Deck 18: Urinary System and Fluid Balance

Question 1

Given these blood vessels in the kidney: 1)afferent arteriole
2)arcuate artery
3)interlobar artery
4)interlobular artery
Which of these sequences represents the correct pathway a red blood cell would follow as it moved from the renal artery to the glomerulus?

A)1,2,3,4
B)2,3,4,1
C)2,1,4,3
D)3,2,4,1
E)4,3,2,1

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Ion levels in the extracellular fluid are adjusted by which of the following?

A)thirst
B)perspiration
C)ingestion
D)excretion
E)all of the above

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The inner layer of Bowman's capsule consists of specialized cells called

A)nephrons.
B)hepatocytes.
C)nephrocytes.
D)podocytes.
E)chondrocytes.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The collecting duct empties its contents into

A)the ureter.
B)the renal sinus.
C)the papillary duct.
D)an afferent arteriole.
E)the renal corpuscle.

Question 5

A specialized structure,called the _____ is formed where the distal convoluted tubule projects between the afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole of a nephron.

A)interlobular artery
B)juxtaglomerular apparatus
C)filtration membrane
D)loop of Henle
E)glomerulus

Question 6

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)The blood pressure within the glomerular capillaries is fairly constant due to regulation of glomerular arteriole radius.
B)The concentration of blood proteins within the Bowman's capsule is faily constant.
C)The osmotic pressure within the Bowman's capsule is fairly constant.
D)Filtration pressure and rate are normally maintained within a narrow range of values.
E)All of the above statements are true.

Question 7

Which of the following substances is completely reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubules when it is at normal levels in the blood?

A)sodium
B)potassium
C)glucose
D)water
E)All of the above are completely reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 8

The connective tissue covering of the kidney is the

A)renal pelvis.
B)renal fat pad.
C)renal pyramid.
D)renal capsule.
E)renal sinus.

Question 9

The renal corpuscle consists of

A)the glomerulus and loop of Henle.
B)the glomerulus and collecting duct.
C)the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.
D)the loop of Henle and collecting duct.
E)the distal convoluted tubule and proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 10

Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its result?

A)increase in filtration pressure - increase urine volume
B)decrease in concentration of plasma proteins - decrease in filtration pressure
C)decrease in concentration of plasma proteins - increase in urine volume
D)decreased sympathetic stimulation - increase in urine volume
E)increased sympathetic stimulation - decrease filtration pressure

Question 11

The functional unit of the kidney is called

A)the nephron.
B)the pyramid.
C)the renal pelvis.
D)the renal cortex.
E)the hilum.

Question 12

Comparing reabsorption and secretion in the nephron,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)secretion occurs when materials in the lumen of the tubules reenter the blood
B)secretion occurs when materials leave the blood at the glomerulus
C)reabsorption occurs when materials from the blood reenter the tubules
D)reabsorption occurs when materials in the tubules renter the blood vessels.
E)reabsorption occurs when materials in the interstitial spaces around the tubules enters the lumen of the tubules.

Question 13

In the first step of urine formation,fluid is filtered from the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule through

A)the proximal convoluted tubule.
B)the filtration membrane.
C)the distal convoluted tubule.
D)the renal pelvis.
E)the afferent arteriole.

Question 14

During cardiovascular shock,

A)the filtration pressure decreases dramatically.
B)the kidneys produce large amounts of urine.
C)the blood flow to the kidneys increases dramatically.
D)both the afferent arteriole and efferent arterial dilate.
E)all of the above occur.

Question 15

The major process essential for urine formation include:

A)filtration
B)tubular reabsorption
C)tubular secretion
D)Both B and C
E)all of the above

Question 16

Each renal calyx

A)is a funnel-shaped structure.
B)surrounds the tip of a renal pyramid.
C)joins to form the renal pelvis.
D)has all of these characteristics.
E)has none of these characteristics.

Question 17

The location on the medial side of the kidney where the renal artery and vein,renal nerve,and ureter attach to the kidney is the

A)renal fat pad.
B)hilum.
C)renal sinus.
D)renal pelvis.
E)renal pyramid.

Question 18

Given these parts of the nephron: 1)collecting duct
2)distal convoluted tubule
3)loop of Henle
4)renal corpuscle
Which of these sequences represents the correct order through which filtrate would move in the nephron during urine formation?

A)1,2,3,4
B)1,3,2,4
C)2,1,4,3
D)3,4,2,1
E)4,3,2,1

Question 19

The loop of Henle is categorized into distinct segments including all of the following EXCEPT:

A)a thin segment of the descending limb of the loop of Henle
B)a thin segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
C)a thick segment of the descending limb of the loop of Henle
D)a thick segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle

Question 20

The urinary system does all of the following,EXCEPT:

A)glucose generation and regulation
B)regulate blood volume
C)removal of damaged or old red blood cells
D)regulate plasma concentrations of electrolytes
E)secretion of hormones & Vitamin D

Question 21

All of the following will INCREASE the glomerular filtration pressure EXCEPT:

A)increased sympathetic stimulation
B)increased afferent arteriole diameter (dilation of afferent arteriole)
C)increased blood pressure
D)increased activation of angiotensin II
E)decreased concentration of plasma proteins

Question 22

Letter G is the

A)Bowman's capsule.
B)ascending loop of Henle.
C)proximal convoluted tubule.
D)distal convoluted tubule.
E)collecting duct.

