Deck 7: Deviance and Crime

Question 1

Which is TRUE of deviance according to the structural-functionalist perspective?

A)Deviance is socially constructed through our interactions with others.
B)Deviance is defined by those who have power.
C)Deviance issued to define and clarify a group's norms and values.
D)Deviance is unnecessary in society.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of these is TRUE of deviant consumption?

A)The poor are most likely to be deviant consumers because they cannot afford consumption.
B)Definitions of what constitutes deviant consumption are widely shared.
C)Some consumers of items in the same group may be labeled deviant while others might not (e.g.wrong or right drug users)
D)Deviant consumption occurs only in the U.S.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In recent developments to strain theory,Robert Agnew developed a theory that focuses on which of these?

A)crime and strain
B)effects on and feelings of the person experiencing strain
C)globalizing effects of strain theory
D)gender and strain

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of these is associated with Strain theory?

A)a gap between cultural values and the means to achieve them
B)stigma encountered because one is labelled deviant
C)lack of social control around deviance
D)physical and mental illnesses

Question 5

According to strain theory,______ reject both cultural goals and the traditional routes to their attainment.

A)ritualists
B)conformists
C)innovators
D)retreatists

Question 6

According to ______,there is a discrepancy between what the larger structure and culture of society values,and the structural means available to the individual to achieve that which is valued.

A)control theory
B)strain theory
C)subcultural theory
D)scapegoat theory

Question 7

Danielle has been working as an administrative assistant at the same company for 30 years.She goes through the motions at her job with little motivation,realizing that she will never get promoted.According to strain theory,Danielle exemplifies which of these?

A)ritualist
B)innovator
C)conformist
D)retreatist

Question 8

Theorists who attribute some of the causes of deviant behavior to biology are employing ______ theories.

A)structural functionalist
B)constructionist
C)critical
D)explanatory

Question 9

Who developed Strain theory?

A)Travis Hirschi
B)Robert K.Merton
C)Erving Goffman
D)Talcott Parsons

Question 10

Many conditions that were once considered deviant have shifted over time to be which of these?

A)stigmatized
B)normal
C)mental-illness based
D)crimes

Question 11

Which of these is TRUE of current global trends toward normalizing sexuality?

A)Five countries recognize same-sex unions.
B)Twenty-five countries punish "deviant" sexual behavior by imprisonment.
C)Eighty-five countries protect "deviant" sexuality by law.
D)No countries punish "deviant" sexual behavior by death.

Question 12

Which of these is TRUE of tattoos?

A)They have always been and always will be deviant.
B)They used to be considered deviant but now are commonplace.
C)They used to be illegal but is now are stigmatized.
D)They used to be accepted for adults but now are accepted for teens.

Question 13

Alphonse studies criminal behavior in gangs,focusing on how each gang member defines their behaviors and how they interact with each other.Alphonse is using ______ theories as the basis for his study.

A)structural functionalist
B)constructionist
C)critical
D)explanatory

Question 14

Who was a key creator of the structural/functionalist theoretical perspective?

A)George Homans
B)Howard Becker
C)Max Weber
D)Émile Durkheim

Question 15

Saul is a drug dealer who wants to make quick money.According to strain theory,Saul exemplifies which of these?

A)ritualist
B)innovator
C)conformist
D)retreatist

Question 16

Which term refers to a form of deviance that becomes negatively sanctioned by the legal system?

A)legalization
B)criminalization
C)criminology
D)demonization

Question 17

Who created social control theory?

A)William Chambliss
B)Robert Merton
C)Travis Hirschi
D)Erving Goffman

Question 18

Mary downloaded some music from a site on the Internet and didn't pay for it,thinking her actions weren't illegal since many of her friends had done the same.Mary is an example of which of these?

A)nondeviant customer
B)deviant consumer
C)rebellionist
D)revolutionary

Question 19

Deviance can be defined as which of these?

A)an action that always starts with malicious intent
B)an action,belief,or human characteristic that violates group norms
C)an act that is the same everywhere across the globe
D)an act that does not vary across time from one era to another

Question 20

Which of the following is TRUE of smoking?

A)It is considered the norm but not very healthy.
B)It is considered normal in the U.S.but deviant in China.
C)It is considered deviant in the U.S.but normal in China.
D)It is a good example of something that always has been and always will be deviant.

Question 21

What is the term for elite members of society who devise its rules and laws?

A)rule creators
B)rule enforcers
C)moral entrepreneurs
D)social controllers

Question 22

Mary has struggled with prescription drug abuse for years.Her coworkers consider her behavior to be extremely disruptive to her work performance and want her to get help.Mary's coworkers are examples of which of these?

A)labeling agents
B)deviant agents
C)social control agents
D)strain agents

Question 23

How does Laub and Sampson's theory of social control differ from Hirschi's theory?

