Deck 7: Moral Development, values, and Religion

Question 1

Lucia argues that community members need to obey laws in order for the community to work effectively.According to Kohlberg,Lucia is in which level of moral development?

A)conventional reasoning
B)preconventional reasoning
C)postconventional reasoning
D)mid-level reasoning

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What differences exist between Kohlberg's and Gilligan's theories of moral development?

A)Gilligan postulated an ethic of justice; Kohlberg postulated an ethic of care.
B)Kohlberg postulated an ethic of justice; Gilligan postulated an ethic of care.
C)Gilligan postulated an ethic of equity; Kohlberg postulated an ethic of care.
D)Gilligan postulated an ethic of individualism; Kohlberg postulated an ethic of collectivism.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Jeff is running slightly late on the morning drive to work when he notices one of his mother's friends pulled onto the side of the road with a flat tire.She doesn't appear to have a phone,and she looks upset.Jeff pulls over and asks if he can help her.According to Kohlberg,Jeff is in which level of moral development?

A)conventional reasoning
B)preconventional reasoning
C)postconventional reasoning
D)mid-level reasoning

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Kohlberg argued that ________ has ________ effects on moral reasoning.

A)culture; negative
B)emotion; negative
C)family; negative
D)formal education; no

Question 5

In recent years,there has been an increased emphasis on the role of ________ in moral development.

A)values clarification programs
B)parenting
C)teachers
D)peers

Question 6

Lance's parents encourage family discussions about value-laden issues such as the death penalty,abortion,and amnesty for illegal immigrants.As a result,Lance is likely to think at

A)more advanced levels of moral reasoning than other people his age.
B)the same level as his parents.
C)the moral exemplar level of reasoning.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 7

Moral development involves moral

A)thought.
B)feelings.
C)behavior.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 8

Which of the following statements regarding gender differences in moral development between males and females is TRUE?

A)Males generate more interpersonal conflict than females.
B)Adolescent girls tend to show more empathy than adolescent boys.
C)Young adolescent girls use more justice-based reasoning about dating dilemmas than do boys.
D)Females rated prosocial dilemmas as less significant than did males.

Question 9

Carol Gilligan's theory is based on a(n)________ perspective toward morality.

A)equity
B)justice
C)care
D)individualistic

Question 10

The theorist who developed a major stage theory of moral development is

A)Lawrence Kohlberg.
B)John Money.
C)Timothy Malone.
D)Susan Cloninger.

Question 11

Gilligan found that girls,ages 6-18,consistently interpreted moral dilemmas in terms of

A)human relationships.
B)fairness and gender equity.
C)social norms.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 12

The key concept in understanding Kohlberg's theory of moral development is

A)externalization.
B)internalization.
C)individualism.
D)collectivism.

Question 13

Which of the following statements regarding Kohlberg's theory of moral development is NOT true?

A)Before age 9,most children reason about moral dilemmas in a preconventional way.
B)Changes in moral reasoning between late adolescence and early adulthood are relatively gradual.
C)Certain types of parent-child experiences can induce the child to think at more advanced levels of moral reasoning.
D)In the postconventional reasoning level,morality becomes more external.

Question 14

James Rest argued that ________ has not been adequately emphasized in moral development.

A)motivation
B)education
C)sensitivity
D)culture

Question 15

The highest level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is

A)conventional reasoning.
B)utilitarian reasoning.
C)postconventional reasoning.
D)universal reasoning.

Question 16

Criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development have included all of the following,EXCEPT that Kohlberg

A)placed too much emphasis on moral thought.
B)may not have done high-quality research.
C)may have underestimated the care perspective.
D)placed too much emphasis on moral behavior.

Question 17

Which of the following has been used to explain how adolescents learn moral behavior and why behavior differs from one person to another?

A)reinforcement
B)punishment
C)modeling
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 18

Which of the following factors has been found to influence movement through Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A)cognitive conflict
B)modeling
C)peer relationships
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 19

Which of the following statements regarding Kohlberg's theory of moral development and culture is TRUE?

A)Postconventional moral reasoning has been found in all cultures.
B)Kohlberg's scoring system is appropriate for all cultures.
C)Moral reasoning is more culture-specific than Kohlberg envisioned.
D)An increase in prosocial behavior has occurred in recent years for people living in Western cultures.

Question 20

Chip obeys adults because they tell him to obey them.According to Kohlberg,Chip is in which level of moral development?

