Deck 20: Development, heredity, and Aging

Question 1

Which of these statements concerning the neural tube is NOT correct?

A)The neural tube is formed from fusion of the neural folds.
B)The neural tube is composed of cells called neuroectoderm.
C)The brain and spinal cord are derived from the neural tube.
D)The cells of the neural tube itself are called neural crest cells.
E)The neural tube is formed from ectoderm.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

All of these are factors that facilitate the fertilization process EXCEPT:

A)the swimming ability of the sperm cell
B)the presence of the oocyte in the uterus
C)oxytocin secreted by female pituitary
D)prostaglandins in male semen
E)capacitation of the sperm

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Chorionic villi protrude into blood-filled cavities called _____ formed within the maternal endometrium.

A)blastocysts
B)blastoceles
C)lacunae
D)chorion
E)inner cell masses

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The fluid-filled cavity in the blastocyst is called the

A)trophoblast.
B)blastocele.
C)inner cell mass.
D)chorion.
E)lacunae.

Question 5

The trophoblast

A)forms the embryonic part of the placenta and other membranes.
B)cells digest the uterine tissues to allow implantation.
C)becomes the chorion.
D)is a single layer of cells around the blastocele.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 6

Fertilization,the union of the sperm cell and the oocyte,produces a

A)haploid oocyte.
B)diploid oocyte.
C)haploid zygote.
D)diploid zygote.

Question 7

Which of the following tissues most likely developed from the endoderm layer of the embryo?

A)the epidermis of the skin
B)muscle of the arms and legs
C)gonads
D)thyroid gland
E)bone

Question 8

The face develops from

A)two tissue masses.
B)three tissue masses.
C)four tissue masses.
D)five tissue masses.
E)six tissue masses.

Question 9

Which of these is NOT a structure formed from neural crest cells?

A)part of peripheral nervous system
B)spinal cord
C)melanocytes
D)facial bones
E)dentin of teeth

Question 10

The chorion (later placenta)secretes

A)HCG.
B)FSH.
C)LH.
D)TSH.
E)ADH.

Question 11

Functions of the placenta include

A)production of HCG.
B)diffusion of nutrients from the mother's blood to the embryo's blood.
C)diffusion of waste products from the embryo's blood to the mother's blood.
D)production of estrogen and progesterone.
E)All of these are functions of the placenta.

Question 12

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

A)causes the follicle to remain functional.
B)is secreted by the ovaries.
C)quantities in the blood increase throughout pregnancy.
D)is used as an indicator of pregnancy by most pregnancy tests.
E)has all of these properties.

Question 13

The embryonic disk

A)is composed of two layers of cells.
B)is produced when the amniotic cavity forms.
C)initially contains ectoderm and endoderm.
D)develops a primitive streak.
E)has all of these properties.

Question 14

Which of the following tissues most likely developed from the ectoderm layer of the embryo?

A)the epidermis of the skin
B)muscles of the arms and legs
C)gonads
D)thyroid gland
E)bones of the appendicular skeleton

Question 15

Gastrulation:

A)is the process of cell migration that leads to the formation of the mesoderm
B)is the union of a sperm cell and oocyte.
C)is the process by which the trophoblast cells of the blastocyst digests the uterine tissues.
D)is another name for implantation of the blastocyst
E)occurs in the fallopian or uterine tubes.

Question 16

Implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine wall begins about _____ days after fertilization.

A)2
B)7
C)14
D)21
E)28

Question 17

The second meiotic division of the oocyte occurs

A)prior to ovulation.
B)immediately after ovulation.
C)just prior to fertilization.
D)after a sperm cell enters it.
E)after mitotic division starts.

Question 18

Which of the following tissues most likely developed from the mesoderm layer of the embryo?

A)the epidermis of the skin
B)circulatory system
C)parathyroid
D)thyroid gland
E)brain

Question 19

The umbilical cord

A)is a connecting stalk between the embryo and the placenta.
B)has two umbilical arteries,which carry blood from the embryo to the mother.
C)has two umbilical veins,which carry blood from the placenta back to the embryo's liver.
D)Is both a connecting stalk between the embryo and the placenta and has two umbilical arteries,which carry blood from the embryo to the mother form correct statements.
E)Is both a connecting stalk between the embryo and the placenta and has two umbilical veins,which carry blood from the placenta back to the embryo's liver form correct statements.

Question 20

The middle germ layer is the

A)ectoderm.
B)endoderm.
C)mesoderm.

