual being chosen from the population cannot be determined, because individuals are not chosen randomly.