Deck 17: Processes of Evolution

Question 1

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is most likely to be maintained ____.

A)when sexual selection occurs
B)when mutations occur
C)in small populations
D)when there is no gene flow among different populations
E)when mating is controlled

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Two or more alleles of a gene are circulating at relatively high frequency in a population's gene pool. What term describes this state?

A)frequency-dependent selection
B)polyploidy
C)multiple allele systems
D)balanced polymorphisms
E)prominent alleles

Answer 2

D

Question 3

According to the Hardy-Weinberg law, if the frequency of a recessive allele is 36 percent, the frequency of the dominant allele is ____ percent.

A)5
B)8
C)25
D)48
E)64

Answer 3

E

Question 4

When fish release their gametes into open water for fertilization, ____ isolation usually prevents the fusion of egg and sperm from different species.

A)ecological
B)gametic
C)temporal
D)behavioral
E)mechanical

Question 5

Sometimes, plant species that grow in the same area cannot interbreed because their physical shape has become specialized for different types of pollinators. What type of reproductive isolation is occurring?

A)mechanical
B)ecological
C)behavioral
D)gamete incompatibility
E)temporal

Question 6

New alleles arise by ____.

A)mutation
B)migration
C)genetic drift
D)random mating
E)independent assortment

Question 7

​Humans are solely responsible for ____ selection in certain species.

A)​artificial
B)​disruptive
C)​stabilizing
D)​directional
E)​sexual

Question 8

The primary reason for hybrid sterility is ____.

A)the inability of the hybrid to attract a mate
B)the difficulty in finding a suitable habitat in which to survive
C)that the hybrids are usually weak and have difficulty surviving to reproductive maturity
D)that hybrids cannot produce viable gametes
E)the inability of the hybrid to develop an appropriate courtship pattern

Question 9

The acquisition of a key evolutionary innovation by a species gives evidence for the concept of ____.

A)uniformitarianism
B)gradualism
C)convergence
D)adaptive radiation
E)special creation

Question 10

Allopatric speciation requires ____.

A)gradual evolutionary changes
B)geographic isolation
C)polyploidy
D)adaptive radiation
E)rapid evolutionary change

Question 11

-Midrange forms of a trait can be adaptive while extreme forms of a trait are selected against. Which graph or graphs in the accompanying figure represent this selection phenomenon?

A)A only
B)B only
C)C only
D)A and B
E)A and C

Question 12

The persistence of malaria and sickle-cell anemia within a population best illustrates ____.

A)bottlenecking
B)balanced polymorphism only
C)natural selection only
D)artificial selection only
E)balanced polymorphism and natural selection

Question 13

The 30-cm floral tube of the flower Angraecum and the 35-cm proboscis of its hawk moth pollinator are the result of ____.

A)a preadaptation
B)adaptive radiation
C)coevolution
D)convergent evolution
E)a key innovation

Question 14

What accounts for the fact that polydactylism is prevalent and Tay-Sachs disease is virtually absent in one human population in the United States, while Tay-Sachs disease is prevalent and polydactylism is virtually absent in another?

A)Natural selection has promoted these differences since humans live in many different environments.
B)Mutation rates differ among different loci.
C)There is little gene flow between the two populations.
D)The populations are small, and therefore genetic drift is a major factor in the determination of allele frequencies.
E)The alleles are fixed in these populations.

Question 15

Allopatric and sympatric speciation both occur in the absence of ____.

A)development of a physical barrier
B)polyploidy
C)increase in physical size
D)change in environmental conditions
E)the introduction of a new predator into an area

Question 16

Males are often more colorful, larger, and more aggressive than females. What is the term for these types of differences between the sexes?

A)male traits
B)sexual traits
C)sexual dimorphism
D)male dominance
E)hormonal variance

Question 17

Microevolution within a population is least likely to be influenced by ____.

A)mutation
B)sexual reproduction
C)crossing over
D)independent assortment
E)the law of dominance

Question 18

A male develops a trait that makes it a more attractive mate to females. What type of selection is occurring?

A)disruptive
B)dominant
C)gender
D)mating
E)sexual

Question 19

The fact that the average human birthweight remains at about seven pounds is due to ____.

