Deck 4: The Self, identity, emotion, and Personality

Question 1

The individual's cognitive representation of the self-the substance and content of self-conceptions-is called

A)self-evaluation.
B)self-understanding.
C)self-esteem.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What differences exist between the self-understanding of adolescents and that of emerging adults?

A)In adolescence,self-understanding becomes more realistic.
B)In emerging adulthood,self-understanding becomes more integrated.
C)In emerging adulthood,self-understanding becomes more fragmented and diverse.
D)In emerging adulthood,self-understanding becomes less self-reflective.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The "social mirror" for adolescents is

A)friends.
B)parents.
C)siblings.
D)classmates.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What happens if youth from different ethnic backgrounds are unable to effectively navigate among their different worlds?

A)They develop bicultural selves.
B)They develop multicultural selves.
C)They become culture brokers for others.
D)They can experience alienation from family,peers,and school.

Question 5

Which of the following statements regarding possible selves is NOT true?

A)Possible selves include what individuals would like to become.
B)Possible selves include what individuals are afraid of becoming.
C)Possible selves that have a negative aspect are unhealthy and should be avoided.
D)Aspects of the future negative self can identify behaviors to be avoided.

Question 6

Sari goes through many different emotions in one day.One minute she is laughing with her friends,and later she is edgy and snapping at her sister.Sari's fluctuating self has been called the

A)barometric self.
B)bipolar self.
C)pendulum self.
D)unstable self.

Question 7

Carl Rogers argued that a strong discrepancy between the real self and the ideal self is a sign of

A)maturity.
B)cognitive dissonance.
C)maladjustment.
D)emerging adulthood.

Question 8

Which of the following statements regarding self-esteem is TRUE?

A)People with high self-esteem are accurate in their self-perceptions.
B)Self-esteem reflects perceptions that do not always match reality.
C)Low self-esteem may be seen as grandiose behavior.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 9

Domain-specific evaluation of the self is referred to as

A)self-efficacy.
B)self-worth.
C)self-image.
D)self-concept.

Question 10

In an effort to protect the self,adolescents tend to

A)deny their negative characteristics.
B)see positive self-descriptions as central aspects of the self.
C)see negative self-descriptions as peripheral or less important aspects of the self.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 11

Melody moved to the United States from the Philippines with her family.Although she has encountered some barriers related to language and racism,she also has made some close friends and,in general,moves easily between the two cultures.Which of the following is Melody LEAST likely to develop?

A)alienation from family
B)abilities as a culture broker for others
C)a bicultural self
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 12

The global evaluative dimension of self is known as

A)self-efficacy.
B)self-esteem.
C)locus of control.
D)self-concept.

Question 13

To construct the MOST accurate picture of adolescents' self-esteem,one should look at

A)self-reports.
B)behavioral observations.
C)reports or ratings from peers and parents.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 14

Which of the following statements regarding adolescent self-understanding is TRUE?

A)Over time,an adolescent's self-understanding becomes more differentiated.
B)Adolescents understand that they possess different selves depending on the specific role or context.
C)The self fluctuates across situations and time.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 15

Ben knows that he is a baseball player,a member of his church,an older brother,and a fan of jazz music.This describes Ben's

A)personality.
B)self-concept.
C)self-understanding.
D)self-assessment.

Question 16

Researcher Labouvie-Vief asserts that the development of a coherent,integrated worldview does not happen until which ages?

A)18-25
B)20-29
C)30-39
D)40-49

Question 17

What differences exist between Susan Harter's self-perception measures for children and adolescents?

A)Children are assessed on close friendships,but adolescents are not.
B)Adolescents are assessed on athletic competence,but children are not.
C)Adolescents are assessed on close friendships,but children are not.
D)Children are assessed for physical appearance,but adolescents are not.

Question 18

Most adolescents view social comparisons as

A)socially acceptable.
B)socially undesirable.
C)necessary to be popular.
D)normative.

Question 19

Troy,age 16,is LEAST likely to show his false self to

A)his best friend.
B)his classmate.
C)his girlfriend.
D)his coach.

Question 20

Crystal wants to be an honor student,a member of the softball team,and a student intern.In reality,she is a B-/C+ student,did not make the softball team,and was placed in a career exploration course rather than an internship.Rogers would say that this discrepancy between Crystal's actual and ideal selves can produce

A)a sense of failure.
B)depression.
C)self-criticism.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that the text lists as means to improve the self-esteem of adolescents and emerging adults?

A)Let adolescents and emerging adults cope with the causes of their low self-esteem on their own.
B)Identify the causes of low self-esteem.
C)Foster achievement.
D)The text recommends none of these.

