Deck 3: The Influence of Attitudes on Information Processing and Behavior

Question 1

As described in your text.attitudes and behavior can be measured at a global level or at a specific level.When can one expect the highest correlations between attitudes and behavior?

A)when both attitudes and behavior are measured at the same level
B)when attitudes are measured at a specific level and behavior at a global level
C)when attitudes are measured at a global level and behavior at a specific level
D)when attitudes are measured at a specific level and a wide range of relevant behaviors are combined into a behavioral index

Answer 1

when both attitudes and behavior are measured at the same level

Question 2

Kraus (1995)observed that correlations between attitudes and behavior are ______.

A)higher among college students than non-students
B)lower among college students than non-students
C)low among college students and non-students
D)very high among college students and non-students

Answer 2

lower among college students than non-students

Question 3

According to Ajzen and Fishbein (1977).measures of attitude and behavior should correspond in these aspects.

A)target.emotion.cognition.and behavior
B)content.structure.and function
C)target.action.context.and time
D)content.reliability.and validity

Answer 3

target.action.context.and time

Question 4

Eagly.Chen.Chaiken.and Shaw-Barnes (1999)discuss why people show enhanced recall and recognition of information that is consistent with their attitudes when the topic is important to their values.They suggest this is the case because ______.

A)values have survival value in an evolutionary sense
B)value-related attitudes are typically more extreme than value-unrelated attitudes
C)value-related attitudes elicit content-relevant attention and thinking
D)a value-relevant topic elicits a desire to defend the self-concept

Question 5

The congeniality effect is the theoretical tendency to ______.

A)interpret neutral information as supportive of your own attitude
B)pay more attention to information that refutes your own attitude
C)better remember information that supports your attitude
D)see information that supports your attitude as being more valid

Question 6

A police department is interested in detecting prejudice in new recruits by examining their non-verbal behavior toward ethnic suspects.The department wants to know whether this behavior is actually linked to attitudes.Which measure do you suggest they use?

A)semantic-differential scales
B)Likert scales
C)a personalized Race IAT
D)an open-ended measure of attitude components

Question 7

"Attitudes are more likely to bias encoding and interpretation when the attitudes are easy to retrieve from memory." This hypothesis is corroborated by which of the following studies?

A)Houston and Fazio (1989)
B)Vallone.Ross.and Lepper (1985)
C)Hastorf and Cantril (1954)
D)none of these

Question 8

Vallone.Ross.and Lepper (1985)found that participants with ______.

A)ambivalent attitudes toward conflicts in the Middle East avoided neutral media stories about Israel and Palestine
B)pro-Israeli attitudes perceived neutral media stories as being sympathetic to Israel
C)pro-Palestinian attitudes perceived neutral media stories as being hostile to Israel
D)pro-Israeli attitudes perceived neutral media stories as being biased in favour of Palestinians

Question 9

Cooke and Sheeran (2004)found that attitude accessibility and direct experience with an attitude object increase the magnitude of attitude-behavior correlations.This finding.among others.led them to which of the conclusions below?

A)Accessibility and direct experience are interchangeable constructs.
B)The effect of direct experience on attitude-behavior relations is mediated by the effects of direct experience on attitude accessibility.
C)Attitude strength is an important moderator of attitude-behavior relations.
D)Attitude accessibility is one of many consequences of direct experience with an attitude object.

Question 10

The RIM model may help to explain why implicit measures of attitude ______.

A)differ in reliability
B)differ in validity
C)are weaker predictors of behavior than are explicit measures of attitude
D)are better predictors of spontaneous behavior than of deliberate behavior

Question 11

Which of the following statements is a valid criticism of Wicker's (1969)pessimistic conclusions about attitude-behavior relations?

A)Wicker only looked at 20 studies.
B)Many of the studies he reviewed contained imprecise measures of attitude and behavior.
C)Wicker obtained an average correlation (r = .35)that was stronger than he labelled it.
D)both Wicker only looked at 20 studies and Many of the studies he reviewed contained imprecise measures of attitude and behavior.

Question 12

Research on selective attention has found that ______.

A)people are more likely to encounter information that supports their attitudes.but they do not seek this information out
B)people pay more attention to information that supports their attitude.but only when they are high in self-monitoring
C)people always seek out information that supports their attitude
D)people pay more attention to information that supports their attitude when the opposing information does not seem highly useful and non-refutable

Question 13

Tim has a strong negative attitude toward nuclear power; Sarah dislikes nuclear power too.but has a much weaker attitude.One day.both get asked to donate to a campaign against nuclear power.According Holland.Verplanken.and Ad van Knippenberg (2002).what should be the effect of this behavior?

A)Tim's behavior won't change his attitude.while Sarah's attitude will depend on how much she donates.
B)Tim and Sarah will both change their attitudes to be consistent with the amount that they donate.in order to reduce dissonance.
C)Tim will base his donations on his prior attitude.while Sarah will not donate and will therefore become more negative toward nuclear power.
D)Tim and Sarah will both maintain their prior attitudes.because negative attitudes resist change even when they are weak.

Question 14

Kraus (1995)found that attitude-behavior correlations are stronger for voting behavior than for blood donations.Which of the following interpretations of this result are best supported by the available evidence?

A)Value-expressive attitudes are strong predictors of relevant action.
B)Emotion-based attitudes are weaker predictors of behavior.
C)Ambivalence toward politicians increases attitude-voting correspondence.
D)Attitudes toward politicians are higher in direct experience than attitudes toward blood donation.

Question 15

When could one expect attitudes to lead to biased judgments?

A)when attitudes guide behaviors
B)when attitudes are anchored in one's personality
C)when attitudes are extreme
D)when attitudes are ambivalent