Deck 19: Fluidelectrolyte and Acidbase Balance

Question 1

Extracellular fluid makes up approximately ____ of the total body fluid, and includes ____.

A)one-fourth/tissue fluid
B)one-third/plasma
C)one-half/the water of cytoplasm
D)two-thirds/lymph

Answer 1

one-third/plasma

Question 2

Approximately one-third of the total body water is found ____, and is called ____ fluiD.

A)outside of cells/circumcellular
B)within cells/intracellular
C)outside of cells/extracellular
D)within cells/cytoplasmic

Answer 2

outside of cells/extracellular

Question 3

Water found in blood vessels is called:

A)plasma
B)intracellular fluid
C)lymph
D)tissue fluid

Answer 3

plasma

Question 4

The fluid called plasma is:

A)water within arteries
B)water within veins
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and water within capillaries

Question 5

Water found between cells is called:

A)lymph
B)intracellular fluid
C)tissue fluid
D)plasma

Question 6

Approximately two-thirds of the total body water is found ____, and is called ____ fluiD.

A)within cells/intracellular
B)around cells/extracellular
C)within cells/intercellular
D)around cells/intercellular fluid

Question 7

Which of the following statements are true of water and water compartments? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Interstitial fluid is another name for intracellular fluid.
B)Water moves into and out of cells mainly by osmosis.
C)Lymph was previously tissue fluid and will become plasma.
D)Tissue fluid is formed from plasma by the process of filtration.
E)Cerebrospinal fluid is the tissue fluid of the CNS and is formed by active transport.
F)The largest water compartment is plasma, and the smallest is tissue fluid.

Question 8

Tissue fluid is formed by the process of:

A)diffusion
B)osmosis
C)filtration
D)active transport

Question 9

Which of the following statements are true of electrolytes? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)The major cation in tissue fluid is sodium, and the major anion is chloride.
B)Potassium is the major cation in intracellular fluid, and phosphate and proteins are the major anions.
C)The major anion in plasma is chloride, and the major cation is sodium.
D)Calcium and magnesium are anions needed for normal bone growth.
E)Osmotic pressure in body fluids is created mainly by sodium, potassium, chloride, and phosphate ions.
F)The presence of electrolytes in a water compartment determines whether that compartment will gain or lose water.
G)Sulfate cations are an essential part of some proteins.
H)Calcium ions are essential for blood clotting.

Question 10

Cerebrospinal fluid is:

A)the tissue fluid of the CNS
B)a shock absorber for the CNS
C)both A and B
D)both A and B, and it is made from blood plasma

Question 11

Serous fluid is:

A)between the pleural membranes
B)a fluid that prevents friction
C)both A and B
D)both A and B, and it prevents friction in joints

Question 12

Water found within cells is called:

A)plasma
B)intercellular fluid
C)tissue fluid
D)intracellular fluid

Question 13

Which of the following statements are true of fluid volume and hormones? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Increased secretion of ADH will help prevent the loss of body fluid.
B)Aldosterone increases the excretion of sodium ions and the retention of potassium ions and water.
C)ANP increases the retention of sodium ions and has no effect on potassium ions.
D)Dehydration (any form or cause) will stimulate secretion of ADh.
E)An increase in BP stimulates secretion of aldosterone by way of the renin-angiotensin mechanism.
F)The kidneys are target organs of ADH, ANP, and aldosterone.

Question 14

Intercellular fluid is:

A)also called tissue fluid
B)found between cells
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and is found in lymph capillaries

Question 15

Intracellular fluid is:

A)water within cells
B)water in the spaces between cells
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and is also called interstitial fluid

Question 16

Intracellular fluid makes up approximately ____ of the total body fluid, and is found ____.

