Deck 10: Control of Gene Expression

Question 1

The two different forms of fibronectin mRNA produced by two different kinds of cells is an example of ____________.  

A) transcriptional control
B) post-transcriptional control
C) transport control
D) translational control
E) post-translational control

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The rate at which mRNA is processed by ribosomes is an example of _______________________.  

A) transcriptional control
B) transcript processing control
C) post-translational modification
D) translational control
E) RNA transport localization

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Homeotic genes generally control _________________.  

A) X chromosome inactivation
B) the formation of a specific body part
C) hormone synthesis.
D) dosage compensation
E) DNA methylation.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which statement about promoters is true?  

A) They are long sequences in DNA.
B) They are locations in DNA where regulatory proteins do not gather.
C) They control transcription.
D) They are associated with all genes.
E) They slow the rate of transcription.

Question 5

Which of the following causes DNA to wrap tightly around histones,essentially shutting down transcription?  

A) Methylation
B) Acetylation
C) Nitrogenation
D) Dehydration
E) Carbonation

Question 6

X chromosome inactivation results in the _______________________.  

A) total inactivation of both X chromosomes
B) inactivation of only the paternal X chromosome
C) inactivation of only the maternal X chromosome
D) inactivation of either the paternal X chromosome or the maternal X chromosome
E) nonrandom inactivation of X chromosomes in the initial cells of tissues

Question 7

In an egg,cytoplasmic localization of mRNA occurs when the transcripts ____________.  

A) are bound to specific proteins
B) are small enough
C) are attached to fat soluble molecules
D) contain specific introns
E) are attached to ribosome subunits manufactured in the nucleus

Question 8

In plants,the average expression of genes involved in cold tolerance is _________.  

A) highest just before daytime hours
B) lowest just before nighttime hours
C) highest just before nighttime hours
D) constant during nighttime and daytime hours
E) the constant during nighttime hours

Question 9

Adding acetyl and methyl groups to a histone regulates gene expression by _________________.  

A) increasing the pH of the cell
B) loosening the DNA wound around the histone
C) modifying the nucleotides of the promoter region of the DNA molecule
D) tightening the DNA wound around the histone
E) enhancing the development of a DNA-RNA hybrid

Question 10

Researchers tend to name genes based on what happens in their absence.The tinman gene in Drosophila results in flies ______________________.  

A) without hearts
B) with nonjointed legs
C) with a thick exoskeleton
D) with rust colored eyes
E) without brains

Question 11

Differentiation is the process in which cells _____________.  

A) mature into larger cells
B) change from one type of muscle to another
C) change to repair injuries
D) turn on all the genomic genes
E) express different subsets of their genes during development

Question 12

The products of genes that are switched on in specific tissues at specific stages of development affect mainly _______________.  

A) gene replication
B) gene transcription
C) mRNA transcript processing
D) translation
E) post-translational processing of proteins

Question 13

A cycle of biological activity that repeats around every 24 hours.  

A) Circadian rhythm
B) Photosynthesis
C) Respiration
D) Glycolysis
E) Photorespiration

Question 14

The following compounds are produced by plants during the day and broken down at night,except _____________.  

A) rubisco
B) photosystem II
C) ATP synthase
D) photosynthetic proteins
E) carbon dioxide

Question 15

In knockout experiments,_______________.  

A) genes are added to chromosomes
B) normal genes are replaced physically by mutated genes
C) genes are mutated or deleted to prevent their expression
D) mRNAs are prevented from attaching to ribosomes
E) the protein products of specific genes are inactivated

Question 16

The position of a cell within an embryo during embryonic development determines ________________.  

A) which genes will be knocked out
B) the gender of the embryo
C) whether the cell will differentiate
D) which master genes are turned on
E) whether maternal mRNAs will be translated

Question 17

Transcription factors bind directly to ___________________.  

A) elongating polypeptide chains
B) DNA
C) RNA
D) final proteins
E) ribosomal units

Question 18

In eukaryotic DNA methylation,methyl groups are usually added to which molecule?  

A) Guanine
B) Thymine
C) Adenine
D) Cytosine
E) Deoxyribose

Question 19

Cell differentiation can be defined as ___________________.  

A) protein synthesis
B) different cell lineages expressing different subsets of their genes during development
C) all cell lineages expressing the same genes during development
D) different cell lineages expressing all subsets of their genes during development
E) different genomes present in different cell lineages

Question 20

Transcription factors include ______________.  

A) promoters and insulators
B) silencers and enhancers
C) activators and repressors
D) activators, repressors, and translational factors
E) enhancers and repressors

Question 21

X inactivation in calico cat fur results in ________________.  

A) formation of secondary male characteristics
B) mosaic hair color in females
C) mosaic hair color in males
D) hairless phenotype
E) all-white hair color

Question 22

Is the lac operon transcribed when lactose is present?  

A) Yes, lactose is converted to another sugar that binds to the repressor, freeing the promoter region.
B) Yes, lactose binds to RNA polymerase, allowing it to bind to the promoter and transcribe the operon.
C) No, lactose is converted to another sugar that binds to the two operators preventing transcription.
D) No, lactose has no effect on transcription of the lac operon.
E) No, lactose binds to the second operator, blocking transcription by RNA polymerase.

