Deck 9: Substance Use, Abuse, and Addiction

Question 1

Max has been smoking cigarettes so long that his body requires nicotine in order to function normally.A health psychologist would say that Max clearly has developed a state of:

A) neural sensitization.
B) dependence.
C) potentiation.
D) tolerance.

Answer 1

dependence.

Question 2

Hua drinks three mugs of coffee every day.Hua's caffeine intake blocks the effects of:

A) dopamine.
B) adenosine.
C) serotonin.
D) norepinephrine.

Answer 2

adenosine.

Question 3

According to the neural sensitization theory,addiction is the result of efforts by the body to:

A) counteract the effects of a drug in order to maintain an optimal internal state.
B) establish a set point for the level of a specific drug in the body.
C) minimize the severity of withdrawal symptoms.
D) eliminate the need to increase drug dosage as one increases drug use.

Answer 3

counteract the effects of a drug in order to maintain an optimal internal state.

Question 4

The fatty cells that form the body's protective blood-brain barrier are the:

A) glial feet.
B) interneurons.
C) Schwann cells.
D) stem cells.

Question 5

Which drugs boost activity in the central nervous system?

A) stimulants
B) depressants
C) hallucinogens
D) psychoactive drugs

Question 6

Because they enter the bloodstream faster,drugs that are _____ usually have the most immediate and strongest effects.

A) swallowed
B) absorbed through the skin
C) injected or inhaled
D) mixed with food

Question 7

Sheila is pregnant and is concerned that the chemicals she exposes herself to may affect her baby.Sheila should be concerned about _____ that cross the blood-brain barrier,because they typically are able to pass through placental barriers as well.

A) fat-soluble drugs
B) glial-destroying enzymes
C) psychoactive neurons
D) positively charged electrons

Question 8

Drug potentiation refers to:

A) the unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops using certain drugs.
B) a state in which a person requires the use of a drug in order to function normally.
C) a state of progressively decreasing responsiveness to a frequently used drug.
D) the effect of one drug used to increase the effects of another.

Question 9

The concordance rate for a certain trait refers to:

A) the degree of similarity between a pair of twins for that trait.
B) the number of genes involved in determining variation in the trait among individuals.
C) the extent to which variations in the trait among a large group of individuals can be attributed to heredity.
D) the relative influence of environmental and biological factors on the trait.

Question 10

The change in brain chemistry that offsets the effects of a psychoactive drug is referred to as:

A) disinhibition.
B) dissociation.
C) neuroadaptation.
D) neurogenesis.

Question 11

The discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs is called:

A) disinhibition.
B) tolerance.
C) neuroadaptation.
D) withdrawal.

Question 12

Marijuana and LSD are:

A) depressants.
B) stimulants.
C) hallucinogens.
D) opiates.

Question 13

The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience the drug's effects is an indication of:

A) tolerance.
B) potentiation.
C) psychological dependence.
D) withdrawal.

Question 14

Which of these drugs does NOT belong with the others?

A) cocaine
B) amphetamines
C) nicotine
D) alcohol

Question 15

Withdrawal refers to:

A) the unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops using certain drugs.
B) a state in which use of a drug is required for a person to function normally.
C) a state of progressively decreasing responsiveness to a frequently used drug.
D) the effect of one drug to increase the effects of another.

Question 16

The fact that people whose friends are physically dependent on one substance (such as nicotine)are more likely to be addicted to the same substance provides support for a(n)_____ model of addiction.

A) social learning
B) cognitive
C) evolutionary
D) reward

Question 17

Drugs,pollutants,and other substances that cross the placental barrier and damage the developing person are called:

A) glial-destroying enzymes.
B) psychoactive agents.
C) teratogens.
D) astrocytes.

Question 18

According to the _____,drug use serves to restore abnormally low levels of key neurotransmitters.

A) neural sensitization theory
B) reuptake hypothesis
C) withdrawal-relief hypothesis
D) psychoactive set-point hypothesis

Question 19

Neurotransmitter enhancement is an attribute of a(n)_____,and neurotransmitter blocking is an attribute of a(n)_____.

A) antagonist; teratogen
B) teratogen; agonist
C) agonist; antagonist
D) antagonist; agonist

Question 20

Cocaine produces its stimulating effects by:

A) blocking the reuptake of dopamine in the synapse.
B) causing presynaptic cells to release more norepinephrine.
C) causing presynaptic cells to release more dopamine.
D) blocking serotonin receptors in postsynaptic cells.