A)one-fourth/within cells
B)one-third/surrounding cells
C)one-half/surrounding cells
D)two-thirds/within cells

Question 17

Which of the following statements are true of acid-base regulation? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)The respiratory system responds to metabolic acidosis by decreasing the breathing rate to conserve CO₂.
B)The respiratory system is only about 10% effective at correcting a long-term pH imbalance.
C)Respiratory acidosis is caused by anything that decreases the rate or efficiency of breathing.
D)Correction of a long-term pH imbalance depends primarily on the kidneys.
E)The kidneys respond to acidosis by retaining hydrogen ions.
F)If the pH of the blood is 7.5, the blood is slightly alkaline, but physiologically is "too alkaline."
G)A state of acidosis causes increased nerve activity that may progress to seizures.
H)A state of alkalosis causes confusion and impairment of consciousness.

Question 18

Which specialized body fluid is NOT paired with its correct location?

A)aqueous humor - the tissue fluid of the eye
B)serous fluid - lubricates passage of food in the intestines
C)synovial fluid - prevents friction in joints
D)cerebrospinal fluid - the tissue fluid of the CNS

Question 19

Which of the following statements are true of buffer systems? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)When body fluids become too acidic, the bicarbonate buffer system forms more sodium bicarbonate from the acid.
B)The phosphate buffer system is used by the kidneys to excrete or retain hydrogen ions.
C)An amino acid acts as an acid when its carboxyl group picks up a hydrogen ion.
D)Proteins as buffers are of greatest importance within cells.
E)An amino acid acts as a base when its amine group gives off a hydrogen ion.
F)A buffer system responds very quickly to a change in the pH of body fluids, but its molecules may be rapidly used up.

Question 20

Which of the following statements are true of water intake and output? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Most water intake is in the form of water and other beverages.
B)Most water output is in the form of urine.
C)Metabolic water provides 25% of the total water intake because cell respiration is a constant process.
D)Most foods do not provide water.
E)Water loss by way of sweating may vary greatly from day to day.
F)Water loss by way of breathing is the water vapor in exhaled air.

Question 21

Too little water in the body:

A)is called dehydration, and may be caused by hemorrhage
B)may be caused by diarrhea
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and may be caused by severe burns

Question 22

Water moves into and out of cells by the process of:

A)osmosis
B)filtration
C)facilitated diffusion
D)active transport

Question 23

Water loss from the body, from least to greatest amounts, is:

A)exhalation/feces/sweat/urine
B)feces/sweat/exhalation/urine
C)exhalation/feces/urine/sweat
D)feces/exhalation/sweat/urine

Question 24

The part of the brain that regulates the water content of the body is the:

A)hypothalamus
B)thalamus
C)medulla
D)cerebrum

Question 25

The function of aldosterone is to:

A)increase sodium reabsorption by the kidneys
B)increase water reabsorption by the kidneys
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and increase urinary output

Question 26

Osmoreceptors to detect changes in body water/salt proportions are found in the:

A)mouth and throat
B)medulla
C)hypothalamus
D)aortic arch

Question 27

Osmosis takes place because water moves:

A)to an area of lower concentration of water
B)to an area of greater concentration of salts
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and to an area of lower concentration of minerals

Question 28

Which sequence describes the path a drop of water might take as it moves within the body?

A)plasma to tissue fluid to lymph to plasma
B)plasma to intracellular fluid to plasma to lymph
C)plasma to lymph to tissue fluid to intracellular fluid
D)plasma to lymph to intracellular fluid to tissue fluid

Question 29

Most of the water intake for the body comes from:

A)juicy fruits
B)meats
C)beverages
D)metabolic water

Question 30

Water intake for the body, from least to greatest amounts, is:

A)metabolic water/liquids/foods
B)foods/metabolic water/liquids
C)foods/liquids/metabolic water
D)metabolic water/foods/liquids

Question 31

All of these affect water loss from the body except:

A)hemorrhage
B)strenuous exercise
C)sleeping
D)diarrhea

Question 32

Most of the water lost from the body is in the form of:

A)feces
B)urine
C)sweat
D)exhaled water vapor

Question 33

The hormone that directly increases water reabsorption by the kidneys is:

A)PTH
B)ANP
C)ADH
D)aldosterone

Question 34

The part of the brain that regulates the water content of the body is the ____, because it has ____.