A)Laub and Sampson focus on social class as a factor in informal social control.
B)Laub and Sampson focus on race as a factor in informal social control.
C)Laub and Sampson focus on informal social control over the life course.
D)Laub and Sampson focus on sexuality as a main factor in informal social control.

Question 24

A researcher who studies organized crime and utilizes the interactionist perspective would focus on which of these?

A)How large-scale societal institutions that are affected by organized crime.
B)How elites and non-elites are punished differently for participation in organized crime
C)How a person involved in organized crime chooses to display or hide this association across different settings
D)How organized crime plays an important role in various societies.

Question 25

Van moves to a rural town after being let out of prison.He has moved there so that no one will know his identity and what he has done in the past.Van has which of these?

A)a discredited stigma
B)a discreditable stigma
C)a criminal stigma
D)an invisible stigma

Question 26

Labeling theory is one variety of ______ that is useful for thinking about deviance.

A)conflict/critical theory
B)symbolic interactionism
C)rational choice theory
D)structural-functionalism

Question 27

What is the term for the act of internalizing a deviant label and organizing one's life around it?

A)secondary deviance
B)primary deviance
C)tertiary deviance
D)situational deviance

Question 28

Joseph is at a fraternity party and drinks excessively for the first time in his life.Which of these does his behavior exemplify?

A)secondary deviance
B)primary deviance
C)tertiary deviance
D)situational deviance

Question 29

When someone commits murder they go to jail,and when someone walks around nude they receive strange looks.These are both examples of how societies use ______ to enforce conformity.

A)social control
B)social agents
C)group action
D)moral panic

Question 30

Harold Garfinkel studied how Agnes,a transgender male-to-female,"passed" as a woman in his classic ______ study.

A)ethnomethodological
B)social control theory
C)ethnographical
D)sociolinguistic

Question 31

Which of these are more likely to be socially defined as deviant according to labeling theory?

A)poor people
B)middle-class people
C)people with white collar jobs
D)those who do the labeling

Question 32

What is the term for a widespread but disproportionate reaction to a form of deviance?

A)stigma
B)witch hunt
C)secondary deviance
D)moral panic

Question 33

Which theory posits that neighborhoods that are disorderly and in disrepair result in an increase in deviant behavior?

A)broken neighborhood theory
B)strain theory
C)broken windows theory
D)urban chaos theory

Question 34

Which of these is a fear of the broken windows approach?

A)It results in costly fixes in places that can't afford them.
B)It gives police wide discretion to deal with people even when the people are not harming someone.
C)It disproportionately impacts women.
D)It profiles elderly poor.

Question 35

The ______ focuses on how deviance is created by the capitalist economic system.

A)structural-functionalist perspective
B)interactionist perspective
C)conflict-critical theorist
D)functionalist perspective

Question 36

Which of these do conflict/critical theorists argue about the deviant and criminal behavior of members of the elite?

A)Elites can commit deviant acts and escape penalties.
B)Elites often receive harsher punishment than everyone else.
C)Elites must pay steeper fines in the court system.
D)Elites receive much more attention and are held to higher standards.

Question 37

When it was revealed that a prominent member of the community had cheated on his wife with many women,he was called a variety of names associating him with his affairs and his reputation suffered.This is an example of ______.

A)being labeled according to labeling theory
B)being socially controlled according to social control theory
C)being dysfunctional according to functionalism
D)being irrational according to rational choice theory

Question 38

What question did early criminology focus on?

A)Which criminals get caught and which criminals go free?
B)How social institutions encourage or discourage crime?
C)What physical or psychological characteristics are unique to criminals?
D)Why some people commit crimes while others do not?

Question 39

With which of these would conflict/critical theorists agree?

A)Deviance is socially constructed through our interactions with others.
B)Deviance is defined by those who have power.
C)Deviance is used to define and clarify a group's norms and values.
D)Deviance is necessary in society.

Question 40

Jimmy wants to go out this weekend,but he has no money.He thinks about stealing some money from a coworker,but he doesn't,because he knows it would be morally wrong.Jimmy's behavior is an example of which theory?

A)strain theory
B)social control theory
C)labeling theory
D)primary deviance theory

Question 41

The supervised early release of a prisoner for good behavior is called ______.

A)parole
B)probation
C)recidivism
D)supervision

Question 42

What are the principle growth areas in the rise of global crime flows?

A)cybercrimes and hacking
B)money laundering and identity theft
C)drugs and terrorism
D)treason and spying

Question 43

Which of these aspects of cross-border drug crime help to account for why efforts to counter it have been unsuccessful?

A)Drug criminals do not need many resources.
B)Drug criminals lack expertise to commit crimes.
C)Drug crimes are hard to conceal.
D)inactive law enforcement

Question 44

Burglary and motor vehicle theft represent which type of crime?

A)violent crimes
B)organized crimes
C)white-collar crimes
D)property crimes

Question 45

Which country has the highest rate of incarceration in the world?