Question 21

Place the following steps of fertilization in the correct order from the beginning. 1)Sperm head enlarges and gives rise to the sperm cell nucleus.
2)Sperm cells attach to the cumulus cells of a secondary oocyte.
3)The head of one sperm cell penetrates the zona pellucida and enters the oocyte cytoplasm.
4)The oocyte nucleus completes the second meiotic division and gives off a second polar body.
5)Fusion of the two nuclei forming a zygote.

A)1,2,3,4,5
B)2,3,4,5,1
C)2,3,4,1,5
D)4,2,3,1,5
E)3,1,2,5,4

Question 22

The cells of the ______ become the chorion.

A)trophoblast
B)inner cell mass
C)blastocele
D)placenta
E)amnion

Question 23

The amniotic cavity forms inside the

A)blastocele
B)morula
C)zygote
D)inner cell mass

Question 24

All of these develop from an outpocketing of the GI tract EXCEPT:

A)thyroid gland
B)heart
C)lungs
D)liver
E)urinary bladder

Question 25

The heart begins to beat _____ days after fertilization.

A)11-15
B)21-25
C)31-35
D)41-45
E)51-55

Question 26

During the fetal period of development

A)the organ systems are already present.
B)there is mainly growth and maturation of organs.
C)there is about a 1,400-fold increase in weight.
D)subcutaneous fat accumulates.
E)all of these events occur.

Question 27

The correct order of the developmental stages of embryonic cells from the beginning is

A)blastocyst $\rightarrow$ zygote $\rightarrow$ morula.
B)morula $\rightarrow$ zygote $\rightarrow$ blastocyst.
C)blastocyst $\rightarrow$ morula $\rightarrow$ zygote.
D)zygote $\rightarrow$ morula $\rightarrow$ blastocyst.
E)zygote $\rightarrow$ blastocyst $\rightarrow$ morula.

Question 28

During early cell division,the number of cells in the zygote __________ while the size of each cell _________.

A)increases; increases
B)increases; decreases
C)decreases; decreases
D)decreases; increases
E)remains the same; increases

Question 29

During early cell division,the overall size of the zygote ________ while the number of cells ___________.

A)increases; remains the same
B)increases; increases
C)remains the same; increases
D)remains the same; decreases
E)decreases; remains the same

Question 30

The major organs appear and begin to develop during

A)the germinal period.
B)the embryonic period.
C)the fetal period.

Question 31

A woman is told by her physician that her pregnancy has progressed 44 days since her last menstrual period (LMP).How many days has the embryo been developing?

A)16 days
B)30 days
C)44 days
D)58 days
E)72 days

Question 32

Which of these organ systems is developed from all three germ layers?

A)integumentary system
B)nervous system
C)endocrine system
D)cardiovascular system
E)lymphatic system

Question 33

Fingers and toes begin to develop _____ days after fertilization.

A)16-20
B)26-30
C)36-40
D)46-50
E)56-60

Question 34

The failure of the foramen ovale to close results in

A)an atrial septum defect.
B)a ventricular septum defect.
C)a defective valve.
D)patent ductus arteriosus.
E)all of these effects.

Question 35

This figure shows

A)a zygote.
B)the morula.
C)a blastocyst.
D)an embryo.

Question 36

Problems involving the formation of the chorion would affect

A)the embryo's ability to produce blood cells.
B)the formation of the ectoderm.
C)the embryo's ability to derive nutrition from the mother.
D)the embryo's ability to store waste and the formation of the urinary bladder.
E)None of these are correct.

Question 37

Which of these organ systems develops without any contribution from mesoderm?

A)integumentary system
B)muscular system
C)skeletal system
D)cardiovascular system
E)nervous system

Question 38

The line on the figure designated by the letter A represents

A)progesterone.
B)estrogen.
C)testosterone.
D)HCG.
E)oxytocin.

Question 39

Which of the following statements is false?

A)Fertilization normally occurs within the upper 1/3^rd of the uterine tube.
B)Sperm are unable to fertilize the egg until they have undergone capacitation.
C)Enzymes released from the acrosome of the sperm digest a path through the zona pellucida to the secondary oocyte.
D)The secondary oocyte is capable of being fertilized for several weeks after ovulation.
E)Some sperm cells remain viable in the female reproductive tract for up to six days.

Question 40

The thyroid gland begins to develop _____ days after fertilization.

A)16-20
B)26-30
C)36-40
D)46-50
E)56-60

Question 41

The developing embryo is at maximum risk from environmental toxins and drugs during which time period?

