Deck 1: Looking at Abnormality

Question 1

________ noted that, throughout history, societies have labeled individuals and groups abnormal in order to justify controlling or silencing them.

A)Thomas Szasz
B)Samuel Cartwright
C)Clifford Beers
D)Johann Weyer

Answer 1

Thomas Szasz

Question 2

The study of abnormal psychology is the study of people who suffer mental, emotional, and often physical pain.This is also referred to as

A)psychopathology.
B)psychometry.
C)parapsychology.
D)behavioral psychology.

Answer 2

psychopathology.

Question 3

When an observer takes into account the context or circumstances surrounding someone's behavior to determine whether they are normal or abnormal, it means that:

A)the observer assesses the behavior based on her/his own biases and prejudices.
B)the observer considers the behavior normal if it seems appropriate for that particular situation.
C)the observer judges the individual's personality based on the observer's cognitive abilities.
D)the observer's evaluation of the behavior lacks any theoretical grounding.

Answer 3

the observer considers the behavior normal if it seems appropriate for that particular situation.

Question 4

The continuum model of abnormality demonstrates that:

A)there is a clear distinction between dysfunctional and deviant behavior.
B)psychologists must make objective decisions about what warrants a diagnosis.
C)individuals are labeled as either having a disorder or not having one.
D)no sharp line exists between what is normal and abnormal.

Question 5

To qualify as abnormal, behaviors, thoughts, and feelings must be

A)diagnosable.
B)unusual, distressing, impairing, or dangerous.
C)identifiable in the DSM-5.
D)violent.

Question 6

An advantage of cultural relativism is that:

A)it does not impose the standards of one culture on judgments of abnormality.
B)there is a tendency to view all behaviors that are unusual, or deviant, as abnormal.
C)it allows those in power to label and silence minorities by labeling them as abnormal.
D)it does not adopt a continuum perspective of abnormal behavior; rather, it is an either/or proposition.

Question 7

Cultural relativists argue that:

A)behaviors must be universally accepted to be considered normal.
B)context, and not culture, influences the evaluation of behaviors as abnormal.
C)the use of gender roles as a basis for assessing abnormal behaviors can be misleading.
D)no universal standards or rules exist for labeling behaviors as abnormal.

Question 8

Historically, which three types of theories have been used to define abnormal behavior?

A)Sociological, religious, and psychological
B)Biological, psychological, and sociological
C)Biological, sociological, and supernatural
D)Biological, supernatural, and psychological

Question 9

Which of the following is true of the distress criterion for abnormality?

A)The individual has no desire to be rid of the disruptive behavior.
B)The behavior must violate societal norms.
C)The individual must suffer as a result of the behavior.
D)The behavior must also meet the unusualness criteria.

Question 10

Which criterion for abnormality implies that the presence of a disease is causing given behavior?

A)Deviance
B)Unusualness
C)Distress
D)Mental Illness

Question 11

The supernatural perspective on abnormality most supported ________ as an approach to treatment.

A)relaxation
B)herbal medication
C)exorcism
D)restoration of bodily health

Question 12

When determining abnormality, behaviors, thoughts, and ________ are assessed.

A)family history
B)genetics
C)feelings
D)medication

Question 13

The practice of drilling circular holes in the skulls of people displaying abnormal behaviors in order to free evil spirits was known as

A)trephination.
B)exorcism.
C)atonement.
D)blood letting.

Question 14

Theorists who argue that behaviors can only be abnormal relative to cultural norms, are proponents of:

A)cultural hegemony.
B)cultural regeneration.
C)cultural imperialism.
D)cultural relativism.

Question 15

Rachel teaches the second grade and suspects that two students in her class have behavioral problems.Although she works fervently to keep the class running smoothly, the students' behaviors continually disrupt the learning environment.When the two students blurt out the answers before being called upon, push others in line, or constantly get out of their seats, other students become distracted and irritated.According to which criterion will these students' behaviors most likely be considered abnormal?

