Deck 27: Plant Reproduction and Development

Question 1

A stamen is ____.

A)composed of a stigma and a style
B)the mature male gametophyte
C)composed of an anther and a filament
D)part of the vegetative phase of an angiosperm
E)part of a plant growth shoot

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which plant cells have the ability to make and release hormones?

A)only cells in reproductive structures
B)only cells in leaves
C)only cells in lateral buds
D)only cells in apical meristems
E)all plant cells

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The various flower parts are attached to a modified branch called the ____.

A)style
B)receptacle
C)stigma
D)filament
E)sepal

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which structures comprise the outermost whorl of a flower?

A)sepals
B)petals
C)anthers
D)pistils
E)stamens

Question 5

What is the term for an inducible whole-body resistance in plants in response to a wide range of pathogens and abiotic stressors?

A)systemic acquired resistance
B)hypersensitive response
C)vernalization
D)abscission
E)circadian rhythm

Question 6

Which structure develops into a seed?

A)pollen
B)ovary
C)carpel
D)ovule
E)receptacle

Question 7

The most critical factor affecting the initiation of seed germination is ____.

A)length of day
B)oxygen availability
C)water absorption
D)temperature
E)enzyme activity

Question 8

The primary function of the endosperm is ____.

A)protection
B)reproduction
C)photosynthesis
D)nutrition
E)water absorption

Question 9

Embryonic plants are nourished by nutrients in endosperm and the ____, but not by nutrients in fruits.

A)cotyledons
B)seed coat
C)germ
D)bran
E)ovary wall

Question 10

When abscisic acid binds to receptors on guard cells, these cells release a gas called nitric oxide (NO), which increases ____ levels within the cell.

A)nitrogen
B)calcium
C)chlorine
D)potassium
E)sodium

Question 11

Temperature extremes, lack of water, and other environmental stresses trigger an increase in which hormone?

A)gibberellin
B)auxin
C)abscisic acid
D)ethylene
E)cytokinin

Question 12

Wind-pollinated flowers are typically ____.

A)nectar-producers
B)involved in the fertilization process of pollinators
C)brightly colored
D)small, green, and odorless
E)composed of UV reflecting pigments

Question 13

The male part of a flower includes the ____.

A)carpel only
B)stigma only
C)style only
D)anther only
E)both the style and anther

Question 14

After a seed germinates, nutrients stored in endosperm (in monocots) or in ____ (in eudicots) support the seedling's growth.

A)radicle
B)hypocotyl
C)cotyledons
D)plumule
E)seed coat

Question 15

The female gametophyte is the ____.

A)pollen tube
B)ovule
C)embryo sac
D)endosperm
E)ovary

Question 16

What signals the end of germination?

A)cracks appear in the seed coat
B)the coleoptile and radicle emerge from the seed coat
C)embryonic shoots and leaves emerge from the seed coat
D)shoots rise above the ground
E)the cotyledon falls off

Question 17

What is the principal hormone that causes phototropism in stems or leaves?

A)auxin
B)gibberellin
C)abscisic acid
D)ethylene
E)cytokinin

Question 18

Humans cultivate rice, wheat, rye, oats, and barley for their nutritious seeds. What part of the seed is traditionally used in flour for baking?

A)seed coat
B)sporophyte
C)endosperm
D)embryo
E)fruit

Question 19

Amy receives a plant from her mother as a housewarming gift. She waters it regularly and keeps the plant on a windowsill that gets regular sunlight. Amy is determined to keep her mother's gift growing well and never moves the plant for fear of "hurting it," but the plant has started growing toward the window. Amy is puzzled as to why her plant is lopsided. What is happening to Amy's plant?

A)The plant is receiving too much water.
B)The plant's gravity sensing mechanism is damaged, a process known as gravitropism.
C)The plant is searching for support, a process known as thigmotropism.
D)The plant is growing toward the light source, a process known as phototropism.
E)The plant has weak structural tissue due to a nutrient deficiency of the soil.

Question 20

What type of pollinator would an unscented, red flower attract?

A)honeybees
B)butterflies
C)beetles
D)bats
E)birds

Question 21

Systemic acquired resistance begins when an infected tissue releases small molecules that travel to other parts of the plant, where they trigger cells to produce a plant hormone called ____.

A)hydrogen peroxide
B)nitric oxide
C)salicylic acid
D)progesterone
E)cytokinin

Question 22

After double fertilization, the zygote is ____, and the endosperm is ____.

A)haploid; haploid
B)diploid; haploid
C)diploid, diploid
D)diploid; triploid
E)triploid; diploid

Question 23

What substance present in cocoa has a demonstrably protective effect against oxidative tissue damage that typically occurs after a stroke or a heart attack?

A)flagellin
B)curcumin
C)resveratrol
D)epicatechin
E)caffeine

Question 24

Which hormone is a gas that is soluble in water?