A)conventional reasoning
B)preconventional reasoning
C)postconventional reasoning
D)mid-level reasoning

Question 21

Which of the following is part of James Rest's view of moral character?

A)having the strength of your convictions
B)persisting
C)overcoming obstacles
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 22

Riley's parents praise her frequently for volunteering at Community Table,an organization that provides dinners for the poor and the homeless.Riley is likely to

A)continue to volunteer at the Community Table.
B)stop volunteering at the Community Table,but volunteer at another service-based organization.
C)continue to volunteer at the Community Table and expand her volunteer activities to other places.
D)cut back on the hours that she volunteers at the Community Table.

Question 23

Which theory of moral development emphasizes a distinction between adolescent moral competence and moral performance?

A)self-efficacy theory
B)social cognitive theory
C)social competence theory
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 24

Denise helps organize a five-mile walk to raise money for a good cause,the Brain Injury Association.Denise's work is an act of

A)altruism.
B)egocentrism.
C)proactive behavior.
D)empathy.

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT one of the three aspects of the moral personality?

A)moral identity
B)moral character
C)moral integrity
D)moral exemplar

Question 26

Moral character presupposes that the person has

A)set moral goals and is committed to act in accord with these goals.
B)formally learned the morals of society.
C)had moral guides or mentors.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 27

Contemporary moral development theorists emphasize that

A)both positive feelings and negative feelings contribute to moral development in adolescence.
B)both positive and negative emotions provide the foundation for the acquisition of moral values.
C)moral emotions are not enough to build adolescents' moral awareness.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 28

Recently there has been an interest in the fourth dimension of moral development,which is

A)moral personality.
B)moral emotions.
C)moral values.
D)moral beliefs.

Question 29

Alex,age 12,always helps his elderly grandmother by carrying her plate to the table and making sure that she always has her cane ready before she gets up.Alex says he feels sad that his Nana is getting weaker and not able to do as much for herself.Alex is showing

A)sympathy.
B)empathy.
C)pity.
D)neurotic anxiety.

Question 30

According to Freud,when the moral standards of the ________ are violated,the individual feels ________.

A)id; anger
B)ego; shame
C)conscience; guilt
D)ego ideal; doubt

Question 31

Marcy believes that self-regulation,rather than abstract reasoning,is the key to positive moral development.Which of the following theorists shared Marcy's view?

A)George Kelly
B)Abraham Maslow
C)B.F.Skinner
D)Albert Bandura

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT one of Erikson's three stages of moral development?

A)specific moral learning in childhood
B)ideological concerns in adolescence
C)ethical consolidation in adulthood
D)identity development in emerging adulthood

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main structures of personality?

A)id
B)superego
C)conscience
D)ego

Question 34

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the psychoanalytic account of moral development?

A)Inwardly directed hostility is experienced as depression.
B)Children are openly hostile to their parents until age 4 or 5.
C)Adolescents avoid committing transgressions for fear of punishment.
D)Children and adolescents conform to societal standards to avoid guilt.

Question 35

Gretchen's moral notions and commitments are central to her life.A developmentalist would say that Gretchen has developed a

A)moral character.
B)moral identity.
C)moral integrity.
D)moral exemplar.

Question 36

People who have lived exemplary lives are known as

A)moral exemplars.
B)moral characters.
C)moral elitists.
D)moral dignitaries.

Question 37

According to Freud,children develop the superego by

A)identifying with their opposite-sex parent.
B)identifying with their same-sex parent.
C)projecting their basic hostility onto their siblings.
D)internalizing their own anxiety.

Question 38

Recent research has found that having a weak moral identity is related to all but which of the following?

A)moral self-reflection
B)depression and anxiety
C)sexual risk taking
D)drug use

Question 39

Which of the following statements regarding moral behavior is NOT true?

A)Moral behavior is situation-dependent.
B)Adolescents are more likely to cheat when their friends pressure them to do so.
C)Adolescents are likely to display consistent moral behavior in diverse social settings.
D)Adolescents are more likely to cheat when the chance of being caught is slim.

Question 40

Which one of the following is more likely show empathy?

A)a 15-year-old boy
B)a 7-year-old boy
C)a 15-year-old girl
D)All are equally likely to show empathy.

Question 41

Isabel learns in school that some behaviors,such as lying and cheating,are wrong and do harm to others.Isabel's school has adopted which approach to teaching basic moral literacy?

A)values clarification
B)character education
C)cognitive moral education
D)explicit moral code

Question 42

A school's moral atmosphere is created by

A)school and classroom rules.
B)the moral orientation of teachers and school administrators.
C)text materials.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 43

Freud believed in encouraging moral development in children by instilling

A)confidence.
B)fear of losing parental love.
C)collaboration.
D)control.