Question 21

According to the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction,once drug use passes from the initial good feelings of first-stage use,repeated drug use occurs because drug-related cues:

A) become adverse stimuli.
B) evoke cortisol release.
C) trigger craving for the drug.
D) are recognized exclusively by the subconscious mind.

Question 22

Luis has a blood alcohol level of 0.05.Luis is most likely:

A) feeling relaxed and mildly euphoric.
B) unable to concentrate and reacting slowly to stimuli.
C) staggering when he tries to walk.
D) losing consciousness.

Question 23

When she drinks alcohol,Jincy experiences a false sense of confidence and a freedom from social constraints; this is known as:

A) neural sensitization.
B) behavioral disinhibition.
C) adolescent invulnerability.
D) drug potentiation.

Question 24

According to the _____ theory,the influence of friends is strong enough to overcome the influence of a young person's family,school,and other institutions in determining drug use.

A) behavioral disinhibition
B) social control
C) peer cluster
D) neural sensitization

Question 25

In most states,a blood alcohol level of _____ constitutes legal intoxication.

A) 0.08%
B) 0.10%
C) 0.12%
D) 0.2%

Question 26

Alcohol makes it difficult for drinkers to interpret complex or ambiguous stimuli,because drinkers tend to:

A) focus on only the most salient cues.
B) have trouble narrowing their perceptual fields.
C) become impatient quickly.
D) develop a false sense of confidence in their perceptual skills.

Question 27

According to the _____ theory,the stronger a person's attachment to family,school,and other institutions,the less likely he or she will be to use drugs.

A) behavioral disinhibition
B) social control
C) peer cluster
D) neural sensitization

Question 28

Alcohol consumption rates are highest among which of these sociocultural groups?

A) European American
B) Hispanic American
C) African American
D) Asian American

Question 29

The concordance rate for alcohol use disorder among identical twins:

A) is higher than the rate among fraternal twins.
B) is much lower for twins who were raised apart.
C) is much lower for twins who were raised with adoptive parents.
D) is lower than that among fraternal twins.

Question 30

One difficulty with reward models of addiction is that they are unable to explain why:

A) people begin to experiment with drugs in the first place.
B) certain drugs induce physical dependence while others do not.
C) drug use continues even when unpleasant side effects occur.
D) previous experience significantly decreases subsequent use.

Question 31

Hepatitis and cirrhosis are two common chronic diseases caused by abuse of:

A) nicotine.
B) cocaine.
C) marijuana.
D) alcohol.

Question 32

Korsakoff's syndrome,which is sometimes suffered by chronic,heavy users of alcohol,is characterized by:

A) behavioral disinhibition.
B) the formation of fat deposits on the heart muscle.
C) a dramatic change in personality.
D) extreme difficulty with memory.

Question 33

Chronic alcohol abuse has all of these effects EXCEPT:

A) weakening the immune system.
B) damaging cellular DNA.
C) interfering with normal endocrine system development.
D) increasing the secretion of growth hormone.

Question 34

Alcohol use disorder is a:

A) state in which a person requires the use of alcohol in order to function normally.
B) maladaptive drinking pattern in which drinking interferes with role obligations.
C) neurological state induced by excessive use of alcohol.
D) personality syndrome linked to alcohol dependence.

Question 35

Valentina first started smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol in high school.After realizing that these drugs were not that harmful,she began experimenting with other,more dangerous drugs.In Valentina's case,tobacco and alcohol served as:

A) teratogens.
B) disinhibitors.
C) gateway drugs.
D) threshold drugs.

Question 36

Which statement is NOT indicative of risky or hazardous drinking behavior?

A) I make sure there is always time in my schedule for alcohol.
B) I never use alcohol to manage social functions and relationships.
C) I regularly need alcohol to relax and relieve stress.
D) I drink four or five drinks regularly and don't feel any negative effects.

Question 37

Women who drink during critical stages of pregnancy place their infants at risk of developing:

A) fetal alcohol syndrome.
B) behavioral disinhibition.
C) tolerance.
D) Korsakoff's syndrome.

Question 38

In one study,both men and women who drank alcohol:

A) perceived themselves as behaving more sexually than those who did not drink.
B) perceived their partners as behaving more sexually than those who did not drink.
C) perceived themselves and their partners as behaving more sexually than those who did not drink.
D) rated their conversation partner as more attractive than did men and women who did not drink.

Question 39

Ryan is standing outside with her friends,shivering.One of her friends notices she is cold and hands her a beer,saying,"This will warm you up." As Ryan drinks the beer,blood vessels in her skin dilate,causing her body to:

A) reach homeostasis.
B) sweat.
C) gain heat.
D) lose heat.

