Deck 17: Chi-Square and Some Other Nonparametric Tests: What to Do When Youre Not Normal

Question 1

A one-sample chi-square is also known as a ______.

A)goodness-of-fit test
B)test of independence
C)Wilcoxon rank
D)Mann-Whitney U

Answer 1

goodness-of-fit test

Question 2

What is the nonparametric test used to determine if the number of occurrences across categories is random?

A)McNemar
B)Fisher's exact
C)chi-square one-sample test
D)Spearman rank

Answer 2

chi-square one-sample test

Question 3

If you have 30 respondents identifying their political preference (i.e. ,Democrat,Republican,or independent),what would the expected frequency be for each category?

A)10
B)20
C)30
D)40

Answer 3

10

Question 4

Which of the following is the correct formula for the one-sample chi-square?

A)Y = $\Sigma$ (E + O)² ÷ E
B) $\chi$ ²= $\Sigma$ (O - E)² ÷ E
C) $\chi$ ²= $\Sigma$ (E + O)² ÷ E
D)Y= $\Sigma$ (E - O)² ÷ E

Question 5

Which of the following is the Greek symbol chi?

A) $\Delta$
B) $\eta$
C) $\chi$
D) $\Sigma$

Question 6

How many subjects are needed to meet the sample assumption associated with parametric statistics?

A)100
B)50
C)30
D)20

Question 7

If you have 100 respondents identifying their political affiliation (i.e.Democrat,Republican,or independent),what would the expected frequency be for each category?

A)33
B)25
C)50
D)100

Question 8

If you have 100 respondents identifying their region of residence (i.e. ,North,South,Midwest,or West),what would the expected frequency be for each category?

A)33
B)25
C)50
D)100

Question 9

The level of risk associated with rejecting a true null hypothesis is known as _____.

A)Type I error
B)Type II error
C)Type III error
D)power

Question 10

If you have 100 respondents identifying their gender,what would the expected frequency be for each category?

A)25
B)50
C)75
D)100

Question 11

What is another term for a two-sample chi-square?

A)goodness-of-fit test
B)test of independence
C)Wilcoxon rank
D)Mann-Whitney U

Question 12

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to examine the correlation between ranks?

A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Wilcoxon rank
C)Spearman rank
D)Fisher's exact

Question 13

Which of the following compares the overall difference between two or more independent samples on more than one dimension?

A)Wilcoxon rank test
B)the sign test
C)Friedman two-way ANOVA
D)Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA

Question 14

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to compare two independent samples?

A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Wilcoxon rank
C)Spearman rank
D)Kolmogorov-Smirnov

Question 15

The most commonly used nonparametric test is the ______.

A)t-test
B)ANOVA
C)chi-square
D)Mann-Whitney U

Question 16

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to determine if scores from a sample came from a specified population?

A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Fisher's exact
C)Kolmogorov-Smirnov
D)Spearman rank

Question 17

Which of the following is the symbol for summation?

A) $\Delta$
B) $\eta$
C) $\chi$
D) $\Sigma$

Question 18

What is the term for statistics that are not governed by distributions?

A)parametric
B)nonparametric
C)population
D)nondistribution

Question 19

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to compare the magnitude and direction of differences between two groups?

A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Wilcoxon rank
C)Spearman rank
D)Fisher's exact

Question 20

The obtained value must be compared against which of the following?

A)test value
B)observed value
C)expected value
D)critical value

Question 21

In the result X²₍₃₎= 8.4,p < 0.05,what is 8.4?

A)the obtained value
B)the critical value
C)the significance level
D)the degrees of freedom

Question 22

Which of the following computes the exact probability of outcomes in a 2 × 2 table?

A)Wilcoxon rank test
B)Fisher's exact test
C)the sign test
D)Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA

Question 23

In the result X²₍₃₎= 8.4,p < 0.05,what is 0.05?