A)Cultural relativism
B)Mental illness
C)Distress
D)Gender relativism

Question 16

In some parts of the world, corporal punishment is a traditional child rearing practice, whereas the practice is frowned upon in other places.In the context of abnormality, this is reflective of

A)mental illness.
B)dysfunction.
C)distress.
D)cultural relativism.

Question 17

Which of the following incorrectly pairs the historical perspective on abnormal behavior with an abnormality?

A)Psychological theories/trauma
B)Supernatural theories/chronic stress
C)Biological theories/physical disease
D)Supernatural theories/divine intervention

Question 18

Margaret is a 27-year-old soccer mom who never misses her daughter's games.Her friends argue that her behavior is embarrassing, and she is making a fool of herself when she repeatedly yells and jumps to her feet.Margaret insists that no one is paying attention to her behavior and states, "It's a soccer game-people are expected to get excited!" Which of the following determines whether Margaret's behavior is normal?

A)Her social status
B)Gender differences
C)The context in which it is performed
D)Individual differences

Question 19

In the context of cultural relativism, when the slave trade was active in the United States, slaves who tried to escape bondage could be diagnosed with a mental disease that was said to have caused them to:

A)misunderstand their roles.
B)desire freedom from their masters.
C)refuse to work in the fields.
D)experience delusions of grandeur.

Question 20

What are "the four Ds" of abnormality?

A)Distress, delusion, deviance, and derision
B)Deviance, dysfunction, disorder, and danger
C)Danger, disorder, delusion, and dysfunction
D)Dysfunction, distress, deviance, and dangerousness

Question 21

Hippocrates classified abnormal behavior into which set of categories?

A)Hysteria, phobia, mania, and epilepsy
B)Melancholia, epilepsy, phobia, and mania
C)Brain fever, hysteria, phobia, and melancholia
D)Epilepsy, mania, melancholia, and brain fever

Question 22

Which of the following is true about a widespread response to individuals who were considered insane in ancient times?

A)The state built asylums and institutions to house and care for individuals who were considered insane.
B)The state could take rights away from people declared insane and could award the property of insane people to their relatives.
C)People declared insane were allowed to marry and could acquire or dispose of their own property.
D)Poor people who were considered insane were simply left to roam the streets, even if they were violent.

Question 23

Which ancient text on abnormal behavior is the oldest?

A)Oxyrhynchus Papyri
B)Magdalen Papyrus
C)Kahun Papyrus
D)Elephantine Papyri

Question 24

Prior to the eleventh century, which of the following was most often seen as the cause of bizarre behavior?

A)Severe emotional shock
B)Demons
C)Curses and superstition
D)Religious persecution

Question 25

A psychic epidemic broke out in the early 1990s in a Rhode Island high school.The students and their teachers experienced nausea, headaches, dizziness, and symptoms of mild carbon monoxide intoxication.The behaviors were attributed to:

A)mass hysteria prompted by fears of chemical warfare.
B)increased violence in schools across the country.
C)hormonal imbalances associated with adolescence.
D)rebellious attitudes toward school authorities.

Question 26

Which Greek term is used today to refer to physiological symptoms that are probably the result of psychological processes?

A)Apathea
B)Hysteria
C)Thanatos
D)Choleric

Question 27

Dance frenzies are examples of

A)psychic epidemics.
B)self-hypnotic suggestion.
C)substance-induced psychosis.
D)psychotic episodes.

Question 28

Which two individuals argued that persons accused of being witches were mentally ill, and, consequently, had their writings banned by the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century?

A)Reginald Scot and Teresa of Avila
B)Johann Weyer and Reginald Scot
C)Teresa of Avila and Johann Weyer
D)Thomas Szasz and Teresa of Avila

Question 29

Ancient Egyptians and Greeks held that a woman's uterus:

A)caused psychological abnormalities by dislodging and wandering inside the body.
B)contained mystical powers that caused it to create physiological harmony.
C)made women inferior to men and made women suffer emotional pain more often than men.
D)made women superior as it possessed the power of creation.