Question 40

After a person drinks an alcoholic beverage,approximately what percent of alcohol is absorbed from the stomach directly into the bloodstream?

A) 80%
B) 50%
C) 20%
D) 30%

Question 41

Over time,smoking behaviors become _____ to a variety of environmental triggers.

A) conditioned stimuli
B) conditioned responses
C) discriminative stimuli
D) discriminative responses

Question 42

The children of women who smoke during pregnancy may experience a reduced supply of oxygen to their brains,resulting in a condition called:

A) delirium tremens.
B) fetal hypoxia.
C) Korsakoff's syndrome.
D) nicotine titration.

Question 43

One study reported that adolescents' beliefs regarding their peers' alcohol use and attitudes predicted their own drinking behavior.This finding highlights the importance of _____ in predicting an individual's use of alcohol.

A) alcohol expectancy effects
B) behavioral undercontrol
C) temperament
D) drug potentiation

Question 44

Research on Americans' smoking habits shows that over the past few decades:

A) the percentage of teenage smokers has steadily decreased.
B) smoking has decreased more rapidly among men than among women.
C) smoking has decreased more rapidly among women than among men.
D) the incidence and prevalence of smoking have remained quite stable.

Question 45

Quitting smoking is determined by three interacting factors.Which of these is NOT one of those factors?

A) motivation to quit
B) level of physical dependence on nicotine
C) barriers to or support in remaining smoke-free
D) age of the smoker

Question 46

The basic idea behind smoking inoculation programs is to:

A) educate adolescents regarding the dangers of smoking.
B) use peer models to persuade youths and adolescents not to smoke.
C) teach practical skills that can be used to resist social pressures to smoke.
D) provide young adolescents with alternatives to smoking.

Question 47

The counseling treatment that focuses on increasing a person's engagement in valued life activities through guided goal setting is:

A) behavioral activation.
B) inoculation.
C) CBT.
D) aversion therapy.

Question 48

As part of his program to quit smoking,Larry is guided to discuss how some of his life values are currently restricted because of his smoking habit.Larry realizes he has given up swimming,which he greatly enjoys,and so as part of the program he has set the goal to swim at least once a week.This counseling treatment is called:

A) aversion therapy.
B) contingency management.
C) behavioral activation.
D) nicotine titration.

Question 49

Which factor is NOT an influence on an individual's willingness to enter treatment for an alcohol use disorder (AUD)?

A) ethnicity
B) gender
C) age
D) educational attainment

Question 50

When the nicotine content of cigarettes is reduced,smokers tend to:

A) smoke more of the low-nicotine cigarettes.
B) smoke the same number of cigarettes.
C) smoke the same number of cigarettes,but only if they are long-term smokers.
D) experience potentiation.

Question 51

Which personality trait has NOT been linked to alcohol dependence?

A) negative emotionality
B) behavioral undercontrol
C) attraction to excitement
D) unrealistic optimism

Question 52

Which of these is NOT often cited as a reason that teens start smoking?

A) smoking among friends
B) rebelliousness
C) pleasure
D) image

Question 53

Drug abuse is defined as:

A) ingestion of a drug,regardless of the amount of ingestion.
B) use of a drug to the extent that it impairs the user's biological,social,or psychological well-being.
C) the use of any illegal substance.
D) an emotional and cognitive compulsion to use a drug.

Question 54

In the United States and much of the world,which of these is MOST likely to cause premature death?

A) lack of exercise
B) an unhealthy diet
C) an automobile accident
D) smoking

Question 55

According to the nicotine-titration model,smokers who are physically dependent on nicotine:

A) regulate their smoking to maintain a steady level of the drug in their bodies.
B) are also psychologically dependent on nicotine.
C) are genetically sensitive to the physiological effects of nicotine.
D) will also be at increased risk for other addictions.

Question 56

Which statement was NOT presented as evidence that alcohol dependence is genetically influenced?

A) People who abuse alcohol tend to be impulsive and vulnerable to depression,both of which are at least partly genetic in origin.
B) Adopted children are more susceptible to alcohol dependency if one or both of their biological parents were alcohol-dependent.
C) Identical twins have twice the concordance rate for alcohol dependency of fraternal twins.
D) Female children of alcohol-dependent parents are more likely to develop alcohol abuse than male children in the same family.

Question 57

Researchers have discovered a link between nicotine use and:

A) introversion.
B) extraversion.
C) depression.
D) compulsivity.