A)medulla/the swallowing center
B)hypothalamus/wet receptors
C)cerebrum/awareness of thirst
D)hypothalamus/osmoreceptors

Question 35

The two processes by which body water moves from one compartment to another are:

A)active transport and osmosis
B)osmosis and filtration
C)filtration and active transport
D)osmosis and diffusion

Question 36

For the body, the sources of water (intake) include all of these except:

A)beverages
B)foods
C)inhaled air
D)metabolic water

Question 37

The hormone that increases reabsorption of water by the kidneys following reabsorption of sodium ions is:

A)PTH
B)ANP
C)ADH
D)aldosterone

Question 38

Filtration takes place because:

A)blood pressure forces plasma out of capillaries
B)water moves to an area of higher pressure
C)both A and B
D)both A and B, and because water is cohesive

Question 39

Metabolic water is the water produced in the body as the result of:

A)secretion of saliva
B)secretion of gastric juice
C)breathing
D)cell respiration

Question 40

The function of ADH is to:

A)increase reabsorption of water by the kidneys
B)decrease reabsorption of water by the kidneys
C)increase reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidneys
D)decrease reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidneys

Question 41

Cations are:

A)positive ions such as phosphate
B)negative ions such as potassium
C)positive ions such as magnesium
D)negative ions such as chloride

Question 42

The concentration of dissolved materials present in a solution is called:

A)osmoreceptors
B)water balance
C)osmosis
D)osmolarity

Question 43

The function of ANP is to:

A)increase sodium excretion by the kidneys
B)increase water reabsorption by the kidneys
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and decrease urinary output

Question 44

The movement of water through a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure is called:

A)osmosis
B)filtration
C)diffusion
D)active transport

Question 45

A hormone that increases urinary output is:

A)aldosterone
B)ANP
C)both A and B
D)both A and B, and ADH

Question 46

A hormone that decreases urinary output is:

A)ADH
B)aldosterone
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and ANP

Question 47

When there is too much water in the body, secretion of ____ decreases, and urinary output ____.

A)aldosterone/decreases
B)ANP/decreases
C)ADH/increases
D)ADH/decreases

Question 48

The term osmolarity means the:

A)receptors in the medulla that detect water
B)concentration of dissolved materials in a solution
C)movement of water through a membrane to an area of less salt
D)diffusion of water

Question 49

Anions are:

A)negative ions
B)covalently bonded atoms
C)positive ions
D)neutral ions

Question 50

Cations are:

A)covalently bonded atoms
B)positive ions
C)negative ions
D)neutral ions

Question 51

The major electrolytes in plasma are:

A)sodium, chloride, and proteins
B)sodium and potassium
C)sodium, potassium, and chloride
D)potassium, phosphate, and proteins

Question 52

A hormone that will maintain or increase blood volume is:

A)aldosterone
B)ADH
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and ANP

Question 53

Positive ions such as calcium and sodium are called:

A)anions
B)cations
C)flatirons
D)antianions

Question 54

Which statement is NOT true of hormone effects on water loss or retention?

A)ADH increases urinary output.
B)Aldosterone decreases urinary output.
C)ANP increases urinary output.
D)Aldosterone increases blood volume.

Question 55

Which statement is NOT true of ions and solutions?

A)Chloride is a cation.
B)In osmosis, water follows salt.
C)Osmosis is the diffusion of water.
D)Sulfate and phosphate are anions.

