Deck 3: Socialization

Question 1

The first department of sociology in the United States was established at the University of Chicago, where the faculty was instrumental in starting the American Sociological Society (now known as the American Sociological Association).

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The sociological imagination helps us place personal troubles, such as losing our job or attempting suicide, into a larger social context, where we can distinguish whether and how personal troubles may be related to public issues.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

According to the functionalist perspective, societies develop social structures (institutions) that persist because they play a part in helping society survive. These institutions include the family, education, government, religion, and the economy.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

All of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology focus analysis at the macrolevel, examining whole societies, large-scale social structures, and social systems.

Question 5

European thinkers began making observations about human behavior during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Question 6

Although he founded functionalism and its emphasis on social order, sociologist Emile Durkheim observed that rapid social change and a more specialized division of labor produced strains leading to a breakdown in traditional organization, values, and authority.

Question 7

Sociologist George Herbert Mead was one of the first scholars to note that a dual
heritage creates conflict for people of color. He called this duality double-consciousness-the identity conflict of being black and American.

Question 8

Because of his radical views and emphasis on social action, not just the study of society, Karl Marx's work has been largely discredited today.

Question 9

Sociologist Robert K. Merton stated that in order for social institutions and other social units to be considered functional, their functions must be intended and recognized by all participants.

Question 10

Middle-income countries are nations with highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and personal income.

Question 11

According to Durkheim, social facts can only be explained by other social facts.

Question 12

German sociologist Georg Simmel concluded that industrialization created greater equality, thus minimizing class conflict.

Question 13

In regard to negative consequences of industrial society, sociologist Max Weber was more concerned about the impact of rational bureaucracy than of class struggle.

Question 14

All sociological theories and theorists may be categorized as functionalist, conflict, or symbolic interactionist.

Question 15

Sociologist Talcott Parsons suggested that the division of household labor between husband and wife is one of the fundamental sources of conflict in industrialized societies.

Question 16

Sociologists understand that there are multiple causes and effects of social issues.

Question 17

Like Auguste Comte, British social theorist Herbert Spencer was strongly influenced by the turmoil of the French Revolution.

Question 18

The early sociologists were in agreement that human behavior could be studied using the same techniques used in the natural sciences.

Question 19

Sociologists are in agreement that sociological research can and should be value free.

Question 20

All conflict theorists regard race/ethnicity conflict as the central and most important source of social change.

Question 21

Emile Durkheim refused to accept that suicide was merely a(n) .

A) personal trouble
B) interdependence issue
C) public issue
D) societal dysfunction

Question 22

Sociology is defined as the .

A) systematic study of human society and social interaction
B) analysis of deviant groups and individuals
C) scientific analysis of premodern people
D) academic discipline that examines individual human behavior

Question 23

A strength of survey research is that it forces respondents to provide self-reported information, which is generally considered more reliable and valid than information gathered by third-party observation.

Question 24

People throughout the world share the same biosphere; environmental pollution in one area may have an adverse effect on people in other places. This makes environmental problems an example of .

A) commonsense knowledge
B) universal cooperation
C) the sociological imagination
D) global interdependence

Question 25

Quantitative research and qualitative research both follow the same research model.

Question 26

A broken thermometer that measures the same temperature every day lacks both reliability and validity.

Question 27

The cultural heritage or identity of a group, based on factors such as language or country of origin, is termed __________.

A) ethnicity
B) religion
C) race
D) genealogy

Question 28

One couple's inability to keep their marriage intact may be an example of a divorce as a result of changes in the economy or other social factors is an example of a

A) dysfunction; psychological difficulty
B) personal trouble; public issue
C) psychological difficulty; private issue
D) public issue; personal trouble

Question 29

When studying the problem of suicide, sociologists are most interested in explaining its __________.

A) psychological dimensions
B) relationship to the individual
C) recurring patterns
D) media coverage

Question 30

A significant difference between high- and low-income countries is that low-income countries tend to be __________.

A) more industrialized
B) more agrarian
C) less populated
D) smaller

Question 31

Which of these groups has the highest rate of suicide?

A) males in low-income countries
B) females in low-income countries
C) males in high-income countries
D) females in high-income countries

Question 32

According to Mills, the sociological imagination enables one to distinguish between personal troubles that must be solved within the immediate social setting and that affect large numbers of people and often require solutions at the societal level.

A) unimportant troubles
B) non-private difficulties
C) public issues
D) societal dysfunctions

Question 33

Sociological studies on suicide that analyze the contents of suicide notes to look for recurring patterns and themes are examples of qualitative research.

Question 34

refers to the fact that the lives of people everywhere are intertwined closely so that one nation's problems are part of a much larger global context.