A)modern prenatal care
B)the forces of stabilizing selection
C)conscious effort on the part of mothers
D)the limitations of food sources
E)selection tendencies moving in the direction of increasing birthweight

Question 20

Disruptive selection favors ____.

A)the intermediate forms
B)an extreme at one end of a range of variation
C)the extremes at both ends of a range of variation
D)a greater number of individuals in the center of the bell-shaped curve
E)neutral traits

Question 21

What is an evolutionary adaptation of an existing structure for a completely new purpose (e.g., feathers for insulation or for flight)?

A)exaptation
B)key innovation
C)coevolution
D)adaptive radiation
E)microevolution

Question 22

Some closely related species do not interbreed simply because the timing of their reproduction differs. What type of reproductive isolation is this?

A)mechanical
B)ecological
C)temporal
D)behavioral
E)gamete incompatibility

Question 23

-Balanced dimorphisms will be seen in population illustrated in ____.

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)A and B
E)B and C

Question 24

The introduction of a small population onto an island that results in a limited gene pool for a population best describes ____.

A)the Hardy-Weinberg law
B)genetic drift
C)the bottleneck effect
D)the founder effect
E)the effect of genetic isolation

Question 25

Most changes in DNA sequence are ____.

A)neutral
B)lethal
C)beneficial
D)functional
E)structural

Question 26

In allopatric speciation, species usually form ____.

A)abruptly
B)in proportion to the parental stock
C)rapidly, but are then reduced by environmental factors
D)gradually over rather long periods of time
E)in the same homeland

Question 27

When giant velvet walking worms and blind velvet walking worms interbreed, their offspring are rarely observed and the two species continue to maintain separate identities. This is an example of _____ speciation.

A)allopatric
B)sympatric
C)parapatric
D)artificial
E)micro

Question 28

A female from one species does not recognize the mating patterns of a male from another species. What type of reproductive isolation is occurring?

A)mechanical
B)ecological
C)gamete incompatibility
D)temporal
E)behavioral

Question 29

Parapatric speciation would be expected to occur most often ____.

A)in the same homeland
B)near a common border between two populations
C)within a group of interbreeding populations
D)across obvious geographical barriers
E)by divergence from a common interbreeding population

Question 30

Complete reproductive isolation is evidence that what has occurred?

A)extinction
B)speciation
C)polyploidy
D)hybridization
E)gene flow

Question 31

-A finch species has evolved to have two types of beaks, small or large. There are no birds with medium-sized beaks. This mode of natural selection is represented by which letter(s) in the accompanying figure?

A)A only
B)B only
C)C only
D)A and C
E)B and C

Question 32

In order for two groups to be considered separate species, they should not ____.

A)reproduce
B)interact
C)interbreed and produce fertile offspring
D)be colocated
E)have the same ecological requirements

Question 33

A population that has ____ cannot be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

A)random mating
B)no mutations
C)a low survival rate
D)no migration or gene flow
E)an infinitely large population

Question 34

A population of mice shifting from light-colored coats to darker coats is displaying the effects of ____ selection.

A)sexual
B)stabilizing
C)disruptive
D)directional
E)artificial

Question 35

Hawaiian honeycreepers illustrate the diversity that often flourishes due to ____.

A)isolation throughout archipelagos
B)different ecological niches
C)polyploidy
D)volcanic barriers
E)temporal isolation

Question 36

A group that contains an ancestor in which a derived trait evolved and all of its descendants is called a ____.

A)cladogram
B)clade
C)monophyletic group
D)sister group
E)polyphyletic group

Question 37

In a certain bird species, clutch size (the number of eggs laid by a female in one breeding season) ranges from four to eight, and the most frequent clutch size is six. This phenomenon is an example of ____ selection.

A)sexual
B)stabilizing
C)disruptive
D)directional
E)artificial

Question 38

-Which mode of natural selection is demonstrated in "A"?

A)no selection
B)directional selection
C)stabilizing selection
D)disruptive selection
E)a population before selection

Question 39

The influence of genetic drift on allele frequencies increases as ____.

A)gene flow increases
B)population size decreases
C)mutation rate decreases
D)the number of heterozygous loci increases
E)population size increases

Question 40

A method called ____ uses diagrams to group species based on their shared characteristics.

A)taxonomy
B)cladistics
C)phylogeny
D)comparative morphology
E)exaptation

Question 41

In a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype is 0.49. The percentage of the population that is heterozygous is ____.