A)Day 1 - day 5
B)Day 14 - day 35
C)Day 1 - day 25
D)Day 41 - day 45
E)Day 8 - day 14

Question 42

Failure of the neural tube to close during development can lead to

A)spina bifida.
B)anencephaly.
C)hydroencephaly.
D)both spina bifida and anencephaly.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 43

Fraternal twins

A)are also called monozygotic twins.
B)develop from only one secondary oocyte that separates early in cell division.
C)have identical genetic make-ups.
D)arises from the ovulation of more than one secondary oocyte at the same time.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 44

The gestation period usually lasts around ________ from the LMP.

A)18-36 hours
B)7-10 days
C)7-9 weeks
D)38-40 weeks
E)50-52 weeks

Question 45

Which of these changes occur in the fetus at the time of birth?

A)the lungs inflate
B)increased resistance to blood flow through the lungs occurs
C)the umbilical vein becomes the ductus venosus
D)the umbilical arteries become the ligamentum arteriosum
E)the foramen ovale becomes the round ligament

Question 46

A cleft lip results from the failure of ____________________ to fuse.

A)upper jaw,nose and lip
B)lower jaw and lower lip
C)upper jaw and lower jaw
D)mandibular processes
E)both upper jaw and lower jaw and mandibular processes.

Question 47

During the first few days of development,the zygote gets its energy from ________.

A)its own yolk
B)the placenta
C)the trophoblast
D)the umbilical cord
E)the chorion

Question 48

Before birth the ductus arteriosus carries __________ blood.

A)mostly oxygenated
B)mostly deoxygenated
C)a mix of deoxygenated and oxygenated

Question 49

The stage with maximum cervical dilation until baby exits the vagina is

A)gestation.
B)the first stage or dilation phase of labor.
C)the second stage or expulsion phase of labor.
D)the third stage or placental phase of labor.

Question 50

Before birth the ductus venosus carries blood from the _______ to the ______ thereby bypassing the _________.

A)right atrium; lungs; aorta
B)umbilical vein; sinusoids of the liver; superior vena cava
C)umbilical vein; inferior vena cava; sinusoids of the liver
D)umbilical arteries; umbilical vein; heart
E)right atrium; left atrium; right ventricle

Question 51

Before birth the ductus arteriosus carries blood from the _______ to the ______ thereby bypassing the _________.

A)right atrium; lungs; aorta
B)pulmonary trunk; aorta; lungs
C)aorta; pulmonary trunk; heart
D)umbilical arteries; umbilical vein; heart
E)right atrium; left atrium; right ventricle

Question 52

Swallowed fluid,sloughed cells,mucus and bile produce a greenish anal discharge of the neonate called

A)amylase.
B)feces.
C)meconium.
D)lactase.
E)neonatalia.

Question 53

Which of these is NOT a factor that stimulates parturition?

A)progesterone synthesis levels off
B)estrogen synthesis increases
C)prostaglandin synthesis increases
D)adrenal steroids are produced by the fetus
E)prolactin is produced by the anterior pituitary

Question 54

The stage from the fertilization of the ovum and implantation until the onset of parturition is

A)gestation.
B)the first stage or dilation phase of labor.
C)the second stage or expulsion phase of labor.
D)the third stage or placental phase of labor.

Question 55

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Growth of the placenta essentially stops at 35 weeks therefore limiting fetal growth.
B)At 38 weeks,the fetus has progressed to the point at which it is ready to be delivered.
C)Peak body growth occurs late in gestation.
D)Late in gestation,as placental size reaches a maximum,the oxygen and nutrient supply becomes limited.
E)The lanugo and vernix caseosa aid the newborn in sucking by supporting the cheeks and creating a vacuum in the oral cavity.

Question 56

Since the gestation period is usually calculated as 280 days since the last menstrual period (LMP),the actual developmental gestation period would be closer to

A)252 days.
B)266 days.
C)280 days.
D)294 days.
E)308 days.

Question 57

Before birth the ductus venosus carries __________ blood.

A)mostly oxygenated
B)mostly deoxygenated
C)an equal mix of deoxygenated and oxygenated

Question 58

The stage that involves the expulsion of the placenta is

A)gestation.
B)first stage or dilation phase of labor.
C)second stage or expulsion phase of labor.
D)third stage or placental phase of labor.

Question 59

Before birth,the foramen ovale allows blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium thereby by-passing the lungs and pulmonary circulation.Why?

A)Because the lungs do not function until after birth
B)Because the blood is already oxygenated
C)Because the fetus is getting oxygen from its mother
D)Because the lungs are collapsed
E)All of the above are valid reasons for blood to bypass the lungs before birth.

Question 60

The stage from onset of regular contractions until cervix dilates to 10 cm is

A)gestation.
B)the first stage or dilation phase of labor.
C)the second stage or expulsion phase of labor.
D)the third stage or placental phase of labor.

