Deck 8: Biodiversity 1: Microscopic Organisms

Question 1

How old is our planet Earth?

A)4.6 thousand years old
B)4.6 million years old
C)3.5 billion years old
D)4.6 billion years old

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What do the following groups of organisms have in common? methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles

A)They are all bacteria species
B)They are all found in our everyday surroundings
C)They are all archaea species
D)They all thrive in extreme heat environments

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The main hypothesis about the origin of the first living organisms is called ________.

A)chemo-evolution
B)novel design
C)biogenesis
D)panspermia

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following statements is accurate?

A)Prokaryotes nutrition is highly diverse.
B)Prokaryotes come in a variety of shapes.
C)Prokaryotes are found virtually everywhere on Earth.
D)All of the above are accurate statements.

Question 5

Where do you expect to find thermophiles?

A)In environments lacking oxygen
B)In salty environments
C)In dry environments
D)In hot environments

Question 6

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen (N₂ gas) into ammonium (NH₄).Why is this conversion important for life on Earth?

A)Ammonium is an important cleaning agent.
B)Nitrogen gas is toxic.
C)Ammonium is a very important plant nutrient.
D)Nitrogen gas leads to global warming.

Question 7

Prokaryotic organisms are present in how many domains?

A)One
B)Two
C)Three
D)Four

Question 8

By what means do prokaryotes typically divide?

A)Binary fission
B)Mitosis
C)Meiosis
D)Regeneration

Question 9

Where would you expect to find methanogens?

A)Near a volcano
B)In the surf along the beach
C)On the surface of plants
D)In the digestive tract of cows

Question 10

Halophiles are a type of ________.

A)Bacteria
B)Archaea
C)Eukarya
D)Animals

Question 11

Which protective structure forms to protect certain bacteria during periods of harsh conditions?

A)Flagella
B)Biofilm
C)Endospore
D)Capsule

Question 12

Bacteria that have a spherical shape are called ________.

A)coccus
B)bacillus
C)spirillum
D)spheroid

Question 13

What do scientists believe was the original genetic material able to copy itself without assistance?

A)DNA
B)RNA
C)Proteins
D)Carbohydrates

Question 14

The practice of using bacteria to remove pollutants from the environment is called ________.

A)Nitrogen fixation
B)Bioremediaton
C)Bioelimination
D)Transduction

Question 15

What are the main steps of biogenesis, in the correct order?

A)Polymers, monomers, self-replicating molecules, first cells
B)_{Self-replicating molecules, monomers, polymers, first cells}
C)Monomers, self-replicating molecules, polymers, first cells
D)Monomers, Polymers, self-replicating molecules, first cells

Question 16

Which organisms contain the smallest, least complex cell types?

A)Animals
B)Bacteria
C)Plants
D)Fungi

Question 17

Which statement is true regarding bacteria?

A)All bacteria are pathogens and harmful to humans.
B)Some bacteria are pathogens and harmful to humans, whereas lots of bacteria are helpful to humans.
C)All bacteria are helpful to humans.
D)All bacteria are pathogens, but some harm humans more than others.

Question 18

If you look at unknown cells under a microscope, what could lead you to correctly conclude that they are prokaryotic cells?

A)They appear to have a cell wall.
B)They lack a nucleus.
C)They are oblong in shape.
D)They form a colony.

Question 19

What does the term biogenesis mean?

A)Formation of life from preexisting cells
B)Formation of life from nonliving chemicals
C)Formation of chemicals from organic monomers
D)Formation of self-replicating molecules

Question 20

Which organisms are called extremophiles and flourish mostly in extreme conditions?

A)Protozoans
B)Archaea
C)Bacteria
D)Fungi

Question 21

Viruses that infect bacteria are called ________.

A)bacteriophages
B)plasmids
C)viroids
D)vectors

Question 22

How long did it take in the history of life on Earth to go from the first prokaryotic cells to the first eukaryotic cells?

A)1,000 years
B)100,000 years
C)1 million years
D)Over a billion years

Question 23

What might be the advantage to an ancestral cell if it maintained a photosynthetic bacterium within its cytoplasm rather than digest it?

A)It could now utilize hydrogen sulfide as an energy source.
B)It could now use photosynthesis to make its food.
C)It could now live in a highly oxygenated environment.
D)It could now use glucose as an energy source.

Question 24

Which is not a method bacteria use to generate new combinations of genes?

A)Transformation
B)Transduction
C)Binary fission
D)Conjugation

Question 25

By what means do amoebas and slime molds move?