A)auxin
B)abscisic acid
C)ethylene
D)cytokinin
E)gibberellin

Question 25

Chrysanthemums and other short-day plants flower only when the ____.

A)hours of darkness are greater than a critical value
B)hours of darkness fall below a critical value
C)light exposure is constant for a few days
D)temperatures fall below a critical value for an extended period of time
E)temperatures are above a critical value for an extended period of time

Question 26

Four of the five answers listed below are related by the same gender. Select the exception.

A)megaspore
B)integuments
C)embryo sac
D)microspore
E)egg

Question 27

Each day, a bean plant holds its leaves horizontally during the day but folds them close to its stem at night. This is an example of ____.

A)a photoperiodic response
B)vernalization
C)a circadian rhythm
D)abscission
E)systemic acquired resistance

Question 28

Which organelles settle on the bottom of gravity-sensing cells?

A)vacuoles
B)nuclei
C)lysosomes
D)statoliths
E)chloroplasts

Question 29

All commercially produced bananas are seedless because the plants that bear them are ____.

A)triploid
B)haploid
C)treated with colchicine
D)lacking ovaries
E)grown by tissue culture propagation

Question 30

The hormone most involved in triggering abscission is ____.

A)auxin
B)progesterone
C)cytokinin
D)ethylene
E)gibberellin

Question 31

The megaspore eventually becomes a _______-celled embryo sac after uneven cytoplasmic division.

A)three
B)four
C)seven
D)eight
E)sixteen

Question 32

The laboratory technique known as ____ is frequently used in research for improving food crops by inducing individual plant cells to form embryos.

A)suckering
B)grafting
C)tissue culture propagation
D)in vitro fertilization
E)vegetative reproduction

Question 33

When the two guard cells surrounding a stoma lose water and collapse against each other, the stoma closes, a response mediated by which hormone?

A)abscisic acid
B)ethylene
C)auxin
D)cytokinin
E)gibberellin

Question 34

Which hormone causes lengthening in plants by stimulating cell division and elongation along the long axis of stems and other organs?

A)auxin
B)cytokinin
C)ethylene
D)gibberellin
E)abscisic acid

Question 35

Fruit often has fleshy tissues that develop from the ____.

A)endosperm
B)ovule
C)seed coat
D)cotyledon
E)ovary wall

Question 36

Four of the five answers listed below are related by the same gender. Select the exception.

A)carpel
B)ovary
C)stamen
D)style
E)stigma

Question 37

What role do volatile chemicals, released in response to herbivory, play in a plant?

A)They kill the insects that are feeding on the plant.
B)They trigger the production of a foul-tasting chemical that deters insects from feeding.
C)They attract wasps that parasitize insects that feed on the plant.
D)They produce a scent that deters insects from approaching the plant.
E)They cause cells in the infected region to commit suicide via a "hypersensitive" response.

Question 38

The egg is ____.

A)diploid
B)tetraploid
C)polyploid
D)triploid
E)haploid

Question 39

The plant hormone that inhibits seed germination is ____.

A)abscisic acid
B)auxin
C)gibberellin
D)ethylene
E)cytokinin

Question 40

Stimulation of flowering in spring following prolonged exposure to low temperature in winter is called ____.

A)senescence
B)vernalization
C)abscission
D)dormancy
E)thigmotropism

Question 41

Four of the five answers listed below are nonreproductive parts of a flower. Select the exception.

A)receptacle
B)anther
C)corolla
D)petal
E)sepal

Question 42

What floral part is photosynthetic and leaflike in many flowers?

A)carpel
B)stamen
C)petal
D)sepal
E)stigma

Question 43

The primary purpose of fruits is to ____.

A)attract pollinators
B)provide nutrients to seeds
C)protect the seeds from animals
D)protect and disperse the seeds
E)provide nutrients to animals

Question 44

In the megaspore, three rounds of mitosis with no cytoplasmic division result in a single cell with ____ haploid nuclei.

A)three
B)four
C)six
D)eight
E)twelve

Question 45

What hormone that occurs in both plants and animals is responsible for operating stomatal closure in plants and regulating blood vessel diameter in mammals?

A)hydrogen peroxide
B)nitric oxide
C)salicylic acid
D)cytokinin
E)progesterone

Question 46

Four of the five answers listed below are haploid. Select the exception.

A)gametophyte
B)zygote
C)sperm
D)microspore
E)gamete

Question 47

What happens if a growing shoot's tip breaks off?

A)auxin levels rise in the stem and prevent lengthening of lateral buds
B)cytokinin levels drop in the stem and inhibit branch development
C)cytokinin levels rise in the stem and stimulate lateral bud growth
D)auxin moves into lateral buds and promotes cell division
E)cytokinin is transported away from bud tips and down the stem

Question 48

Which fruit is an aggregate fruit?