A)51
B)49
C)42
D)7
E)3

Question 42

-Stabilizing selection is depicted in the set of diagrams labeled ____.

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)A and B
E)B and C

Question 43

What term describes all alleles of all the genes in a population?

A)genome tree
B)genetic family
C)gene reservoir
D)gene pool
E)allele collection

Question 44

The sharp reduction of the gene pool and the numbers of a population through a severe epidemic is an example of ____.

A)artificial selection
B)genetic isolation
C)the bottleneck effect
D)the founder effect
E)natural selection

Question 45

Mutations that neither harm nor help an organism are called ____.

A)dominant
B)null
C)standard
D)neutral
E)recessive

Question 46

The border across which genes can flow between two populations is called the ____.

A)contact zone
B)parapatric zone
C)zone of speciation
D)demilitarized zone
E)zone of polyploidy

Question 47

It is now easier than ever for humans to travel to and live in other parts of the world. Because of this, populations from different parts of the world that were once isolated from each other are now much more likely to interact and breed. This leads to increased ____.

A)frequency-dependent selection
B)stabilizing selection
C)genetic drift
D)gene flow
E)founder effects

Question 48

Match the event with the most appropriate term.
a.directional selection
b.sexual dimorphism
c.sympatric speciation
d.balanced polymorphism
e.coevolution
f.allopatric speciation
g.key innovation
h.adaptive radiation
different species of shrimp evolving on either side of the Isthmus of Panama

Question 49

The speciation of cichlid fishes of the same African crater lake is an example of ____.

A)divergence
B)parapatry
C)gene flow
D)allopatry
E)sympatry

Question 50

-The branch represented by B in the accompanying figure makes mouse and humans ____.

A)a common group
B)similar
C)sister groups
D)pairs
E)daughter groups

Question 51

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, the term q² refers to the frequency of ____.

A)a recessive allele of a given locus
B)a homozygous recessive genotype at a given locus
C)all recessive alleles in a population
D)a heterozygous genotype at a given locus
E)a homozygous dominant genotype at a given locus

Question 52

-What would the backbone character (A) be called in the phylogenic study of the accompanying figure?

A)a sister group
B)a monophyletic definer
C)a key innovation
D)a common character
E)a derived trait

Question 53

Sympatric speciation through polyploidy has been a frequent phenomenon in the evolution of ____.

A)insects
B)mammals
C)bacteria
D)plants
E)fish

Question 54

The only type of speciation observed to occur within a single generation is ____ speciation.

A)allopatric
B)sympatric
C)parapatric
D)artificial
E)micro

Question 55

-?The illustration labeled "A" shows selection against ____.

A)?light-colored butterflies
B)?tasty butterflies
C)?distasteful butterflies
D)?dark-colored butterflies
E)?both light- and dark-colored butterflies

Question 56

When the Great Wall of China was built, it separated plant species on either side of the wall, which has led to genetic diversity. If new plant species arise as a result of this separation, which type of speciation would have occurred?

A)allopatric
B)sympatric
C)parapatric
D)artificial
E)micro

Question 57

Genetic equilibrium requires ____.

A)random mating
B)genetic drift
C)mutation
D)natural selection
E)gene flow

Question 58

Antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria are a modern health concern. Namely, the overuse of antibiotics has promoted the survival of bacteria with alleles that allow resistance. This is an example of ____ selection.

A)directional
B)stabilizing
C)disruptive
D)recessive
E)fitness

Question 59

The rise of pesticide-resistant insects in agricultural fields is a prime example of ____ selection.

A)sexual
B)stabilizing
C)disruptive
D)directional
E)artificial

Question 60

-What type of diagram is shown in the accompanying figure?

A)cladogram
B)clade
C)tree
D)branched family
E)evolutionary chart

Question 61

Match each description with the most appropriate term.
a.character
b.derived trait
c.clade
d.phylogeny
e.sister groups
f.cladogram
a diagram that shows evolutionary connections among groups

Question 62

Match the event with the most appropriate term.
a.directional selection
b.sexual dimorphism
c.sympatric speciation
d.balanced polymorphism
e.coevolution
f.allopatric speciation
g.key innovation
h.adaptive radiation
Which is most likely to lead to the loss of genetic variation in a small population?