Question 23

Mutation in a B group gene in Arabidopsis thaliana affects development in its flower's ______________.  

A) first whorl only
B) second whorl only
C) third whorl only
D) first and second whorls
E) second and third whorls

Question 24

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.A condensed X chromosome
b.Protein that combines with DNA all along its length
c.Attaches or detaches from operator to regulate transcription
d.Portion of the operon that binds RNA polymerase
e.Genes that induce expression of other genes
f.Genes controlling the development of specific body parts
g.Mechanism of equalizing gene expression between the sexes
h.Binding sites on DNA for regulatory proteins that increase transcription rates
Barr body

Question 25

In the ABC model of flower development in Arabidopsis thaliana,sepals form when which gene(s)is/are switched on?  

A) A only
B) A and B
C) B and C
D) C only
E) A and B and C

Question 26

The obvious advantage of the lac operon is that it ________________________.  

A) allows bacteria to survive in the presence of lactose
B) eliminates the need for lactose-metabolizing enzymes when lactose is not present
C) enables bacteria to make lactose only in the presence of the proper enzymes
D) negates the need for milk in the diet of adult humans
E) enables glucose to substitute for lactose in the diet of lactose intolerant persons

Question 27

In prokaryotes,control of gene expression is mainly at the level of ____.  

A) transcription
B) transcript processing
C) transport
D) translation
E) post-translation

Question 28

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.A condensed X chromosome
b.Protein that combines with DNA all along its length
c.Attaches or detaches from operator to regulate transcription
d.Portion of the operon that binds RNA polymerase
e.Genes that induce expression of other genes
f.Genes controlling the development of specific body parts
g.Mechanism of equalizing gene expression between the sexes
h.Binding sites on DNA for regulatory proteins that increase transcription rates
Dosage compensation

Question 29

Repressor proteins do not __________________.  

A) prevent binding of RNA polymerase to DNA
B) cause the DNA regions that contain the operator to twist or loop
C) inactivate operon genes when their products are not required
D) bind to sets of operators
E) increase transcription rates

Question 30

Which statement is false concerning X chromosome inactivation?  

A) It is an accident of evolution.
B) It is an example of dosage compensation.
C) It is a gene control mechanism.
D) It is responsible for the normal development of female embryos.
E) It does not occur in males.

Question 31

Which of the following is the binding site for RNA polymerase on the DNA molecule?  

A) Structural genes
B) Repressor genes
C) Promoter sequence
D) Operator sequence
E) The region between an operator and the first structural gene

Question 32

Which of the following accounts for the negative control of operons?  

A) Promoters
B) Repressors
C) Structural genes
D) Operators
E) Deactivators

Question 33

Repressors ________________.  

A) bind to operators
B) lie between operators
C) lie between promoters
D) lie downstream from operators
E) are part of an operon

Question 34

_____________ refers to potentially heritable modifications to DNA that can affect gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.  

A) Genetic
B) Generative
C) Genial
D) Epigenetic
E) Epigenomic

Question 35

A different pattern of methylation in genes responsible for glucose and fatty acid metabolism is common in individuals _______________.  

A) with cancer.
B) conceived during famine
C) exposed to chemicals in cigarette smoke
D) with young parents
E) of certain ethnic groups

Question 36

On its own,the product of the C group gene alone in Arabidopsis thaliana triggers ____________________.  

A) sepal development
B) stamen development
C) carpel development
D) petal development
E) stamen and carpel development

Question 37

A mammalian female's ___________________________.  

A) cells usually have multiple Barr bodies
B) body is a mosaic for the X-linked traits she inherits
C) Barr bodies are active in some cells
D) Barr bodies are produced after puberty
E) X-linked recessive genes are always expressed because of the deactivation of an X chromosome in each cell

Question 38

The promotion of the lac operon in bacteria is ________________________.  

A) activated by a repressor protein
B) dependent on lactose concentration
C) dependent on glucose concentration
D) regulated by RNA polymerase
E) regulated by mRNA

Question 39

Which of the following statements is NOT correct in the context of epigenetics?  

A) Methylations acquired during an individual's lifetime are passed to future offspring.
B) Chromosomes of rats resistant to vinclozolin had altered methylation patterns in dozens of different regions.
C) In humans, methylation patterns in hundreds of chromosomal regions change after exposure to lead.
D) DNA methylations accumulate throughout an individual's lifetime.
E) Epigenetic modifications are considered to be an evolutionary mechanism.

Question 40

Mutation in an A group gene in Arabidopsis thaliana affects development in its flower's ____________.  

A) first whorl only
B) second whorl only
C) third whorl only
D) first and second whorls
E) second and third whorls

Question 41

Knockout experiments involving __________ genes in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster)revealed local controls over gene expression.

Question 42

Classification. Choose the proper item below for the following statements.
a.Operon
b.Operator
c.Promoter
d.Repressor protein
e.Regulator protein
This contains regulator,promoter,and operator regions

Question 43

The correspondence between homeotic genes of distantly related animals provides evidence of ________________.