Question 61

The aging immune system

A)increases its ability to respond to outside antigens.
B)may have decreased autoimmune reactions.
C)may have T lymphocytes with greatly increased activity.
D)loses its ability to quickly recognize cancerous changes in cells.
E)shows all of these changes.

Question 62

The molecule responsible for heredity is

A)DNA.
B)RNA.
C)glycolipids.
D)phospholipids.
E)ATP.

Question 63

What is the main difference between the colostrum produced during the first few days after birth and milk which is produced for the remainder of the lactation period?

A)Colostrum contains a higher fat content than milk
B)Colostrum contains a higher lactose content than milk
C)Milk contains a higher concentration of fat and lactose than colostrum.
D)Milk does not contain any protein.
E)Milk does not contain any antibodies

Question 64

As we age,there is an overall decrease in ATP production.What is this decline associated with?

A)Reduction in cross-links of collagen
B)Mitochondrial DNA mutations
C)Decline in muscle fiber size
D)Ingestion of moderate amounts of vitamin C
E)Ingestion of moderate amounts of vitamin E

Question 65

During the second to the eighth week of development,during which the organ systems are developed,the developing individual is known as the

A)blastocyst or pre-embryo.
B)neonate.
C)embryo.
D)infant.
E)fetus.

Question 66

Males are determined by

A)the presence of only one type of X chromosome.
B)not having two X chromosomes.
C)the presence of a Y chromosome.
D)a gene carried on chromosome pair number 21.
E)a gene carried on chromosome pair number 1.

Question 67

From birth to 1 month after birth the developing individual is known as the

A)blastocyst or pre-embryo.
B)neonate.
C)embryo.
D)infant.
E)fetus.

Question 68

Puberty

A)is the time when maturation of reproductive cells begins.
B)occurs earlier in females than in males.
C)is usually accompanied by a growth spurt.
D)is marked by development of secondary sex characteristics.
E)has all of these characteristics.

Question 69

Of the 46 chromosomes in human cells,_____ are autosomes,and _____ are sex chromosomes.

A)38,8
B)40,6
C)42,4
D)44,2
E)43,1

Question 70

Which of the following statements about death is false?

A)Death is usually not attributed to old age
B)Modern definitions of death are based on the loss of heartbeat and respiration
C)Death is the permanent cessation of life functions
D)Whole brain death is manifested by a flat electroencephalogram for at least 30 minutes
E)Neocortical death is a condition in which major portions of the cerebrum are no longer functioning

Question 71

A drug that would stop the production of milk in the breast after a few days probably has which effect?

A)inhibition of prolactin secretion
B)inhibition of oxytocin secretion
C)increased estrogen secretion
D)increased progesterone secretion
E)increased oxytocin secretion

Question 72

During the last seven months of the prenatal period the developing individual is known as the

A)blastocyst or pre-embryo.
B)neonate.
C)embryo.
D)infant.
E)fetus.

Question 73

Milk "letdown" occurs in response to

A)prolactin.
B)progesterone.
C)oxytocin.
D)estrogen.
E)lactose.

Question 74

During pregnancy,

A)estrogens and progesterone cause production of milk.
B)additional adipose tissue is deposited in the breast.
C)prolactin stimulates the release of progesterone.
D)oxytocin prevents premature milk release.
E)all of these interactions occur.

Question 75

During the first two weeks of development the developing individual is known as the

A)blastocyst or pre-embryo.
B)neonate.
C)embryo.
D)infant.
E)fetus.

Question 76

Which one of the following does NOT occur during the first year of an infant's life?

A)grasping of objects
B)holding head upright
C)turning of head to follow objects
D)voluntary thumb sucking
E)All of these are usually accomplished during an infant's first year.

Question 77

Lactase

A)digests milk sugar.
B)is present from the time of birth.
C)activity declines during infancy.
D)activity may be lost in adults.
E)has all of these properties.

Question 78

Which of these is NOT a cause of the changes called "aging"?

A)cross-linking of collagen fibers
B)damage to or death of cells that cannot divide
C)decline in muscular function
D)increased blood flow to kidneys causes decreased filtration rate
E)atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis

Question 79

After parturition,

A)prolactin stimulates milk production.
B)estrogens and progesterone levels increase.
C)suckling stimulates the release of progesterone.
D)colostrum is produced for the first two months.
E)all of these events occur.

Question 80

From 1 month to 1 or 2 years the developing individual is known as the

A)blastocyst or pre-embryo.
B)neonate.
C)embryo.
D)infant.
E)fetus.