Question 22

How effective are family cohesiveness and family communication at increasing adolescent self-esteem?

A)quite effective; families that are close and have good communication tend to have adolescents with high self-esteem
B)not very effective; adolescent don't like to spend too much time with their families
C)effective in girls but not very effective in boys
D)effective in boys but not very effective in girls

Question 23

Cassie's soccer coach helps her to cope with her conflicting emotions about her parents' impending divorce.The coach listens to Cassie and has allowed her to come up with her own plan to face this problem.As a result of this support for her coping skills,Cassie is likely to experience

A)anger towards her parents.
B)increased self-esteem.
C)increased interest in soccer.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 24

Research has shown that effortful control is related to

A)number of years in formal education.
B)high self-esteem.
C)openness to experiences.
D)decreased levels of anxiety.

Question 25

Nick's parents told him that he did a "good job" for everything,even when his performance was mediocre or poor.Nick's college sociology teacher gave him a C+ on a paper and included constructive criticism on his writing and critical thinking skills.According to research,Nick will

A)be unhappy with his grade but appreciative of the feedback on his work.
B)understand that he did not do his best work on this paper.
C)have difficulty handling criticism.
D)be angry with his parents for not preparing him for the real world.

Question 26

Tyler is in the sixth grade and attends an elementary school.His brother,Jake,is in the seventh grade and is in his first year of junior high school.Research on self-esteem in adolescents would indicate who has higher self-esteem?

A)Jake
B)Tyler
C)Self-esteem is probably about the same,as the brothers are close in age.
D)We cannot make any inferences about self-esteem based on grade in school.

Question 27

Programs such as Big Brothers and Big Sisters provide ________ for adolescents.

A)academic tutoring
B)supervision and monitoring of behavior
C)social and emotional support
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 28

Which of the following statements regarding high self-esteem and school performance is TRUE?

A)High self-esteem produces better school performance.
B)High self-esteem adolescents have less initiative than low self-esteem adolescents.
C)High self-esteem adolescents are rarely prone to antisocial actions.
D)School performance and self-esteem are only moderately correlated.

Question 29

Low self-esteem in adolescents and emerging adults has been shown to be a factor in

A)depression.
B)anorexia nervosa.
C)delinquency.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 30

Research indicates that self-esteem issues among females in emerging adulthood may be due to

A)movies and television.
B)negative body image.
C)conflict with parents.
D)conflict with peers.

Question 31

Research has shown that narcissism combined with high self-esteem is related to

A)major depression.
B)high aggression.
C)eating disorders.
D)truancy.

Question 32

It is extremely important to Sean,age 19,to make the Dean's List in college.His twin brother,Seamus,is more focused on being chosen for the rugby team.According to Susan Harter,Sean and Seamus have each identified their

A)vulnerable area for self-esteem.
B)domain important to the self.
C)domain important to their parents.
D)domain important for social approval.

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT one of the outcomes associated with self-regulation?

A)conscientiousness
B)longevity
C)higher academic achievement
D)high self-esteem

Question 34

Don is a 24-year-old married teacher.His sister,Diane,age 20,is a single college student.Their cousin,Jude,age 23,is a single man who just lost his job as a bartender.Which of these young adults is likely to have the HIGHEST self-esteem?

A)Don
B)Jude
C)Diane
D)All of them will have about equal self-esteem.

Question 35

The most powerful contributor to global self-esteem in adolescence is

A)physical appearance.
B)academic achievement.
C)popularity with peers.
D)athletic achievement.

Question 36

Which of the following factors is related to self-esteem?

A)age
B)gender
C)socioeconomic status
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 37

Which of the following statements describes narcissists?

A)They show a great deal of empathy for others.
B)They are keenly aware of how others perceive them.
C)They are excessively modest and shy.
D)They are excessively self-centered.

Question 38

What is the most likely impact of inflated self-esteem as a result of empty praise during childhood?

A)giving up when faced with a difficult situation
B)difficulty with authority figures
C)mental health problems as an adult
D)lower life satisfaction

Question 39

Research on trends in narcissism from 1976 to 2006 showed

A)no increase in narcissism among high-school and college students.
B)a significant increase in narcissism among high-school and college students.
C)a slight decrease in narcissism among high-school and college students.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 40

Which of the following terms describes a person who has an exaggerated sense of self-importance and who requires almost constant admiration?

A)borderline
B)avoidant
C)narcissistic
D)antisocial

Question 41

Tony has very little interest in choosing a career path.James Marcia would say that Tony's identity status is

A)identity moratorium.
B)identity foreclosure.
C)identity achievement.
D)identity diffusion.