Question 63

Match the event with the most appropriate term.
a.directional selection
b.sexual dimorphism
c.sympatric speciation
d.balanced polymorphism
e.coevolution
f.allopatric speciation
g.key innovation
h.adaptive radiation
a flowering plant that produces a polyploid cell that can self-fertilize and produce a new species

Question 64

Match the event with the most appropriate term.
a.directional selection
b.sexual dimorphism
c.sympatric speciation
d.balanced polymorphism
e.coevolution
f.allopatric speciation
g.key innovation
h.adaptive radiation
more white-coated hares appeared compared to brown-coated hares during an ice age

Question 65

Match each description with the most appropriate term.
a.character
b.derived trait
c.clade
d.phylogeny
e.sister groups
f.cladogram
a group whose members share one or more defining derived traits

Question 66

Match the event with the most appropriate term.
a.directional selection
b.sexual dimorphism
c.sympatric speciation
d.balanced polymorphism
e.coevolution
f.allopatric speciation
g.key innovation
h.adaptive radiation
the physical disparity in size between male and female gorillas

Question 67

Match each description with the most appropriate term.
a.character
b.derived trait
c.clade
d.phylogeny
e.sister groups
f.cladogram
the evolutionary history of a species

Question 68

Match the event with the most appropriate term.
a.directional selection
b.sexual dimorphism
c.sympatric speciation
d.balanced polymorphism
e.coevolution
f.allopatric speciation
g.key innovation
h.adaptive radiation
Which process produces new genetic variation within a species?

Question 69

Match each description with the most appropriate term.
a.character
b.derived trait
c.clade
d.phylogeny
e.sister groups
f.cladogram
two lineages that emerge from a node on a cladogram

Question 70

Match the event with the most appropriate term.
a.directional selection
b.sexual dimorphism
c.sympatric speciation
d.balanced polymorphism
e.coevolution
f.allopatric speciation
g.key innovation
h.adaptive radiation
The reduced contribution of one phenotype in comparison to another in the next generation is an example of what?

Question 71

A fire devastates all trees in a wide swath of forest. Populations of a species of tree-dwelling frog on either side of the burned area diverge to become separate species. This is an example of _____.

Question 72

Match each description with the most appropriate term.
a.character
b.derived trait
c.clade
d.phylogeny
e.sister groups
f.cladogram
quantifiable, heritable characteristic or trait

Question 73

Match the event with the most appropriate term.
a.directional selection
b.sexual dimorphism
c.sympatric speciation
d.balanced polymorphism
e.coevolution
f.allopatric speciation
g.key innovation
h.adaptive radiation
a beetle lineage that rapidly diversified into several new species after the development of an adaptation for feeding on flowering plants

Question 74

Match the event with the most appropriate term.
a.directional selection
b.sexual dimorphism
c.sympatric speciation
d.balanced polymorphism
e.coevolution
f.allopatric speciation
g.key innovation
h.adaptive radiation
hard shells that allow reptiles to lay eggs on land

Question 75

The poison warfarin was once the most popular form of rat control. Eventually warfarin-resistant rat populations emerged so people stopped using warfarin for rat control. Since then, the frequency of warfarin-resistant rats has once again declined. What may be the reason for this?

Question 76

Why is the Hardy-Weinberg principle useful in spite of the fact that its conditions are never met in natural populations?

Question 77

Why are small populations more affected by genetic drift than larger ones?

Question 78

Match the event with the most appropriate term.
a.directional selection
b.sexual dimorphism
c.sympatric speciation
d.balanced polymorphism
e.coevolution
f.allopatric speciation
g.key innovation
h.adaptive radiation
Which process can rapidly offset the effects of genetic isolation when two populations come into secondary contact?

Question 79

Match each description with the most appropriate term.
a.character
b.derived trait
c.clade
d.phylogeny
e.sister groups
f.cladogram
a novel trait present in a clade but not in the clade's ancestors

Question 80

Match the event with the most appropriate term.
a.directional selection
b.sexual dimorphism
c.sympatric speciation
d.balanced polymorphism
e.coevolution
f.allopatric speciation
g.key innovation
h.adaptive radiation
two beta globin chain alleles (the Hb A normal allele and the HB S sickle cell anemia allele) that both circulate at high frequencies in subtropical regions where malaria is a threat