Question 58

Within seven seconds of someone taking a puff from a cigarette,the nicotine causes the person's brain to release neurotransmitters that calm craving,reduce anxiety,and alleviate insomnia.These effects are examples of:

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) conditioned responses.
D) conditioned stimuli.

Question 59

As a treatment for alcohol dependence,the therapy that uses a nauseating drug such as Antabuse strives to establish an aversion to the drug as a(n):

A) operant response.
B) conditioned response.
C) unconditioned response.
D) secondary reinforcer.

Question 60

Cigarette smoking is rewarding in part because it:

A) lowers blood pressure.
B) decreases alertness.
C) reduces activity in the sympathetic nervous system.
D) induces relaxation in the skeletal muscles.

Question 61

Using the tenets of the biopsychosocial model,discuss various factors that determine,or predict,(1)whether a person may become physically dependent on alcohol and (2)how that dependence differs from factors that may enhance psychological dependence behaviors.

Question 62

Inhaling atomized nicotine with an e-cigarette is known as:

A) smoking.
B) puffing.
C) vaping.
D) huffing.

Question 63

Alcohol expectancy effects,personality,and temperament can all influence alcohol use and abuse.Give specific examples of how these factors can influence the way that programs aimed at treating and preventing alcohol use disorders (AUDs)are developed.

Question 64

Suppose the campus wellness center has asked you to design a smoking cessation program for college students.What would your program look like?

Question 65

Ashleigh picked up the habit of smoking a cigarette every day,feeling she needed cigarettes in order to function "normally." Over time,however,she wasn't feeling the same effects as before,so she began to smoke an entire pack of cigarettes every day.When she realized her health was deteriorating due to smoking,she suddenly quit.Explain the process Ashleigh went through-from increasing her daily intake to stopping smoking completely.

Question 66

The group of adults who are MOST likely to have tried and MOST likely to be current users of e-cigarettes are non-Hispanic:

A) White females.
B) Black males.
C) Asian females.
D) American Indian or Alaskan native males.

Question 67

Compare and contrast the biological and psychological effects of alcohol and nicotine.Give specific examples for each.

Question 68

Why might teens be more inclined to try e-cigarettes than conventional cigarettes?

Question 69

Concerns over the legalization of marijuana have centered around all of these EXCEPT:

A) the impairment in time perception,memory,and motor coordination caused by marijuana use.
B) the impact of marijuana on brain chemistry,structure,and development.
C) increased rates of overdose in states with legalized medicinal marijuana laws.
D) the noted increase in the level of THC in marijuana sold legally.

Question 70

Which potential effect of THC is correctly matched with its allied brain region?

A) anxiety and panic - hypothalamus
B) impaired learning - basal ganglia
C) euphoria - hippocampus
D) increased appetite - cortex

Question 71

Emmanuel is a student health aide working on a proposal for an alcohol awareness program on his college campus.Name a treatment and prevention strategy that he could focus on in his proposal,and discuss the pros and cons of that strategy.

Question 72

Lydia,who suffers from an autoimmune disease,lives in a state in which medical marijuana has been approved for use.Which of these is her physician MOST likely to prescribe to alleviate her symptoms?

A) dronabinol
B) nabilone
C) cannabidiol
D) THC resin balm

Question 73

Is substance abuse a disease or a problem behavior? In your answer,present empirically supported research evidence that supports both hypotheses,and state your own conclusion regarding this issue.

Question 74

Which of these is TRUE of e-cigarette usage?

A) E-cigarettes do not have carcinogenic material content.
B) E-cigarettes expose users to toxic metal nanoparticles released from the heating element.
C) E-cigarette use lowers the probability of other tobacco product use.
D) E-cigarette vapor is less toxic than tobacco smoke because it does not contain nicotine.

Question 75

Using the tenets of the biopsychosocial model,discuss various factors that determine,or predict,whether a person may become physically dependent on tobacco.Also explain how this differs from factors that may enhance psychological dependence behaviors.

Question 76

In 2017,about _____ of Americans were _____ the legalization of marijuana.

A) 60%; in favor of
B) 10%; against
C) 10%; in favor of
D) 60%; against

Question 77

Discuss the biological and psychological effects of marijuana (THC),and give specific examples.

Question 78

Which of these statements about THC and endocannabinoids is empirically supported?

A) THC and endocannabinoids are quickly metabolized,and they are eliminated from the body within 24 hours.
B) Tolerance requires the user to take in higher amounts of THC in order to attain the same effects.
C) THC and endocannabinoids are involved in appetite and mood regulation as well as in pain perception.
D) Eating THC-rich foodstuffs is the fastest method to get THC into the bloodstream.