Deck 7: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Question 1

In language development, over-inclusion of instances in a category is labeled overregularization.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Telegraphic speech is brief and grammatically incorrect.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Unlike babbling, crying and cooing are inborn and prelinguistic.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The Weschler intelligence scale yielded the mental age score.

Question 5

According to Robert Sternberg, there are three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.

Question 6

The communication systems of the birds and the bees have high semanticity.

Question 7

In divergent thinking, thought is limited to present facts; the problem solver narrows his or her thinking to find the best solution, whereas, in convergent thinking, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.

Question 8

It takes children longer to learn new words than it takes apes to learn new signs.

Question 9

The mathematical formula the Pythagorean theorem is an example of a systematic random search algorithm.

Question 10

A criticism of the linguistic-relativity hypothesis is that a language's vocabulary suggests the cognitive limits of the speakers of the language.

Question 11

According to research, intelligence quotient (IQ) scores tend to increase during the summer vacation.

Question 12

Overregularization reflects faulty language development.

Question 13

A composite of studies of the relationship between IQ scores and heredity suggests that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to IQ scores.

Question 14

In language development, we naturally use prototypes and exemplars to organize and label objects within categories.

Question 15

When first-time voter Becky made her choices, she thought about her family's party affiliation and her similar beliefs which had formed over the years. Those beliefs were her anchor; however, she departed from her parents' viewpoints as she'd gotten older. Becky modeled the anchoring and adjustment heuristic in her judgment and decision making.

Question 16

Because psychologists have engaged in thousands of studies on intelligence, they unequivocally agree on the definition of intelligence.

Question 17

According to psycholinguistic theory, environmental influences do not affect language acquisition.

Question 18

True language is distinguished from the communication systems of lower animals by properties such as semanticity, infinite creativity, and linguistic relativity.

Question 19

In N.R.F. Maier's experiment, Bismarck, seemed to have had what Gestalt psychologists have termed an Aha! experience, perhaps suddenly perceiving the relationships between the elements of the problem so that the solution occurred by insight.

Question 20

Studies generally suggest that the heritability of intelligence is less than 20%.

Question 21

According to the representativeness heuristic, people make judgments about events according to:

A)their recent experiences with similar events.
B)the populations of events that they appear to depict.
C)how easy it is to find examples of relevant events.
D)their initial views, or presumptions.

Question 22

Pointing to a cat and saying, "This is not a dog" is a(n) __________ of the dog concept.

A)hypermorph
B)positive instance
C)hypomorph
D)negative instance

Question 23

__________ is the quality of language that permits one to communicate information about objects and events in another time and place.

A)Convergence
B)Centration
C)Displacement
D)Divergence

Question 24

In the context of the nativist approach to language development, the ________ prepares the nervous system to learn grammar.

A)representativeness heuristic
B)language lexicon
C)availability heuristic
D)language acquisition device

Question 25

The _________ assumes that the more similar something is to our expectations, the more likely the entity belongs to that category.

A)anchoring heuristic
B)availability heuristic
C)representativeness heuristic
D)adjustment heuristic

Question 26

Identify a true statement about heuristics:

A)They require more scientific knowledge than algorithms.
B)They are more complicated than algorithms.
C)Unlike algorithms, they do not permit rapid solutions.
D)Unlike algorithms, they permit rapid decisions.

Question 27

In __________, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.

A)triangulation
B)convergent thinking
C)centration
D)divergent thinking

Question 28

According to the linguistic-relativity hypothesis, language does not affect the way we perceive the world.

Question 29

__________ is the quality of language in which words are used as symbols for objects, events, or ideas.

A)Divergence
B)Convergence
C)Semanticity
D)Regularity

Question 30

Which best characterizes Howard Gardner's view of intelligence?

A)"Intelligence is three-pronged-with analytical, creative, and practical components."
B)"There are multiple intelligences which are influenced by different areas in the brain."
C)"There is strong evidence for the general factor (g) in intelligence."
D)"All abilities and factors are academically oriented."

Question 31

Jane is a 10-year-old girl with a mental age (MA) of 12. Jane's intelligence quotient (IQ) calculated using Wilhelm Stern's formula is __________.

A)90
B)100
C)120
D)125

Question 32

The ________ groups test questions into a number of separate subtests where each subtest measures a different intellectual task.

A)Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scale
B)Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
C)Binet-Simon scale
D)Wechsler scale

Question 33

__________ are rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems.

A)Heuristics
B)Anagrams
C)Exemplars
D)Analogies

Question 34

Ava, a four-year-old girl, combines words to form her own sentences. In this scenario, Ava is demonstrating __________.

A)regularization
B)cognitive dissonance
C)infinite creativity
D)centration

Question 35

Tom was trying to lose some weight prior to his wedding, so he decided what he wanted to look like for his special day and then decided what weight-loss program he was going to follow. This is an example of ____________.