Question 56

A hormone that will decrease blood volume is:

A)ANP
B)aldosterone
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and ADH

Question 57

The movement of water through a membrane to an area with more dissolved material is called:

A)osmosis
B)filtration
C)facilitated diffusion
D)active transport

Question 58

The hormone that increases excretion of water by the kidneys following the excretion of sodium ions is:

A)PTH
B)ANP
C)ADH
D)aldosterone

Question 59

Anions are:

A)positive ions such as calcium
B)negative ions such as iron
C)positive ions such as sodium
D)negative ions such as chloride

Question 60

Negative ions such as chloride and sulfate are called:

A)anions
B)cations
C)flatirons
D)antianions

Question 61

A cation that is needed for ATP production and that is abundant within cells is:

A)sodium
B)magnesium
C)calcium
D)phosphate

Question 62

An amino acid acts as a base in body fluids when:

A)a carboxyl group donates a hydrogen ion
B)a carboxyl group picks up an excess hydrogen ion
C)an amine group donates a hydrogen ion
D)an amine group picks up an excess hydrogen ion

Question 63

The electrolyte that is an important part of gastric juice is:

A)phosphate
B)chloride
C)calcium
D)sulfate

Question 64

The bicarbonate buffer system will buffer a strong acid by forming:

A)a weak acid and a salt
B)a weak base and a salt
C)a weak acid and water
D)a weak base and water

Question 65

The electrolyte that is essential for blood clotting is:

A)phosphate
B)iron
C)sulfate
D)calcium

Question 66

The body fluids in which protein anions are significant are:

A)plasma and intracellular fluid
B)intracellular fluid and tissue fluid
C)tissue fluid and plasma
D)tissue fluid and interstitial fluid

Question 67

The electrolytes that are part of bones and teeth are:

A)calcium and phosphate
B)iron
C)A and B
D)A and B and sulfate

Question 68

The major electrolytes in tissue fluid are:

A)sodium and proteins
B)sodium and chloride
C)sodium, potassium, and chloride
D)potassium, phosphate, and proteins

Question 69

When the phosphate buffer system buffers a strong acid, these molecules are formed:

A)a weak acid and a weak base
B)a weak base and a salt
C)a weak acid and a salt
D)a weak acid and water

Question 70

The major cation in plasma is ____, and the major anion is ____.

A)sodium/bicarbonate
B)sodium/chloride
C)potassium/bicarbonate
D)potassium/chloride

Question 71

The bicarbonate buffer system will buffer a strong base by forming:

A)a weak acid and a salt
B)a weak base and a salt
C)a weak acid and water
D)a weak base and water

Question 72

The electrolytes that contribute to the normal functioning of muscle cells are:

A)sodium and potassium
B)calcium
C)both A and B
D)both A and B, and iodine

Question 73

An anion that is an important part of a buffer system is:

A)bicarbonate
B)phosphate
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and sulfate

Question 74

The major electrolytes in intracellular fluid are:

A)sodium and chloride
B)potassium and chloride
C)phosphate, chloride, and proteins
D)potassium, phosphate, and proteins

Question 75

The electrolytes that contribute to the normal functions of neurons are:

A)sodium and potassium
B)iodine
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and iron

Question 76

The major cation in tissue fluid is ____, and the major anion is ____.

A)sodium/bicarbonate
B)sodium/chloride
C)potassium/bicarbonate
D)potassium/chloride

Question 77

The electrolyte that is part of DNA and RNA is:

A)phosphate
B)chloride
C)sulfate
D)calcium

Question 78

An amino acid acts as an acid in body fluids when:

A)the carboxyl group donates a hydrogen ion
B)the amine group picks up an excess hydrogen ion
C)the amine group donates a hydrogen ion
D)the carboxyl group picks up an excess hydrogen ion

Question 79

The major cation in intracellular fluid is ____, and the major anion is ____.

A)sodium/phosphate
B)sodium/chloride
C)potassium/phosphate
D)potassium/chloride

Question 80

The phosphate buffer system is important for the regulation of pH by the:

A)respiratory system
B)kidneys
C)brain
D)skeletal muscles