A)the value of the obtained value
B)the value of the critical value
C)the significance level
D)the degrees of freedom

Question 24

In calculating a one-sample chi-square test,if you had 7 degrees of freedom,your variable would have ______ categories.

A)8
B)9
C)7
D)6

Question 25

When calculating a one sample chi-square test with 4 degrees of freedom,how many categories do you have?

A)6
B)5
C)4
D)2

Question 26

Which of the following is used to compare the medians from two samples?

A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Wilcoxon rank test
C)Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA
D)the sign test

Question 27

In the result X²₍₃₎= 8.4,p < 0.05,what is 3?

A)the obtained value
B)the critical value
C)the significance level
D)the degrees of freedom

Question 28

When conducting a chi-square test,the categories of your variable(s)must be ______.

A)more than three in total
B)dependent
C)less than five in total
D)mutually exclusive

Question 29

The P in the null hypothesis represents the ______ of occurrences in any one category.

A)multiplication
B)percentage
C)subtraction
D)addition

Question 30

In the result X²₍₃₎= 8.4,p < 0.05,what is X²?

A)the obtained value
B)the critical value
C)the significance level
D)the chi-square statistic

Question 31

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the degrees of freedom for a one-sample chi-square?

A)n - 1
B)n - 3
C)r - 1
D)r - 3

Question 32

What are the degrees of freedom when you have three categories for which you are calculating a one-sample chi-square?

A)0
B)1
C)2
D)3

Question 33

Which of the following compares the overall difference between two or more independent samples?

A)Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA
B)the sign test
C)Wilcoxon rank test
D)Mann-Whitney U

Question 34

In a one-sample chi-square test,if your respondents are distributed very unequally across the levels of your variable,your chi-square value will be ______.

A)high
B)low
C)0
D)1

Question 35

The expected frequency is calculated by dividing the total number of ______ by the number of ______.

A)occurrences;observations
B)observations;occurrences
C)occurrences;categories
D)categories;occurrences

Question 36

A chi-square test involves a comparison between what is observed and what would be expected by ______.

A)observation
B)reason
C)chance
D)estimation

Question 37

If there is no difference between what is observed and what is expected,your chi-square value will be ______.

A)0
B)1
C)-1
D)impossible to determine

Question 38

Nonparametric statistics are known as ______.

A)nonnormal statistics
B)distribution-free statistics
C)skewed-distribution statistics
D)parametric statistics

Question 39

If there are five categories for which you are calculating a one-sample chi-square,what are the degrees of freedom?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 40

Statisticians have found that it takes a sample size of about _____ to fulfill the assumption of parametric statistics that the sample is large enough to represent the population.

A)60
B)30
C)25
D)20

Question 41

The critical value must be compared against which of the following?

A)test value
B)obtained value
C)expected value
D)observed value

Question 42

In a one-sample chi-square test,if your respondents are distributed very close to each other across the levels of your variable,your chi-square value will be ______.

A)high
B)low
C)very high
D)medium

Question 43

In the result χ²₍₅₎ = 9.4,p < 0.05,what is 5?

A)the degrees of freedom
B)the critical value
C)the significance level
D)the obtained value

Question 44

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to answer the following research question: "What is the exact likelihood of getting six heads on a toss of six coins?"

A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Fisher's exact
C)Kolmogorov-Smirnov
D)the median test

Question 45

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to examine "before and after" changes?

A)McNemar test
B)Fisher's exact
C)chi-square one-sample test
D)Wilcoxon rank test

Question 46

Nonparametric statistics incorporate fewer assumptions.

Question 47

What is the level of risk associated with rejecting a true null hypothesis called?

A)p < 0.05
B)p < 0.10
C)p < 0.15
D)power

Question 48

Dr.Moo would like to compute the exact probability of male or female students passing or failing on the comprehensive agricultural exam.What kind of test should she use?