Question 42

Jean tells you that she loves to go to garage sales and flea markets on weekends.She has described her

A)intellectual identity.
B)ethnic identity.
C)interest identity.
D)personality.

Question 43

Erikson believed that ________ was the central issue for adolescents.

A)intimacy
B)autonomy
C)generativity
D)identity

Question 44

According to Erikson,which of the following factors is a component of identity?

A)spiritual beliefs
B)career path
C)how intensely a person identifies with his or her cultural heritage
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 45

Bob has explored a number of career paths in his senior year of high school and he has decided that he wants to pursue a career as a forensic psychologist.James Marcia would classify Bob in which identity status?

A)identity foreclosure
B)identity diffusion
C)identity moratorium
D)identity achievement

Question 46

William Damon,author of The Path to Purpose,is concerned that too many of today's youth are

A)not moving towards any identity resolution.
B)without a sense of direction.
C)developing maladaptive habits.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 47

James Marcia uses the term ________ to mean a personal investment in what an individual is going to do.

A)choice
B)commitment
C)buy-in
D)selection

Question 48

Ruth,age 35,has decided to enter a convent after years of being a successful paralegal.She tells her family and friends that she has given this decision a great deal of thought and that she is open to this new experience.Contemporary theorists of identity development would say that Ruth

A)is experiencing a mid-life crisis.
B)has reorganized her identity.
C)should not make any major life changes until she is 40.
D)should become a lawyer to strengthen her career identity.

Question 49

Jodie,age 16,refuses to take a summer job working at her father's grocery store and instead decides to volunteer at a camp for disabled children.She says she would feel "useless" bagging groceries.Erikson would say that Jodie's choice reflects

A)her desire to be true to her own identity.
B)her desire to be independent from her father.
C)her basic laziness.
D)her desire to be praised by the community for her selflessness.

Question 50

Two core ingredients in Erikson's theory of identity development are ________ and role experimentation.

A)rebellion
B)academic success
C)personality experimentation
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 51

Trisha's parents are concerned that at age 15,she seems to be unsure of what she wants to pursue for a career.Last month she was interested in nursing and now she is looking into social work.Trisha's parents should know that her behavior is

A)immature and not typical for girls her age.
B)typical for adolescents of her age.
C)a cause for some concern; she should have had her college major decided by now.
D)a sign of instability.

Question 52

Myra's parents have always told her that she will be an engineer like her grandfather.Myra never even considered any other career and she is now enrolled in a pre-engineering program at a community college.James Marcia would classify Myra in which identity status?

A)identity achievement
B)identity moratorium
C)identity diffusion
D)identity foreclosure

Question 53

Contemporary views on identity development suggest that

A)it is a shorter process than Erikson implied.
B)it is a much simpler process than Erikson implied.
C)it begins in emerging adulthood rather than adolescence.
D)it evolves over the course of the life cycle.

Question 54

Stacy has explored a number of careers that involve helping other people,but she has not yet made a commitment to an identity.According to James Marcia,Stacy is in which identity status?

A)identity moratorium
B)identity diffusion
C)identity foreclosure
D)identity achievement

Question 55

James Marcia refers to a period of identity development during which an adolescent is choosing among meaningful alternatives a

A)crisis.
B)commitment.
C)choice.
D)challenge.

Question 56

The term for the status in which adolescents have made a commitment but have not experienced an identity crisis is

A)identity foreclosure.
B)identity diffusion.
C)identity moratorium.
D)identity achievement.

Question 57

A revisionist view of Marcia's concepts has proposed that effective identity development involves

A)gathering information and talking to others about current commitments.
B)evaluating identity commitments on a continuing basis.
C)identification with commitment.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 58

Adam,age 28,is still "chipping away" at courses in graduate school.He works part-time as a van driver and freely admits that he doesn't know what kind of work he wants to do once he finishes his degree.William Damon,author of The Path to Purpose,would say that Adam

A)needs to figure out his life choices on his own.
B)is missing a sense of purpose that gives meaning and direction to his life.
C)probably was a spoiled and pampered child who now clearly lacks social interest.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 59

Erikson called the gap between the security of childhood and adult autonomy

A)a psychosocial moratorium.
B)an identity crisis.
C)an identity-diffused period.
D)a psychological time-out.

Question 60

James Marcia uses the terms ________ and ________ to classify individuals according to four identity statuses.

A)crisis; determination
B)crisis; commitment
C)challenge; crisis
D)exploration; selection

Question 61

Which of the following statements regarding ethnic identity is NOT true?