A)pea
B)maple
C)blackberry
D)watermelon
E)apple

Question 49

In most flowering plants, one sperm nucleus fuses with an egg forming a zygote that develops into an embryo. Another sperm nucleus fuses with ____.

A)the endosperm mother cell to produce three cells, each with one nucleus
B)the endosperm mother cell, forming a diploid cell
C)the endosperm mother cell, forming a triploid (3n) cell
D)one of the smaller megaspores to produce what will eventually become the seed coat
E)one of the smaller megaspores to produce a diploid endosperm

Question 50

Four of the five answers listed below are adaptations to aid in dispersal of fruit. Select the exception.

A)hooks
B)spines
C)smooth surfaces
D)tufted hairs
E)fleshy fruits

Question 51

What type of pollinator would a large, light-colored, night-fragranced flower attract?

A)honeybee
B)butterfly
C)beetles
D)bats
E)birds

Question 52

Scientists have learned that the Kuna, a tribe of indigenous South Americans, have almost no incidence of hypertension most likely because the Kuna people ____.

A)possess an allele unique to their tribe
B)consume a large amount of cocoa
C)have developed sophisticated medicines
D)exercise unusually often
E)have remarkably narrow blood vessels

Question 53

Resuming metabolic activity after a period of dormancy is called ____.

A)senescence
B)germination
C)inhibition
D)fertilization
E)abscission

Question 54

Which hormone is most involved in promoting apical dominance?

A)abscisic acid
B)auxin
C)gibberellin
D)ethylene
E)cytokinin

Question 55

The process during which the diploid set of chromosomes becomes haploid is ____.

A)mitosis
B)fertilization
C)cleavage
D)meiosis
E)gametogenesis

Question 56

The plant hormone that promotes fruit ripening is ____.

A)auxin
B)gibberellin
C)cytokinin
D)progesterone
E)ethylene

Question 57

Nonphotosynthetic plant pigments that absorb red light and far-red light providing light input into internal circadian "clocks" are called ____.

A)flavonoids
B)statoliths
C)amyloplasts
D)phytochromes
E)flagellins

Question 58

Extracellular signaling molecules of plants that exert their effects on target cells at very low concentrations are called ____.

A)hormones
B)peptide
C)sugars
D)starches
E)lipids

Question 59

Foul-smelling flowers may be pollinated by ____.

A)birds only
B)beetles and flies
C)birds and bats
D)bees only
E)bees and butterflies

Question 60

Four of the five answers are conditions that may help to break dormancy in seeds. Select the exception.

A)abrasion of the seed coat
B)freezing temperatures
C)bright light
D)fire
E)salty soil conditions

Question 61

What happens when a seed absorbs water and causes the plant embryo to release gibberellin?

A)glucose levels decrease as a direct effect of gibberellin on the endosperm
B)the aleurone starts expressing amylase inhibiting transcriptional repressors
C)a protein-rich layer of cells surrounding endosperm starts growing in response to the hormone
D)the endosperm absorbs the hormone
E)amylase is released from the aleurone and breaks down starch in endosperm

Question 62

How do auxin and cytokinin work in apical dominance?

Question 63

The seeds of fleshy fruits are most likely to be spread by ____.

A)animals
B)water
C)wind
D)pollinators
E)insects

Question 64

A mature ovule includes the embryo sporophyte, its reserves of food, and the seed coat. This is collectively called the ____.

A)fruit
B)seed
C)spore
D)endosperm
E)ovary

Question 65

Which hormone plays a central role in all aspects of plant development and is made mainly in shoot apical meristems and in young leaves?

A)abscisic acid
B)gibberellin
C)auxin
D)cytokinin
E)ethylene

Question 66

Grafting is used to grow all varieties of edible apples. What does grafting involve?

A)repairing a damaged stem of a plant to continue its growth
B)inducing polyploidy in plants
C)growing new roots and shoots from extensions of a parent plant
D)inducing a cutting from one plant to fuse with the tissues of another plant
E)artificially inducing individual cells to divide and form an embryo

Question 67

Explain the process of phototropism, including the role of auxin in this process.

Question 68

Why do the Kuna, a tribe of indigenous South Americans that inhabit small islands off the coast of Panama, have very low incidence of hypertension compared to people on the mainland? What plant substance may be a contributing factor and what medicinal effects does this substance have in humans?

Question 69

Consider the role of hormones in plant defense to microbes. How does ethylene control the production of receptors that detect bacterial flagella?

Question 70

Four of the five answers listed below are the results of fertilization in angiosperms. Select the exception.

A)fruit
B)seed
C)embryo
D)pollen
E)endosperm

Question 71

What is the purpose of fruits? How do they accomplish that task