A)Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
B)Friedman two-way ANOVA
C)Spearman correlation
D)Fisher's exact test

Question 49

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to answer the following research question: "Did the transfer of learning,measured by number correct,occur faster for group A than for Group B?"

A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Fisher's exact
C)Kolmogorov-Smirnov
D)the sign test

Question 50

In the result χ²₍₅₎ = 9.4,p < 0.05,what is 0.05?

A)the value of the obtained value
B)the value of the critical value
C)the significance level
D)the degrees of freedom

Question 51

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to answer the following research question: "Is preschool twice as effective as no preschool experience for helping develop children's language skills?"

A)McNemar
B)Fisher's exact
C)Chi-square one-sample test
D)Wilcoxon rank test

Question 52

In calculating a one-sample chi-square test,if you had 3 degrees of freedom,your variable would have ______ categories.

A)4
B)3
C)5
D)2

Question 53

If there are four categories for which you are calculating a one-sample chi-square,what are the degrees of freedom?

A)0
B)1
C)2
D)3

Question 54

What is the most appropriate test to use to examine the relationship between employee performance ratings in the year prior to a staff development program compared to the year after?

A)Pearson's correlation
B)Spearman correlation
C)McNemar test
D)Mann-Whitney U test

Question 55

If there are six categories for which you are calculating a one-sample chi-square,what are the degrees of freedom?

A)2
B)5
C)4
D)1

Question 56

If there is almost no difference between what is observed and what is expected,your chi-square value will be ______.

A)close to 0
B)close to 1
C)close to -1
D)impossible to determine

Question 57

In the result χ²₍₅₎ = 9.4,p < 0.05,what is χ²?

A)the chi-square statistic
B)the critical value
C)the significance level
D)the obtained value

Question 58

The exact level of significance is 0.118.It means that ______.

A)the results are significant
B)the results are not significant
C)it cannot be determined
D)it is hard to know

Question 59

In the result χ²₍₅₎ = 9.4,p < 0.05,what is 9.4?

A)the obtained value
B)the critical value
C)the significance level
D)the degrees of freedom

Question 60

In calculating a one-sample chi-square test,if you had 8 degrees of freedom,your variable would have ______ categories.

A)8
B)9
C)7
D)6

Question 61

The one-sample chi-square focuses on the distribution of two variables.

Question 62

The one-sample chi-square test is also called test of independence.

Question 63

The one-sample chi-square is used to determine whether the distribution of a single categorical variable is significantly different from what would be expected by chance.

Question 64

A two-sample chi-square focuses on whether two or more variables are significantly related,or dependent.

Question 65

How do nonparametric statistics differ from parametric statistics?

Question 66

Write an equation for a null hypothesis and research hypothesis for a one-sample chi-square test involving four groups.

Question 67

How do you interpret X²₍₃₎= 18.9,p < 0.05?

Question 68

Chi-square is a nonparametric statistical test.

Question 69

Give an example of a research situation where the one-sample chi-square test would be the most appropriate statistical technique to use.

Question 70

What does the one-sample chi-square test determine?

Question 71

Write a sample research question where the Fisher's exact test would be the most appropriate statistical technique to use.

Question 72

The chi-square statistic measures the difference between the observed data and what is calculated.

Question 73

Write an equation for a null hypothesis and research hypothesis for a one-sample chi-square test involving three groups.

Question 74

Write a sample research question where the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test would be the most appropriate statistical technique to use.

Question 75

Parametric statistics are preferred when you are analyzing categorical variables.

Question 76

What is the difference between a one-sample and a two-sample chi-square test?

Question 77

In the chi-square test for independence,expected values and observed values are used,just like in the chi-square goodness-of-fit test.The difference is that in the test of independence,there are three dimensions involved,instead of one.

Question 78

Write a sample research question where the McNemar test would be the most appropriate statistical technique to use.

Question 79

Nonparametric statistics can be preferred when you have sample sizes that are very small (less than 30).