A)Positive ethnic identity is linked to lower school engagement.
B)Positive ethnic identity is linked to lower levels of aggression.
C)Positive ethnic identity for Navajo adolescents is linked to higher social functioning.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 62

Which of the following parenting styles has been associated with fostering identity achievement?

A)autocratic
B)democratic
C)permissive
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 63

James Cote argues that a positive identity in emerging adulthood requires

A)self-discipline.
B)financial security.
C)autonomy.
D)job stability.

Question 64

What is the best explanation as to why college attendance is associated with positive changes in identity development?

A)exposure to diverse experiences
B)rebelliousness from parents
C)separation from parents' beliefs and values
D)increased feelings of responsibility

Question 65

Marcia identified at least three aspects of young adolescent development that are important to identity formation.They are an established sense of industry,a self-reflective stance towards the future,and

A)confidence in parental support.
B)academic success.
C)positive peer relationships.
D)good health.

Question 66

The process of refining and enhancing the identity choices made in emerging adulthood is known as

A)identity clarification.
B)identity solidification.
C)identity consolidation.
D)identity certainty.

Question 67

Research by Heath and McLaughlin shows that an important aspect of the social context that increases the likelihood that they will develop a positive ethnic identity is

A)religious schools.
B)youth organizations.
C)inner-city basketball teams.
D)health education programs.

Question 68

A common pattern of individuals who develop positive identities is called the

A)MAMA cycle.
B)PAPA cycle.
C)MAPA cycle.
D)PAMA cycle.

Question 69

College produces key changes in identity,due to a wide range of new experiences and

A)increased social skills.
B)increased complexity in reasoning skills.
C)increased autonomy.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 70

Which of the following statements regarding ethnic identity is NOT true?

A)Adolescents and emerging adults from ethnic minority groups have to choose between two or more sources of identity.
B)Most adolescents resolve their ethnic identity dilemma by rejecting their own ethnic group.
C)Many adolescents resolve their ethnic dilemma by developing a bicultural identity.
D)Most adolescents resolve their ethnic identity dilemma by identifying in some way with the majority culture.

Question 71

Tracy is fairly sure that she wants to pursue a career in nursing.She attends a nursing career fair,interviews two family members who are nurses,and researches the different jobs that nurses can do.Tracy is in the ________ stage of identity development.

A)fact-gathering
B)exploration in depth
C)identification with commitment
D)survey

Question 72

Researchers have found that

A)ethnic identity decreases with age.
B)ethnic identity increases with age.
C)higher levels of ethnic identity are linked to negative attitudes towards members of other ethnic groups.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 73

Ross has parents who provide him with little guidance and who allow him to make his own decisions.Ross is likely to be

A)identity achieved.
B)identity foreclosed.
C)identity diffused.
D)identity confused.

Question 74

What has been found to be a turning point in developing identity in late adolescence and emerging adulthood?

A)relationships
B)autonomy
C)mortality events
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 75

Carlos,age 23,is expected to live at home with his family until marriage.His parents emphasize family loyalty and interdependence.Carlos feels a conflict because he sees that the mainstream non-Latino White culture,with which he also identifies,values

A)loyalty to the dominant culture only.
B)rejection of ethnic norms and traditions.
C)social isolation.
D)independence and self-assertion.

Question 76

Carroll and Gloria are first-generation immigrants from Poland.The degree to which they begin to feel "American" may be related to

A)securing jobs in the United States.
B)learning to adapt to American food.
C)buying a home.
D)whether or not they develop social networks beyond their ethnic group.

Question 77

Lito and Jose are second-generation immigrants from Argentina.Their ethnic identity is likely to be linked to

A)retention of their native language.
B)whether or not they are close to their parents.
C)the presence of extended family in the home.
D)None of these choices are correct.

Question 78

Low socioeconomic status (SES)urban settings may expose adolescents to

A)drugs.
B)gangs.
C)criminal activities.
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 79

Which of the following statements regarding identity in adolescents and young adults is NOT true?

A)Developmental changes in adolescence are especially true of vocational choice.
B)Fewer college students reach identity achieved status with respect to religious and political beliefs than vocational choices.
C)Most young adolescents are identity foreclosed.
D)The timing of identity development may depend on the specific dimensions involved.

Question 80

What is the main finding of Cooper's research on the role of families in adolescents' identity formation?

A)Identity formation is enhanced by individuality and connectedness.
B)Identity formation is blocked by enmeshment and poor communication.
C)Identity formation is enhanced by diffuse family boundaries and good social skills.
D)Identity formation is halted by individuality and controlling parents.