Question 44

Parents who attempt to gain control over their adolescent or his or her resources are using a discipline technique known as

A)authoritative.
B)induction.
C)power assertion.
D)love withdrawal.

Question 45

Margaret's parents refuse to talk to her if she displeases them in any way.They tell her younger brother that Margaret is a big disappointment to them if she gets any grade below a B.Margaret's parents are using which of the following discipline techniques?

A)power assertion
B)induction
C)deduction
D)love withdrawal

Question 46

Chelsea's father takes away her cell phone and her iPod whenever she does something that he views as "disrespectful." Chelsea's father is using which of the following discipline techniques?

A)authoritative
B)power assertion
C)love withdrawal
D)induction

Question 47

The discipline technique in which a parent uses reason and explanation of the consequences for others of the adolescent's actions is known as

A)deduction.
B)rationality.
C)induction.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 48

In 2018,how many states had a legislative mandate for character education in schools?

A)32
B)6
C)18
D)47

Question 49

Justin's school has rules about behaviors,and teachers clearly transmit the attitude that students should be respectful and considerate of others.According to John Dewey,the rules and moral atmosphere of Justin's school make up its

A)values curriculum.
B)belief system.
C)overt curriculum.
D)hidden curriculum.

Question 50

Research has found that moral children have parents who do all EXCEPT

A)foster an external sense of morality.
B)involve children in family decision-making.
C)model moral behaviors.
D)use inductive discipline.

Question 51

Lawrence Walker advocates exposing children to moral exemplars worthy of emulating and getting children to participate in community service.This character education approach reflects the ________ of moral development.

A)preconventional reasoning level
B)moral feeling domain
C)moral personality domain
D)social domain theory

Question 52

Which of the following statements regarding the use of the induction technique of discipline is TRUE?

A)Induction works better with older children and adolescents than with preschool children.
B)Induction focuses on the adolescent's shortcomings.
C)Induction works just as well as love withdrawal for adolescents.
D)Induction works better on children from low SES families than with children from middle SES families.

Question 53

Maria participates in a moral education program where students are encouraged to define their own values and understand the values of others.This program is using which approach to moral development?

A)cognitive moral education
B)service learning
C)values sharing
D)values clarification

Question 54

The quality of a society can be enhanced when citizens are proactive in providing service to the community and the nation.The initial call to serve came in whose inaugural address?

A)John F.Kennedy
B)Ronald Reagan
C)Harry S.Truman
D)Jimmy Carter

Question 55

Jodie is trying to decide how she feels about cheating and those who cheat.This internal struggle is consistent with which theory of moral development?

A)social domain theory
B)social cognitive theory
C)Kohlberg's stages of moral development
D)Freud's psychoanalytic theory

Question 56

What is the primary way in which parents influence the moral development of teens?

A)providing opportunities for their children to question their own moral beliefs
B)providing explanations of their own moral beliefs
C)imposing rules and regulations without explanations
D)interaction with teens in situations in which moral reasoning is required

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of moral exemplars?

A)brave
B)just
C)caring
D)honest

Question 58

A relatively new approach to character education that helps students to develop moral concepts emphasizes

A)a care perspective.
B)an equity perspective.
C)a justice perspective.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 59

Researchers consider the core of all three types of moral exemplars to include the traits of honesty and

A)agreeableness.
B)conscientiousness.
C)emotional stability.
D)dependability.

Question 60

Which of the following statements regarding the effects of parental discipline on an adolescent is NOT true?

A)Any discipline produces arousal on the part of the adolescent.
B)Power assertion evokes a high level of anxiety.
C)Love withdrawal evokes considerable anxiety.
D)Both power assertion and love withdrawal evoke considerable levels of anxiety.

Question 61

Recent research has shown that more college freshmen today than in 1990 are interested in

A)immigration.
B)the homeless.
C)the working poor.
D)volunteer or community-service programs.

Question 62

Which of the following students would be considered cheating?

A)Brooke,who falsifies her lab reports
B)Bobbi,who adds six unearned hours to her monthly record of service learning
C)Ariel,who buys a research paper from a friend
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 63

Which of the following is a recent trend in religion among adolescents and emerging adults?

A)There is a downward trend in religious interest among college students.
B)Religious issues are important to many adolescents and emerging adults.
C)More than twice as many first-year students as in 1978 reported no religious preference.
D)All of these are recent trends.