A)backtracking
B)the depth-first search algorithm
C)parallel processing
D)the means-end analysis

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true of communication by nonhumans?

A)Spontaneous language development does not occur in nonhumans.
B)Nonhumans do not show enlargement in the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.
C)Apes cannot be taught to communicate.
D)Although apes do not speak, they have been taught to use American Sign Language.

Question 37

Which of the following statements is true of the nativist theory of language development?

A)Language acquisition is based solely on environmental influences.
B)Vocabulary development is independent of intelligence.
C)Children bring neurological prewiring to language learning.
D)Numerous researchers suggest that language learning begins at 36 months.

Question 38

Nathan is teaching his son about dogs. He points to a dog in the neighborhood while saying the word "dog." In this scenario, Nathan is using ________ of the dog concept.

A)positive instances
B)negative instances
C)hypomorphs
D)hypermorphs

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true of prelinguistic vocalizations?

A)Babies' babbling frequently combines consonants and vowels.
B)During the second month, babies begin babbling.
C)Crying is a representation of language.
D)Unlike crying, babbling and cooing are prelinguistic.

Question 40

A mental shortcut, or rule of thumb, for solving problems is called a(n) __________.

A)heuristic
B)algorithm
C)trial and error
D)rare

Question 41

According to __________, language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental influences and the inborn tendency to acquire language.

A)linguistic chauvinism
B)the empiricist theory of language acquisition
C)the triarchic theory of intelligence
D)psycholinguistic theory

Question 42

Which of Sternberg's types of intelligence could be referred to as "street smarts"?

A)Practical intelligence.
B)Spatial intelligence.
C)Emotional intelligence.
D)Analytical intelligence.

Question 43

__________ is the ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems.

A)Practicality
B)Creativity
C)Semanticity
D)Regularity

Question 44

In the context of the theories of intelligence, __________ can solve problems to which there are no preexisting solutions and no proven formulas.

A)analytical people
B)creative people
C)practical people
D)emotive people

Question 45

Max's three-year-old typically says things like, "I seed it" and "Mommy sitted down." These examples illustrate ____________.

A)systematic desensitization
B)cognitive mapping
C)counterconditioning
D)overregularization

Question 46

In Gestalt psychology, __________ is a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the mentally represented elements of a problem that permits its solution.

A)an algorithm
B)insight
C)catharsis
D)an anagram

Question 47

According to psycholinguistic theory, ___________.

A)language acquisition devices hinder the process of language development
B)language is acquired entirely through external factors
C)environmental influences affect language acquisition
D)the process of language acquisition is independent of parental reinforcement

Question 48

In __________, thought is limited to present facts and the problem solver narrows his or her thinking to find the best solution.

A)spatial intelligence
B)divergent thinking
C)convergent thinking
D)creative intelligence

Question 49

To explore the role of genetics on intelligence, psychologists utilize __________.

A)only animal studies
B)hereditary studies
C)computer models
D)genetic engineering

Question 50

Ryan is telling his grandchildren stories about growing up in another country. He describes his school and memories about his childhood friends. In this scenario, Ryan's ability to communicate his experiences about different times and places illustrates the quality of language known as _________.

A)centration
B)displacement
C)overextension
D)overregularization

Question 51

Which of the following statements is true of concepts?

A)They represent things that can easily be measured.
B)They do not affect cognition.
C)They can represent visions of things that never were measured.
D)They do not represent activities.

Question 52

In psycholinguistic theory, the __________ is a neural "prewiring" that facilitates a child's learning of grammar.

A)language lexicon
B)language acquisition device
C)cross-linguistic typology
D)extralinguistic cue

Question 53

Susan, an astronomer, studies the nature of stars and has contributed significantly to the understanding of the laws that govern their behavior. In this scenario, Susan is exhibiting _________.

A)bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
B)spatial-relations intelligence
C)personal intelligence
D)naturalist intelligence

Question 54

Identify a true statement about problem solving.

A)Heuristics guarantee a correct solution.
B)Heuristics are often based on strategies that worked in the past.
C)Algorithms permit more rapid solutions than heuristics.
D)Algorithms are simpler and require less scientific knowledge than heuristics.

Question 55

Patricia, a three-year-old girl, is having dinner. She looks at her father and says, "I eated food." In this scenario, Patricia is exhibiting _________.

A)divergent thinking
B)cognitive dissonance
C)overregularization
D)counterconditioning

Question 56

Which of the following is a prototype of the category mammal?

A)reptile
B)dog
C)fish
D)bird

Question 57

Dr. Jackson is often found in class using phrases like, "It is similar to …" and "kind of like …." Making connections between similar things is an example of a(n) __________.