Question 44

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.Influences the amount and kinds of mRNA assembled from structural gene
b.Splicing, capping, and adding a poly-A tail
c.Nuclear envelope selectively regulates passage of transcripts
d.Phosphorylation of translated protein
e.Dosage compensation
Transport control

Question 45

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.A condensed X chromosome
b.Protein that combines with DNA all along its length
c.Attaches or detaches from operator to regulate transcription
d.Portion of the operon that binds RNA polymerase
e.Genes that induce expression of other genes
f.Genes controlling the development of specific body parts
g.Mechanism of equalizing gene expression between the sexes
h.Binding sites on DNA for regulatory proteins that increase transcription rates
Repressor protein

Question 46

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.A condensed X chromosome
b.Protein that combines with DNA all along its length
c.Attaches or detaches from operator to regulate transcription
d.Portion of the operon that binds RNA polymerase
e.Genes that induce expression of other genes
f.Genes controlling the development of specific body parts
g.Mechanism of equalizing gene expression between the sexes
h.Binding sites on DNA for regulatory proteins that increase transcription rates
Histone

Question 47

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.Influences the amount and kinds of mRNA assembled from structural gene
b.Splicing, capping, and adding a poly-A tail
c.Nuclear envelope selectively regulates passage of transcripts
d.Phosphorylation of translated protein
e.Dosage compensation
Transcriptional control

Question 48

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.Influences the amount and kinds of mRNA assembled from structural gene
b.Splicing, capping, and adding a poly-A tail
c.Nuclear envelope selectively regulates passage of transcripts
d.Phosphorylation of translated protein
e.Dosage compensation
mRNA processing

Question 49

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.A condensed X chromosome
b.Protein that combines with DNA all along its length
c.Attaches or detaches from operator to regulate transcription
d.Portion of the operon that binds RNA polymerase
e.Genes that induce expression of other genes
f.Genes controlling the development of specific body parts
g.Mechanism of equalizing gene expression between the sexes
h.Binding sites on DNA for regulatory proteins that increase transcription rates
Promoter

Question 50

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.A condensed X chromosome
b.Protein that combines with DNA all along its length
c.Attaches or detaches from operator to regulate transcription
d.Portion of the operon that binds RNA polymerase
e.Genes that induce expression of other genes
f.Genes controlling the development of specific body parts
g.Mechanism of equalizing gene expression between the sexes
h.Binding sites on DNA for regulatory proteins that increase transcription rates
Homeotic genes

Question 51

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.A condensed X chromosome
b.Protein that combines with DNA all along its length
c.Attaches or detaches from operator to regulate transcription
d.Portion of the operon that binds RNA polymerase
e.Genes that induce expression of other genes
f.Genes controlling the development of specific body parts
g.Mechanism of equalizing gene expression between the sexes
h.Binding sites on DNA for regulatory proteins that increase transcription rates
Enhancers

Question 52

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.Influences the amount and kinds of mRNA assembled from structural gene
b.Splicing, capping, and adding a poly-A tail
c.Nuclear envelope selectively regulates passage of transcripts
d.Phosphorylation of translated protein
e.Dosage compensation
X chromosome inactivation

Question 53

Classification. Choose the proper item below for the following statements.
a.Operon
b.Operator
c.Promoter
d.Repressor protein
e.Regulator protein
A repressor protein can shut down transcription by binding here

Question 54

In female mammals,most genes on one of the two X chromosomes are permanently inaccessible,a phenomenon called __________.

Question 55

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.Influences the amount and kinds of mRNA assembled from structural gene
b.Splicing, capping, and adding a poly-A tail
c.Nuclear envelope selectively regulates passage of transcripts
d.Phosphorylation of translated protein
e.Dosage compensation
Post-translational control

Question 56

Classification. Choose the proper item below for the following statements.
a.Operon
b.Operator
c.Promoter
d.Repressor protein
e.Regulator protein
Used in allosteric regulation of the lac operon

Question 57

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a.A condensed X chromosome
b.Protein that combines with DNA all along its length
c.Attaches or detaches from operator to regulate transcription
d.Portion of the operon that binds RNA polymerase
e.Genes that induce expression of other genes
f.Genes controlling the development of specific body parts
g.Mechanism of equalizing gene expression between the sexes
h.Binding sites on DNA for regulatory proteins that increase transcription rates
Master genes

Question 58

As cell lineages use varying subsets of genes during development,they become specialized through a process called __________.

Question 59

Classification. Choose the proper item below for the following statements.
a.Operon
b.Operator
c.Promoter
d.Repressor protein
e.Regulator protein
When the repressor is inactivated,RNA polymerase can bind here and allow transcription to occur

Question 60

Classification. Choose the proper item below for the following statements.
a.Operon
b.Operator
c.Promoter
d.Repressor protein
e.Regulator protein
Repressors,activators,and transcription factors

Question 61

What is the most efficient way to regulate gene expression from the perspective of cellular resources?

Question 62

Explain why grandsons of boys who survived a famine lived longer than grandsons of boys who did not experience a famine?

Question 63

Why is SRY considered to be a master gene?