Question 23

____________ is the major force responsible for causing fluid to move from the glomerular capillary across the filtration membrane into the Bowman's capsule.

A)Capsular pressure
B)Glomerular capillary pressure
C)Colloid osmotic pressure
D)The volume of the Bowman's capsule
E)The hormone ADH

Question 24

In general,when filtration pressure increases,volume of filtrate will

A)increase.
B)decrease.
C)be unaffected.

Question 25

Letter J is the

A)Bowman's capsule.
B)ascending loop of Henle.
C)proximal convoluted tubule.
D)distal convoluted tubule.
E)collecting duct.

Question 26

The primary site for reabsorption of solutes and water is

A)the glomerulus.
B)the proximal convoluted tubule.
C)the loop of Henle.
D)the distal convoluted tubule.
E)the collecting duct.

Question 27

As filtrate passes through the descending limb of the loop of Henle,water passes _____ the nephron and some solutes pass _____ the nephron.

A)out of,out of
B)out of,into
C)into,out of
D)into,into

Question 28

All of these are processes critical to the formation of urine EXCEPT:

A)filtration
B)tubular secretion
C)tubular reabsorption
D)tubular hydrolysis

Question 29

Which of these cannot pass through the filtration membrane?

A)water
B)small solutes
C)ions
D)cells
E)glucose

Question 30

Which of the following sections of the nephron DOES NOT either passively or actively transport water from the filtrate to the body?

A)proximal convoluted tubule
B)descending limb of the loop of Henle
C)ascending limb of the loop of Henle
D)distal convoluted tubule
E)collecting duct

Question 31

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle

A)removes solutes from the filtrate.
B)is permeable to sodium ions.
C)is not permeable to water.
D)produces hypoosmotic filtrate.
E)has all of these properties.

Question 32

Letter A is (are)the

A)Bowman's capsule.
B)glomerulus.
C)vasa recta.
D)peritubular capillaries.
E)afferent arterioles.

Question 33

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle,sodium ions move out by _____,and chloride ions move out by _____.

A)diffusion,diffusion
B)diffusion,osmosis
C)diffusion,secondary active transport
D)active transport,diffusion
E)active transport,secondary active transport

Question 34

All of these substances are secreted into the nephron EXCEPT:

A)hydrogen ions
B)penicillin
C)ammonia
D)glucose
E)histamine

Question 35

Small tubes that carry urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder are called

A)urethras.
B)the distal convoluted tubules.
C)the collecting ducts.
D)the ureters.
E)the renal corpuscles.

Question 36

Letter F is (are)the

A)Bowman's capsule.
B)glomerulus.
C)vasa recta.
D)peritubular capillaries.
E)afferent arterioles.

Question 37

If one nephron in the right kidney becomes blocked and unable to function,

A)the kidney would become non-functional.
B)the person would die.
C)urine formation would not be greatly affected because there are 1.3 million nephrons in each kidney.
D)the kidney would no longer be able to create urine.
E)the filtration and urination rates would decrease significantly.

Question 38

In the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

A)sodium and chloride ions are actively reabsorbed.
B)water moves out by osmosis when ADH is present.
C)potassium ions are secreted.
D)all of these events occur.
E)none of these events occur in distal convoluted tubules,which are always impermeable to solutes and water.

Question 39

Normally,the colloid osmotic pressure produced by the concentration of blood proteins moves fluid from the ________ to the __________ by ____________.

A)blood; Bowman's capsule; osmosis
B)blood; Bowman's capsule; simple diffusion
C)Bowman's capsule; glomerulus; facilitated diffusion
D)Bowman's capsule; blood; active transport
E)Bowman's capsule; blood; osmosis

Question 40

The primary site of nutrient reabsorption in the nephron is the

A)distal convoluted tubule.
B)descending limb of the loop of Henle.
C)Bowman's capsule.
D)proximal convoluted tubule.
E)collecting duct.

Question 41

________________ increases the ability of the kidneys to produce a concentrated urine.

A)Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
B)Aldosterone
C)Atrial natriuretic hormone
D)Angiotensin II

Question 42

Renal arteriosclerosis would

A)increase renin secretion.
B)increase blood volume.
C)increase blood pressure.
D)inhibit ADH secretion.
E)produce all of these effects.

Question 43

Renin is an enzyme that acts on

A)angiotensinogen.
B)angiotensin II.
C)aldosterone.
D)angiotensin I.
E)atrial natriuretic factor.