A)exemplar
B)analogy
C)heuristic
D)algorithm

Question 58

Anna points to an object and tells her two-year-old son what it is. He then points and repeats what Anna said. In the context of the social-cognitive perspective, Anna serves as a(n) _________ for her child to acquire language skills.

A)incubator
B)model
C)shaper
D)prototype

Question 59

The MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study found that __________ were more similar than fraternal twins in spatial memory, ability to categorize things, and word comprehension.

A)false twins
B)dizygotic twins
C)monozygotic twins
D)binovular twins

Question 60

Marci would describe almost a perfect person whenever her friends would ask her who she thought was her ideal life partner. This "perfect" person would be a(n) _______.

A)reinforcer
B)anagram
C)prototype
D)heuristic

Question 61

_________ is the capacity to communicate information about events and objects in another time or place.

A)Displacement
B)Overextension
C)Functional fixedness
D)Cognitive dissonance

Question 62

In the context of creativity and intelligence, ________ helps generate many possible solutions to problems.

A)triangulation
B)centration
C)convergent thinking
D)divergent thinking

Question 63

Which of the following statements is true of telegraphic speech?

A)It involves the utterance of four- and five-word sentences.
B)It occurs when a child is between two and four months old.
C)It is a form of prelinguistic vocalization.
D)It is brief but grammatically correct.

Question 64

Stacey, a kindergarten teacher, is teaching her students about mammals. She tells the students that fishes and birds are not mammals. In this scenario, Stacey is using _________ of the mammal concept.

A)hypomorphs
B)positive instances
C)hypermorphs
D)negative instances

Question 65

__________are mental categories used to group together objects, relations, events, abstractions, or qualities that have common properties.

A)Concepts
B)Anagrams
C)Algorithms
D)Heuristics

Question 66

When a child utters the word "mama," it may signify meanings as varied as "There goes Mama," "Come here, Mama," and "You are my Mama." Such single words used by children to express complex meanings are known as _________.

A)prototypes
B)anagrams
C)holophrases
D)heuristics

Question 67

According to your text, true language is distinguished from the communication systems of lower animals by all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A)semanticity
B)holophrase
C)infinite creativity
D)displacement

Question 68

_________ refers to conscious, planned attempts to make sense of and change the world.

A)Free association
B)Thinking
C)Overregularization
D)Operant conditioning

Question 69

In relation to the question of what determines intelligence, most psychologists agree that:

A)intelligence is primarily inherited.
B)intelligence is primarily determined by the environment.
C)both heredity and environment are important in determining intelligence.
D)intelligence is determined by a single pair of genes.

Question 70

A lawyer most likely has __________.

A)spatial intelligence
B)practical intelligence
C)creative intelligence
D)analytical intelligence

Question 71

The ________ is the view that language structures the way we view the world.

A)nativist theory of language development
B)empiricist theory of language acquisition
C)observer-expectancy effect
D)linguistic-relativity hypothesis

Question 72

A(n) __________ shows the intellectual level at which a child is functioning.

A)chronological age
B)mental set
C)mental age
D)intelligence quotient

Question 73

__________ holds that innate factors, which make up children's nature, cause children to attend to and acquire language in certain ways.

A)Linguistic determinism
B)The nativist theory of language development
C)The empiricist theory of language acquisition
D)Linguistic chauvinism

Question 74

Tiffany asks her son to reorganize groups of letters such as "skosc," "odg," "imal," and "orod" into words. In this scenario, Tiffany is using _________ of the words socks, dog, mail, and door.

A)algorithms
B)anagrams
C)overextensions
D)prototypes

Question 75

Daniel, a six-year-old boy, takes an intelligence test. The results of the test show that he is functioning intellectually like the average eight-year-old. In this scenario, Daniel has a(n) __________ of eight.

A)intelligence quotient
B)chronological age
C)mental age
D)mental set

Question 76

Joshua, a 10-year-old boy, knows that snakes are reptiles, all reptiles are animals, and all animals are living things. In this scenario, Joshua organizes concepts in ________.

A)heuristics
B)mental sets
C)cognitive maps
D)hierarchies

Question 77

In the context of language development, which of the following statements is true of learning theory?

A)Learning theory accounts for the unchanging sequence of language development.
B)Learning theorists see language as developing according to laws of learning.
C)Modeling explains all the events in language learning.
D)Children learn language solely through observation.

Question 78

Identify a criticism about the linguistic-relativity hypothesis.

A)Infants display considerable intelligence before they have learned to speak.
B)Adults use only actions and gestures as units of thought.
C)A language's vocabulary suggests the range of its speakers' nonessential concepts.
D)A language's vocabulary suggests the range of its speakers' cognitive limits.

Question 79

In the context of problem solving, _________ involves handling one element of the problem at a time.

A)serial processing
B)overextension
C)parallel processing
D)overregularization

Question 80

__________ is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience.

A)Semanticity
B)Instinct
C)Intelligence
D)Memory