Question 64

According to the proponents of integrative ethical education,moral experts possess all of the following skills EXCEPT

A)ethical mandates.
B)ethical sensitivity.
C)ethical judgment.
D)ethical actions.

Question 65

Which of the following statements regarding service learning is NOT true?

A)Boys participate more in service learning than girls.
B)Service learning takes learning out into the community.
C)Service learning is often more effective when the students have a choice of activities.
D)Service learning benefits adolescents in a number of different ways.

Question 66

Which of the following statements about the values of today's college students is NOT true?

A)Today's college students are less interested than earlier students in personal well-being.
B)Today's college students are less interested than earlier students in the well-being of others.
C)College students today are strongly motivated to be well-off financially.
D)Today's college students are less motivated than earlier students to develop a meaningful philosophy of life.

Question 67

Jordan says that he wants to make as much money as he can after college so that he can retire at age 45.He plans to "save every dime" that is not needed for his basic living expenses.David says that he wants to earn a decent salary but that he is more interested in using some of his earnings to travel and meet interesting people.Jordan and David have different

A)ideas about how to spend their time.
B)goals for their lives.
C)values about money.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 68

Professor Dawson clearly spells out,both verbally and on his syllabus,what constitutes cheating in his class.His colleague,Professor Curtis,assumes that students know what behaviors are cheating and doesn't mention her policies.According to research,what is likely to happen in these two professors' classes?

A)Students in Professor Curtis's class will be less likely to cheat than students in Professor Dawson's class.
B)Students in Professor Dawson's class will be less likely to cheat than students in Professor Curtis's class.
C)Students in both classes will cheat approximately 50 percent of the time.
D)Whether or not students cheat depends on the subject material.

Question 69

An integrative approach to moral education encompasses the ________ and ________.

A)reflective moral thinking of Kohlberg; values clarification approach
B)cognitive moral education approach; service learning
C)reflective moral thinking of Kohlberg; character education
D)care perspective of Gilligan; values clarification

Question 70

Mr.Gates,who teaches World Geography,frequently gives out a test and then leaves the room to pick up his mail in the office or to get coffee.What does research predict Mr.Gates' students are likely to do while he is out of the room?

A)cheat on his tests
B)not cheat on his tests,because he clearly trusts them
C)have increased anxiety about his tests because he is not in the room
D)report his behavior to their parents

Question 71

A program in which adults coach students in ethical decision making,and students have a caring experience in the classroom and community is called the

A)Child-Centered Learning Project.
B)Child Development Project.
C)Innocence Project.
D)No Child Left Behind Initiative.

Question 72

Our beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be are our

A)values.
B)ethics.
C)morals.
D)stereotypes.

Question 73

Mr.Hale has his tenth-grade honors English class tutor younger children in reading and writing.Mr.Hale's students are engaged in

A)volunteerism.
B)co-operative learning.
C)service learning.
D)moral induction.

Question 74

________ involves experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society.

A)Religion
B)Religiousness
C)Spirituality
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 75

The goal of the integrative ethical education program is to

A)help students to define and clarify their moral values.
B)have students practice their ethical skills in the community.
C)turn moral novices into moral experts.
D)have students identify clear moral and immoral behaviors.

Question 76

Austin volunteers to help senior citizens learn basic computer skills.If Austin is like many students who participate in service learning,Austin will

A)have high grades in school.
B)have excellent computer skills.
C)have elderly grandparents who inspire him to give back to the community.
D)probably not volunteer when he gets older.

Question 77

In promoting academic integrity,many colleges have instituted an honor code policy that emphasizes ________.

A)self-responsibility
B)fairness
C)trust
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 78

Recent research on the benefits for volunteers and those who receive volunteer services suggest that

A)recipients benefit when adolescents are mandated to participate in service learning; adolescents are negatively affected.
B)required service learning results in hostility and is not good for either the volunteer or the recipient.
C)more adolescents should be required to participate in service learning programs.
D)service learning programs should be introduced in middle school.

Question 79

The Child Development Project is an example of

A)a moral exemplar program.
B)a values-clarification program.
C)a service-learning program.
D)an integrated approach to moral education.

Question 80

Ms.Sacco's U.S.history students perceive her to be incompetent.They also think that she is unfair and that she does not care about her students.According to recent research,Ms.Sacco's students are likely to

A)hate U.S.history.
B)complain to the principal about her class.
C)cheat in her class.
D)be rude and disrespectful to her.