A) Societal cohesiveness
B) Universal cooperation
C) Global interdependence
D) International interlock

Question 35

Sociologist C. Wright Mills coined the term for the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society.

A) conflict perception
B) sociological imagination
C) reality perception
D) symbolic interaction approach

Question 36

is a socially constructed concept used by many people to specify groups of people based on physical characteristics such as skin color.

A) Ethnicity
B) Nationality
C) Race
D) Genealogy

Question 37

A is a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

A) culture
B) society
C) nation
D) country

Question 38

Many of the nations of Africa and Asia are considered examples of .

A) middle-income countries
B) periphery countries
C) high-income countries
D) low-income countries

Question 39

Which of these is not part of the sociological approach to the study of society and social interaction?

A) systematic research techniques
B) presentation of research findings
C) search for patterns in human behavior
D) application of commonsense or everyday understandings

Question 40

The world's countries are nations with highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and personal income.

A) high-income
B) middle-income
C) low-income
D) semi-periphery

Question 41

The Industrial Revolution began in between 1760 and 1850.

A) Great Britain
B) the United States
C) Western Europe
D) Japan

Question 42

British sociologist translated and condensed Comte's work and was noted for her study of social customs in Great Britain and the United States.

A) Emily Durkheim
B) Jane Addams
C) Harriet Martineau
D) Sarah Spencer

Question 43

The term refers to the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with sex differences.

A) sex
B) biology
C) gender
D) sociobiology

Question 44

Critics of Durkheim have argued that .

A) his work is of little sociological value or importance
B) he focused too heavily on social inequality and social change
C) his emphasis on structure overlooks the meanings that social phenomena hold for people
D) he was not systematic, and therefore not scientific in his approach to the study of society

Question 45

French philosopher Auguste Comte's philosophy, the belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry, became known as ,

A) absolutism
B) positivism
C) functionalism
D) specific methodology

Question 46

Based on British social theorist Herbert Spencer's theory, is the belief that those species of animals, including human beings, that are the most adapted to their environment will survive and prosper, whereas those that are poorly adapted will eventually die out.

A) social Darwinism
B) social eugenics
C) social statics and dynamics
D) social relativism

Question 47

During the , massive social changes occurred as technological innovations shifted the economic base of countries in Europe, and later the United States, from agriculture to manufacturing.

A) Renaissance
B) Industrial Revolution
C) Age of Enlightenment
D) Neolithic Revolution

Question 48

French sociologist Emile Durkheim coined the term to refer to the patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over every person in society.

A) social statics
B) social facts
C) sociological imagination
D) sociological generalizations

Question 49

A major criticism of Spencer's theory of social Darwinism is that .

A) other biological organizations exercise more control over their environments than do humans
B) it may be used to justify racial/ethnic, gender, and class inequalities in society
C) it explains society in an era that is less tumultuous than that of the Industrial Revolution
D) he plagiarized the work of Charles Darwin

Question 50

Sociologists use the term to refer to the relative location of a person or group within the larger society, based on wealth, power, prestige, or other valued resources.

A) caste
B) class
C) ethnicity
D) ranking

Question 51

Which of these is not a change brought on by industrialization and urbanization?

A) a rapid increase in the number and size of cities
B) a shift from agriculture to industrial manufacturing
C) people changing from being consumers to being producers
D) the need for wages to buy food and lodging

Question 52

Comte believed that societies are made up of social statics, or forces for order and stability, as well as or forces for social change.

A) social facts
B) social dynamics
C) social mores
D) social symbols

Question 53

Barbara was born female, which refers to her ; she acts very feminine, which refers to her __________.

A) gender; sex
B) biology; sociobiology
C) sex; gender
D) genealogy; sex

Question 54

In her work, sociologist Harriet Martineau was a strong advocate for _.

A) building a stronger middle class
B) the importance of cultural relativism
C) recognizing the forces for stability and change in society
D) social equality and reform

Question 55

Durkheim believed that the limits of social behavior .

A) are socially based, not biologically based
B) depend primarily on physical characteristics
C) are best understood as individual dysfunction
D) result mainly from cultural conflict

Question 56

refers to the process by which an increasing number of people live in cities rather than rural areas.

A) Ruralization
B) Urbanization
C) Suburbanization
D) Industrialization

Question 57

Interest in the systematic study of people's behavior and ideas took hold during the nineteenth century primarily in response to _.

A) the agricultural revolution
B) industrialization and urbanization
C) enlightenment and new forms of religion
D) increases in rural poverty

Question 58

Durkheim used the term for the condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and a sense of purpose in society.