Question 30

Xia has been feeling sad and lonely over the last several days.According to ancient Chinese medical philosophy, Xia's mood is likely the result of:

A)vital air flowing on the lungs.
B)a lack of positive force.
C)bewitchment.
D)excessive chaos in her life.

Question 31

Which of the following is true of psychic epidemics?

A)They are generally seen in groups that experiment with psychoactive substances.
B)They are generally seen across all levels of socioeconomic status.
C)They are strictly confined to spiritual experiences.
D)They are now under study from a social psychology perspective.

Question 32

According to ancient Chinese medicine, excited insanity was due to the presence of a(n):

A)minimal negative force.
B)excessive negative force.
C)minimal positive force.
D)excessive positive force.

Question 33

Which of the following ancient Greeks argued that madness arose when the rational mind was overcome by impulse, passion, or appetite?

A)Aristotle
B)Plato
C)Socrates
D)Homer

Question 34

According to Hippocrates, abnormal behavior could be attributed to imbalances in the four basic humors of the body.Which of the following courses of treatment was used to restore the balance?

A)Fasting
B)Ostracism
C)Bleeding the patient
D)Spiritual exorcism

Question 35

Most Greeks and Romans saw madness as:

A)a cause for physical disease.
B)a result of chronic stress.
C)an affliction from the gods.
D)a result of trauma.

Question 36

Yin and yang (positive and negative forces)are concepts from ancient

A)China.
B)Greece.
C)Egypt.
D)Rome.

Question 37

What phenomenon, seen in Italy in the fourteenth century, was attributed to a tarantula bite, causing people to jump around, dance wildly, tear at their clothes, and beat each other with whips?

A)Tarantism
B)Tarantella
C)Saint Vitus's dance
D)Comas enfermas

Question 38

Which of the following are defined as a phenomenon in which large numbers of people engage in unusual behaviors that appear to have a psychological origin?

A)Psychic catastrophes
B)Psychic epidemics
C)Psychic projections
D)Psychic illusions

Question 39

Which historical figures argued that some forms of madness were divine and could be the source of great literary and prophetic gifts?

A)Socrates and Plato
B)Plato and Hippocrates
C)Homer and Plato
D)Hippocrates and Socrates

Question 40

Hippocrates attributed abnormality to:

A)afflictions from the gods.
B)divine intervention.
C)chronic stress and trauma.
D)imbalances in bodily humors.

Question 41

Brain pathology as an explanation for psychological disorders was systematically argued by

A)Wilhelm Wundt.
B)Richard von Krafft-Ebing.
C)Franz Anton Mesmer.
D)Wilhelm Griesinger.

Question 42

The Viennese psychiatrist credited with discovering a connection between paresis and syphilis was

A)Emil Kraepelin.
B)Richard Krafft-Ebing.
C)Alfred Adler.
D)Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 43

Tuke's idea of moral treatment meant:

A)giving patients monetary compensation for their previous maltreatment.
B)helping patients get social support from family members and neighbors who had previously rejected them.
C)restoring patients' self-restraint by treating them with respect and dignity and by encouraging them to exercise self-control.
D)helping patients reconnect spiritually with their families and community.

Question 44

The nineteenth-century reformation movement that included rest, relaxation, and prayer in the treatment of mental illnesses was called the:

A)movement for moral treatment.
B)mental hygiene movement.
C)deinstitutionalization movement.
D)community mental health movement.

Question 45

The first Act for Regulating Madhouses, enacted in England, was created in part to:

A)promote public sympathy for the mentally ill.
B)improve the deplorable conditions of mental institutions.
C)provide jobs for poor people confined to madhouses.
D)reduce crime by removing unstable people from the streets.

Question 46

Which of the following individuals opened an asylum in England called The Retreat?

A)William Tuke
B)Philippe Pinel
C)Dorothea Dix
D)Benjamin Rush

Question 47

Who among the following maintained that abnormal behavior was caused by excessive blood in the brain?