A)U.S.
B)China
C)Russia
D)Mexico

Question 46

Crimes can be defined as a form of deviance that is negatively sanctioned by law.

Question 47

A key figure in criminology,______,created the differential association theory and helped to influence the use of a symbolic interaction approach to criminology.

A)Erving Goffman
B)Cesare Lombroso
C)Edwin Sutherland
D)Talcott Parsons

Question 48

If a powerful group wants to have a form of behavior defined as deviant,it is likely to be so defined.

Question 49

Recently,criminology shifted from its early focus to a greater concern with ______.

A)the social context of crime and its effect on larger society
B)the social context of controlling crime and its effect on individual criminals
C)the best ways to rehabilitate criminals
D)the role of mental illness in the criminal psychology

Question 50

If the punishment of crimes makes it less likely that individuals are less likely to commit crimes,it is called ______.

A)specific deterrence
B)recidivism
C)general deterrence
D)public deterrence

Question 51

General deterrence involves which of the following?

A)men
B)women
C)youth
D)the population as a whole

Question 52

An example of a ______ is when personal information stored on a laptop is hacked and used to steal identity.

A)cybercrime
B)violent crime
C)white-collar crime
D)blue-collar crime

Question 53

What is considered deviant may vary greatly from one geographic area to another.

Question 54

Prisons are expensive,but their cost might be justified if they help teach people that "crime doesn't pay." Do prisons deter those who end up incarcerated from committing more crimes after they are released from prison?

A)Yes,prisons greatly deter most prisoners from future crimes.
B)Yes,prisons deter some prisoners from future crimes.
C)No,prisons have little effect on the rates of prisoners who commit future crimes.
D)No,prisons lead to more,rather than fewer future crimes.

Question 55

The main point in differential association theory is which of these?

A)Criminals are genetically predisposed to maladaptive behaviors.
B)People learn criminal behavior from others.
C)People are associated with crime in different ways depending on stigma.
D)People only commit crimes when they are not able to access other opportunities.

Question 56

According to the chapter text,which of these is TRUE of global law enforcement around drugs and illegal substances?

A)It is a complete failure.
B)It has adopted U.S.laws,views,and procedures.
C)It fails to enforce law enforcement treaties but has created its own laws
D)It has successfully stopped the flow of drugs in most places.

Question 57

Which of the following does the text identify as an important built-in characteristic of the criminal justice system in the U.S.?

A)standardization-treating all people the same way
B)discretion-deciding each case on its own merits
C)thoroughness-everyone who commits a crime should be charged
D)deterrence-basing all actions on deterring more crime

Question 58

Deviance is defined as an action,belief,or human characteristic that is inherently against human nature.

Question 59

Which of these is the repetition of a criminal act by one who has been convicted for an offense?

A)probation
B)recidivism
C)parole
D)rehabilitation

Question 60

One example of the normalization of deviance is historical change in attitudes towards premarital sex.

Question 61

Current research in social control shows that it also plays a major role in deviance in adult life.

Question 62

Emile Durkheim believed deviance is necessary because it clarifies shared norms and values.

Question 63

Labeling theory is concerned with the reactions,actions,and interactions of social control agents who label the person as deviant.

Question 64

Conflict/critical theorists focus on how inequalities cause the less powerful to engage in deviant and criminal acts because they have few,if any,other ways of succeeding in society.

Question 65

Moral entrepreneurs lead campaigns to define certain acts as deviant and illegal,and therefore subject to law enforcement.

Question 66

Larry served time for murder and doesn't want his new wife to know that.Erving Goffman would call the impact of Larry's crime a discredited stigma.

Question 67

Fear of Muslim immigrants as terrorists is an example of what sociologists call a moral entrepreneur.

Question 68

Jumping in front of a moving car to save a child is considered positive deviance.

Question 69

In strain theory,rebels are like retreatants because they both reject traditional means and goals.

Question 70

Travis Hirschi's social control theory focuses on why people do NOT commit deviant acts.

Question 71

Constructionist theories of deviance focus on those who create and enforce moral order.

Question 72

Explanatory theories of deviance focus on upbringing as the factor responsible for deviance.

Question 73

One concern with the "broken windows" approach is the fear that it will increase discriminatory behavior by police against minorities.

Question 74

Affluent consumers do not engage in deviant consumption because they have enough money NOT to.

Question 75

All recent strain theories take a micro approach to deviance and strain.

Question 76

According to Sampson and Laub,delinquent behavior as a youth is a key indicator for whether someone will engage in criminal behavior as an adult.

Question 77

The acceptability of various forms of sexuality exemplifies how deviance is a global flow.

Question 78

Those in the criminal justice system are given very little discretion to deal with offenders.

Question 79

Emile Durkheim thought that deviance was dysfunctional to society.

Question 80

Deviant consumers are those who consume too much.