A) social disorganization
B) social dysfunctionalism
C) cultural breakdown
D) anomie

Question 59

Which of these early scientific thinkers first used the phrase "survival of the fittest" to explain his theory of society?

A) Karl Marx
B) Emile Durkheim
C) Auguste Comte
D) Herbert Spencer

Question 60

The basis for Durkheim's theory of society is the principle that .

A) people are the products of their social environments
B) the evolution of society is based on the concept of "survival of the fittest"
C) society consists of the dual processes of social statics and social dynamics
D) conflict between different economic classes is necessary to produce social change

Question 61

Marx termed the tools, land, factories, and money for investment that form the economic basis of a society the __________.

A) means of production
B) instruments of capitalism
C) trappings of the bourgeoisie
D) factory system

Question 62

A is defined as a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and (occasionally) predict social events.

A) hypothesis
B) law
C) theory
D) generalization

Question 63

In the Marxian framework, the consist of those who sell their labor because they have no other way to earn a living.

A) bourgeoisie
B) capitalist class
C) proletariat class
D) laissez-faire class

Question 64

states that societies develop social structures, or institutions, that persist because they play a part in helping society survive. These institutions include the family, education, government, religion, and the economy.

A) Postmodernism
B) Symbolic interactionism
C) Conflict theory
D) Functionalism

Question 65

Robert K. Merton defined a manifest function as one that .

A) generates conflict between participants
B) is intended by the participants
C) creates a power imbalance between participants
D) goes unacknowledged by the participants

Question 66

Which of these concepts is most comparable to the contemporary concept of the sociological imagination?

A) verstehen
B) positivism
C) social Darwinism
D) anomie

Question 67

The settlement house movement is most closely associated with .

A) W.E.B. Du Bois
B) Jane Addams
C) Georg Simmel
D) Harriet Martineau

Question 68

A central tenet of Karl Marx's view was his .

A) belief that society must be changed
B) idea that sociology must be value free
C) emphasis on race and gender
D) strong advocacy of stability and order

Question 69

The first departments of sociology in the United States were established at the University of Chicago and at __________.

A) the University of Michigan
B) Columbia University
C) Harvard
D) Atlanta University

Question 70

Automobiles provide transportation and independence. They also cause a great deal of air pollution and contribute to global warming. Merton would consider these negative impacts to be .

A) dysfunctions
B) latent functions
C) unavoidable functions
D) manifest functions

Question 71

German sociologist Georg Simmel analyzed how social interactions vary depending on the He concluded that interaction patterns differed between a dyad and a triad.

A) sex of the social group
B) size of the social group
C) social class of the social group
D) race of the social group

Question 72

The basis for Marx's theory of society is the belief that .

A) people are the products of their social environments
B) the evolution of society is based on the concept of "survival of the fittest"
C) society is comprised of the dual processes of social statics and social dynamics
D) conflict between different economic classes is necessary to produce social change

Question 73

Marx argued that when workers are paid less than the value of their labor, this exploitation results in , a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and from oneself.

A) class conflict
B) alienation
C) anomie
D) bourgeoisie

Question 74

Unlike others who believed that values could not be separated from the research process, German social scientist emphasized that sociology should be value free-conducted in a scientific manner to exclude the researcher's personal values and economic interests.

A) Emile Durkheim
B) Max Weber
C) Karl Marx
D) Herbert Spencer

Question 75

Which of these is not part of the theoretical contributions of Max Weber?

A) insights on women's issues
B) being value free in one's research
C) an emphasis on class struggle
D) concern about the impact of bureaucracy

Question 76

Tom works on the assembly line at the local Ford automobile factory. According to Marx, Tom would be considered a member of the because he does not own the means of production.

A) bourgeoisie
B) petite bourgeoisie
C) proletariat class
D) laissez-faire class

Question 77

Which of these sociologists is not considered a founder of sociological study within the United States?

A) Jane Addams
B) W. E. B. Du Bois
C) Max Weber
D) Robert Parks

Question 78

Functionalist Talcott Parsons suggested that complementary roles for men and women in the family contribute to social stability. The wife/mother performs the tasks, which involve housework, caring for the children, and providing emotional support for the entire family.

A) expressive
B) instrumental
C) reproductive
D) interdependent

Question 79

perspectives are based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system composed of interrelated parts, each of which (ideally) contributes to the overall stability of the society.

A) Functionalist
B) Conflict
C) Interactionist
D) Developmental

Question 80

Sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois observed that a dual heritage creates conflict for people of color: an identity conflict of being black and American. Du Bois referred to this duality as .

A) double-consciousness
B) the dual-labor market
C) the double bind
D) functional conflict