A)Dorothea Dix
B)William Tuke
C)Benjamin Rush
D)Philippe Pinel

Question 48

Philippe Pinel, a leader in the moral treatment movement, ordered that the chains be removed from patients because he believed that:

A)their conditions were specifically the result of their separation from the rest of society.
B)the patients' health could be improved by restoring their dignity and tranquility.
C)abnormal behaviors were rooted in supernatural theories and patients needed the freedom to practice their faith.
D)patients were virtually harmless as long as they were properly medicated.

Question 49

One of America's most militant crusaders for the moral treatment of the mentally ill was

A)Helen of Troy.
B)Dorothea Dix.
C)Teresa of Avila.
D)Florence Nightingale.

Question 50

________ developed a scheme of classifying symptoms into discrete disorders that is the basis for our modern classification systems.

A)Wilhelm Griesinger
B)Emil Kraepelin
C)Richard Krafft-Ebing
D)Jean Charcot

Question 51

Which of the following statements about Dorothea Dix is true?

A)She was a European who experienced maltreatment first hand, and immigrated to America to escape the public's insensitivity toward the mentally ill.
B)America rejected her efforts to improve conditions for the mentally ill, and her life was threatened several times.
C)She found the treatment of the mentally ill in America dehumanizing and set out on a quest to improve their condition by lobbying in different states to get laws passed.
D)Although several new hospitals for the insane were established in America during the mid to late 1800s, she could not get them to adopt the humanitarian treatment she advocated.

Question 52

According to Franz Anton Mesmer,

A)animal spirits were capable of penetrating and strangling the human spirit causing people to behave abnormally.
B)people evolved from animals, and the abnormal behaviors were simply a level above animal behaviors.
C)the distribution of a magnetic fluid in a person could be influenced by the magnetic forces of other people, as well as by the alignments of the planets.
D)people exhibited abnormal behaviors because of excess blood in their brains.

Question 53

During the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, European mental hospitals humiliated mentally ill patients by:

A)exhibiting their conditions to the public for a fee.
B)parading them down the streets in chains.
C)having them sentenced to prison terms.
D)creating deplorable conditions to keep them submissive.

Question 54

Philippe Pinel was instrumental in the moral treatment of the mentally ill in

A)England.
B)America.
C)Italy.
D)France.

Question 55

In the twelfth century, in the Belgian town of ________, townspeople regularly took into their homes the mentally ill visiting the shrine of Saint Dymphna for cures.

A)Bruges
B)Gheel
C)Waterloo
D)Ostend

Question 56

Many public hospitals at the turn of the twentieth century:

A)were sufficiently staffed with professionals to provide individual attention to patients.
B)were no better than warehouses because of reduced funding and decline in quality of care.
C)had slightly lower quality of care as compared to private institutions.
D)were generally built in the city limits, to regain public support for the mentally ill.

Question 57

In the late 1700s, James was isolated from the public by his family members on account of his mental illness.His family kept him locked in a room, and brought him his meals.However, his brother began to allow him to move more freely throughout the house.In addition, he was allowed to sit outside and work in the garden.The new approach to James's caregiving is representative of the

A)moral treatment model.
B)community mental health movement.
C)managed care system.
D)psychoanalytic perspective.

Question 58

Which of the following was an outcome of the rapid growth of the moral treatment movement?

A)The capacity of asylums to recruit mental health professionals significantly improved.
B)Physicians, nurses, and other caretakers did not have enough time to give each patient the attention he or she needed.
C)The number of patients who benefited from the moral treatment increased, and its effectiveness became unquestionable.
D)All patients, even those whose problems were not due to a loss of dignity or tranquility, benefited from moral treatment.

Question 59

The disease, ________, has been characterized as one of the single most important discoveries underpinning modern biological theories of abnormality.

A)general paresis
B)hysteria
C)gonorrhea
D)delirium

Question 60

The Hospital of Saint Mary of Bethlehem, in London, earned which nickname for its deplorable conditions?