A)Flagella
B)Cilia
C)Pseudopodia
D)Amoebas and slimes do not move; they are anchored to the substrate.

Question 26

When did the first eukaryotic cells form?

A)2.1 thousand years ago
B)2.1 million years ago
C)2.1 billion years ago
D)3.7 billion years ago

Question 27

Which was first on the planet, prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A)Eukaryotes
B)Prokaryotes
C)They both appear in the fossil record at about the same time.
D)Researchers do not know which group came first

Question 28

Which protist group includes members with plantlike traits such as chloroplasts and multicellularity?

A)Slime molds
B)Algae
C)Amoebas
D)None of the protists are multicellular.

Question 29

Which of the following is a way in which bacteria help the environment?

A)They are used to clean water in sewage treatment facilities.
B)They break down dead organisms in the soil and recycle nutrients.
C)They remove pollutants from the environment.
D)All of the above are ways in which bacteria help the environment.

Question 30

How did mitochondria and chloroplasts arise in eukaryotic cells?

A)Via endosymbiosis, where mitochondria and chloroplasts were independent prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by a larger cell
B)Via binary fission, where bacteria divided to create mitochondria and chloroplasts
C)Via the endomembrane system that engulfed mitochondria and chloroplasts
D)Via the endomembrane system that enfolded in such a way as to create mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 31

What are plasmids?

A)Small, circular DNA molecules that contain just a few genes and that can be passed on to other bacteria
B)Small, circular RNA molecules that contain just a few genes and that can be passed on to other bacteria
C)Small, circular DNA molecules that contain just a few genes but that cannot be passed on to other bacteria
D)Small, circular RNA molecules that contain many genes but that cannot be passed on to other bacteria

Question 32

Food poisoning is often caused by a bacterium called ________.

A)Salmonella
B)Staph
C)MRSA
D)Anthrax

Question 33

Why is it hard to classify protists?

A)Because they come from such in such a wide variety of size and shape
B)Because they differ in their nutrition and energy use
C)Because they differ in their complexity, some being unicellular, some being multicellular
D)All of the above are reasons why protists remain hard to classify

Question 34

What is the leading scientific hypothesis explaining how the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells originated?

A)From the inward folding of the plasma membrane
B)From engulfing prokaryotic cells
C)From engulfing eukaryotic cells
D)From the spontaneous formation of phospholipids

Question 35

Pathogen is ________.

A)a name given to all bacteria
B)a name given only to bacteria that cause serious illnesses in humans
C)a name given to all archaea
D)a name given only to helpful bacteria

Question 36

Bacteria reproduce asexually via binary fission.This process generates ________.

A)Genetically different bacteria
B)Genetically identical bacteria

Question 37

Which method of bacterial DNA transfer involves a physical connection between the two bacterial cells?

A)Transformation
B)Transduction
C)Binary fission
D)Conjugation

Question 38

Evaluate the following statements.Which one is most accurate?

A)While bacteria reproduce asexually, they use many mechanisms to transfer genetic materials between each other and as such as not all genetically identical to each other.
B)Since bacteria reproduce asexually, all bacteria originating from one source are genetically identical to each other.
C)Bacteria reproduce asexually, and as such do not have mechanisms to generate genetic diversity among themselves.
D)Bacteria reproduce sexually, and have many mechanisms to spread their genetic materials to other bacteria.

Question 39

What is the endomembrane system?

A)Another name for the endoplasmic reticulum
B)Another name for the Golgi apparatus
C)A group of internal membranes and organelles that are highly connected within a eukaryotic cell
D)A group of vesicles that are highly connected within a eukaryotic cells

Question 40

Based on the endosymbiosis theory that highlights where chloroplasts come from, how would you expect chloroplasts to divide when a plant cell divides?

A)Via mitosis
B)Via meiosis
C)Via binary fission
D)Via endosymbiosis

Question 41

What is an emerging virus?

A)A virus that has just come to the attention of scientists
B)A virus that has been known to researchers for a long time
C)A virus that emerges out of the patient's body
D)A virus that contains an emerging capsid

Question 42

Although most biologists do not consider viruses to be alive, viruses do share some characteristics with living things.Which of the following is the requirement for life that viruses lack?

A)The ability to reproduce on their own
B)The ability to move
C)Having genetic material
D)Having highly ordered structure

Question 43

All protists are unicellular organisms.

Question 44

All protists are eukaryotic organisms.