A)Dollhaus
B)Tollkiste
C)Bethel Prison
D)Bedlam

Question 61

Which psychoanalytic theorist's method was later renamed hypnosis?

A)Franz Gall
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Franz Mesmer
D)Carl Jung

Question 62

Which psychoanalytic theorist is noted for his study of the unconscious?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Pierre Janet
C)Jean Charcot
D)Stanley Hall

Question 63

When a patient experiences catharsis, it means that the person has:

A)lost physical sensation in the body.
B)become anxious and wishes to withdraw.
C)experienced a release of emotions.
D)found a new meaning in life.

Question 64

Albert Bandura argued that people's beliefs about their ability to execute the behaviors necessary to control important events, which he called ________ beliefs, are crucial in determining people's well-being.

A)self-efficacy
B)self-regulation
C)self-esteem
D)self-motivation

Question 65

Which of the following statements is true about catharsis?

A)It focused on the realignment of people's magnetic fluids.
B)It resulted in more censored discussions of the patient's problems under hypnosis.
C)It allowed the therapist to elicit important psychological material more easily.
D)It was of little, if any, therapeutic value in terms of treating abnormality.

Question 66

Which of the following individuals is regarded as the best-known figure in psychiatry and psychology?

A)Ivan Pavlov
B)Sigmund Freud
C)John Watson
D)Erik Erikson

Question 67

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing?

A)Pavlov/classical conditioning
B)Skinner/classical conditioning
C)Watson/classical conditioning
D)Thorndike/operant conditioning

Question 68

________ argued that people prone to psychological disorders are plagued by irrational negative assumptions about themselves and the world.

A)Albert Bandura
B)Albert Ellis
C)Josef Breuer
D)Ivan Pavlov

Question 69

Which of the following people conceptualized the theory of self-efficacy beliefs?

A)Albert Bandura
B)Albert Ellis
C)Johann Weyer
D)Aaron Beck

Question 70

Pavlov's theory of learning focused on

A)operant conditioning.
B)social conditioning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)cognitive conditioning.

Question 71

Who were the authors of On the Psychical Mechanisms of Hysterical Phenomena published in 1893?

A)Freud and Breuer
B)Freud and Charcot
C)Freud and Adler
D)Freud and Hall

Question 72

Which individual argued that hysteria was caused by degeneration in the brain?

A)Franz Anton Mesmer
B)Jean Charcot
C)Ambroise-Auguste Liebault
D)Hippolyte-Marie Bernheim

Question 73

The experiment that demonstrated that dogs could be conditioned to salivate to stimuli other than food was conceptualized by

A)Ivan Pavlov.
B)John Watson.
C)B.F.Skinner.
D)Edward Thorndike.

Question 74

Operant or instrumental conditioning was theorized by

A)Thorndike and Skinner.
B)Pavlov and Watson.
C)Watson and Skinner.
D)Pavlov and Thorndike.

Question 75

Rapid advancement in anatomy, physiology, neurology, and chemistry in the late nineteenth century led to increasing focus on ________ causes of abnormality.

A)biological
B)psychological
C)sociological
D)ecological

Question 76

Operant conditioning theory states that learning:

A)requires the proper modeling of behavior.
B)is based on a teacher who gives instructions.
C)behavior requires two active participants.
D)is affected by the consequences of behavior.

Question 77

The thought processes that influence behavior and emotion are called

A)insights.
B)cognitions.
C)feelings.
D)behaviorisms.

Question 78

________ emphasizes the consequences of reinforcement and punishment on behavior.

A)Behaviorism
B)Cognition
C)Psychoanalysis
D)Mesmerism

Question 79

Which of the following individuals rejected the psychoanalytic and biological theories of abnormality and was inspired by Pavlov's work?

A)Carl Jung
B)John Watson
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Abraham Maslow

Question 80

Which of the following physicians showed that they could induce symptoms of hysteria through hypnosis?

A)Mesmer and Charcot
B)Charcot and Bernheim
C)Bernheim and Liebault
D)Liebault and Mesmer