Question 45

AIDS, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, is caused by ________.

A)a bacteria
B)a protozoan
C)a virus
D)a fungus

Question 46

Which of the following organisms are classified within the protists under algae?

A)Diatoms
B)Dinoflagellates
C)Seaweeds
D)All of the above are types of algae

Question 47

Approximately when did the earth's crust solidify?

A)8 billion years ago
B)4 billion years ago
C)1 billion years ago
D)4 million years ago

Question 48

A capsid to a virus is equivalent to a ________ to a bacteria.

A)Cell wall
B)Plasma membrane
C)Plasmid
D)Flagellum

Question 49

Which viral life cycle would result in a quicker death for an infected cell?

A)The lytic cycle
B)The prophage cycle
C)The retroviral cycle
D)The lysogenic cycle

Question 50

Which specific cells are infected by the HIV virus?

A)Killer B cells
B)Helper T cells
C)Red blood cells
D)All body cells are infected by the HIV virus

Question 51

Which of the following is a key characteristic of the HIV virus that makes it so deadly?

A)The HIV virus contains a protein coat, or capsid.
B)The HIV virus uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase for reproduction.
C)The HIV virus can use the cellular machinery of the host cell they infected.
D)The HIV virus has a RNA genome.

Question 52

Which began first?

A)Multicellular life in the ocean
B)Multicellular life in fresh water
C)Plants colonizing the land
D)Animals colonizing the land

Question 53

HIV has an RNA genome that is converted to DNA when infecting a human immune cell.This type of virus is called a ________.

A)bacteriophage
B)prion
C)retrovirus
D)reverse transcriptase

Question 54

How do viruses make copies of themselves?

A)By taking the nutrients of the host cell they infected
B)By using the cellular machinery of the host cell they infected
C)By digesting the host cell they infected
D)By targeting their host cell for cell death

Question 55

Which of the following do not get infected by viruses?

A)Animals
B)Plants
C)Bacteria
D)Animals, plants and bacteria can all be infected by viruses.

Question 56

An organism is considered truly multicellular when ________.

A)its cells cannot survive on their own
B)its cells form colonies
C)its cells specialize in various tasks
D)each cell can carry out all of life's functions

Question 57

How does azidothymidine (AZT) fight AIDS?

A)It blocks the virus from entering the cell.
B)It targets the virus for destruction.
C)It blocks the enzyme that converts viral RNA to DNA (called reverse transcriptase, or RT).
D)It blocks the enzyme that assembles all of the RNA proteins into new HIV viruses.

Question 58

What are the steps toward multicellularity, in the correct order?

A)Some cells become gametes, then a colony forms, and finally some cells start to specialize.
B)First a colony of protists forms, then some become gametes, and finally others specialize in various tasks.
C)Some protists start to specialize for specific tasks, then they form a colony with specialists, and finally some specialists become gametes.
D)First a colony of protists forms, then some protists start to specialize in specific tasks, and finally some cells become gametes.

Question 59

Where would you find the double-stranded HIV DNA in an infected cell?

A)Incorporated directly into the host cell's DNA
B)As a separate plasmid in the host cell's nucleus
C)In a vesicle in the cytoplasm
D)There is no HIV form of DNA.It exists only as RNA..

Question 60

What are the three parts that make up the structure of most viruses?

A)DNA, a plasma membrane, and recognition spikes
B)Nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA), a plasma membrane, and recognition spikes
C)Nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA), a capsid, and recognition spikes
D)RNA, a plasmid, and recognition spikes

Question 61

Why is there no cure for prion-related diseases?

Question 62

The misshapen version of a protein that causes properly folded proteins to misfold is called a ________.

A)virus
B)prion
C)viroid
D)capsid

Question 63

Why could prokaryotes survive without eukaryotes but eukaryotes could not survive without prokaryotes?

Question 64

HIV, the virus that causes AIDS in humans, does not infect other animals, but only certain cells in the human body.Why?

Question 65

Describe all the possible forms of nucleic acids found in viruses.

Question 66

Which of the following infects only plants?

A)Virus
B)Prion
C)Viroid
D)Capsid

Question 67

An infectious circular piece of RNA that can infect plants is called a ________.

A)virus
B)prion
C)viroid
D)capsid

Question 68

A degenerative brain disorder transmitted by cannibalism is called ________.

A)kuru
B)scrapie
C)Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
D)herpes

Question 69

The protists are grouped together simply for convenience.Why are they not considered to be in a specific taxon such as a kingdom or a phylum?