Question 44

A decrease in blood osmolality directly produces or leads to

A)an increase in ADH production.
B)an increase in urine production.
C)an increase in blood volume.
D)an increase in urine osmolality.
E)all of these effects.

Question 45

Aldosterone

A)secretion is stimulated by angiotensin II.
B)stimulates the absorption of sodium and chloride ions from the lumen of the nephron.
C)decreases urine volume.
D)increases blood volume.
E)produces all of these effects.

Question 46

An increase in urine production could cause

A)an increase in blood volume.
B)a decrease in blood volume.
C)an increase in blood pressure.
D)both an increase in blood volume and an increase in blood pressure.
E)both a decrease in blood volume and an increase in blood pressure.

Question 47

___________________ increases the permeability of the collecting duct in the nephron to water.

A)Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
B)Aldosterone
C)Atrial natriuretic hormone
D)Angiotensin II

Question 48

Which of these causes decreased blood pressure?

A)secretion of ADH
B)secretion of renin
C)secretion of aldosterone
D)secretion of atrial natriuretic factor
E)sympathetic stimulation of kidney blood vessels

Question 49

Atrial natriuretic factor

A)is secreted from cells in the right atrium of the heart when blood pressure decreases.
B)produces a large volume of urine.
C)increases blood volume.
D)increases blood pressure.
E)produces all of these effects.

Question 50

_____________ directly increases vasoconstriction.

A)Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
B)Aldosterone
C)Atrial natriuretic hormone
D)Angiotensin II

Question 51

In which of the following areas of the nephron is the filtrate the LEAST concentrated assuming high levels of ADH are present?

A)distal convoluted tubule
B)at the end of the descending limb of the loop of Henle
C)at the end of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
D)at the end of the proximal convoluted tubule
E)collecting duct

Question 52

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A)is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
B)increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts to water.
C)causes the production of a larger quantity of urine.
D)causes a less concentrated urine to be produced.
E)directly decreases blood volume.

Question 53

________________ decreases the reabsorption of sodium ions.

A)Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
B)Aldosterone
C)Atrial natriuretic hormone
D)Angiotensin II

Question 54

All of the following will lead to the production of highly concentrated urine & less urine volume EXCEPT:

A)high levels of ADH
B)increased levels of ANP (Atrial Natiuretic Peptide)
C)increased levels of renin
D)stimulation of the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
E)increased levels of angiotensin II

Question 55

If the level of ADH is very low,in which of the following areas of the nephron is the filtrate the LEAST concentrated?

A)distal convoluted tubule
B)at the end of the descending limb of the loop of Henle
C)at the beginning of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
D)at the end of the proximal convoluted tubule
E)collecting duct

Question 56

In the proximal convoluted tubule,K⁺ ions are _________ while in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct,K⁺ ions are _________.

A)secreted; reabsorbed
B)reabsorbed; secreted
C)secreted; secreted
D)reabsorbed; reabsorbed
E)created; destroyed

Question 57

The micturition reflex

A)is initiated by stretching the bladder wall.
B)is integrated in the spinal cord.
C)results in parasympathetic action potentials causing the urinary bladder to contract.
D)can be inhibited by higher brain centers.
E)has all of these characteristics.

Question 58

Diabetes insipidus

A)leads to high urine volumes.
B)produces highly concentrated urine.
C)results in an increase in the concentration of ADH in the blood.
D)leads to infrequent urination of very low volume.
E)produces highly concentrated urine,results in an increase in the concentration of ADH in the blood and leads to infrequent urination of very low volume are correct.

Question 59

Which of these factors stimulates the juxtaglomerular apparatus to produce renin?

A)sudden decreases in blood pressure
B)concentration of sodium ions in the blood is too low
C)concentration of potassium ions in the blood is too high
D)both sudden decreases in blood pressure and concentration of sodium ions in the blood is too low.
E)All of these conditions increase renin secretion.

Question 60

_______________ increases reabsorption of sodium ions and secretion of potassium ions.

A)Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
B)Aldosterone
C)Atrial natriuretic hormone
D)Angiotensin II

Question 61

Concerning body fluid compartments,

A)less than 50% of the total body weight is water.
B)more body fluid is contained in extracellular fluid than in intracellular fluid.
C)the major influence controlling the movement of water between intracellular and extracellular spaces is osmotic pressure.
D)sodium concentration is the primary determinant of water location.
E)All of these are correct statements.

Question 62

Which of these stimulates thirst?

A)increase in blood pressure
B)decreased blood osmolality
C)dry oral mucosa
D)decreased levels of angiotensin II
E)All of these stimulate thirst equally.

Question 63

As the volume of urine in the urinary bladder increases,

A)the transitional epithelial cells lining the bladder change from columnar to flat.
B)the number of layers of transitional epithelial cells appears to increase.
C)the smooth muscle in the walls of the bladder is stimulated to relax and expand more.
D)contractions of skeletal muscles in the bladder wall cause it to release urine into the ureters.
E)Both the transitional epithelial cells lining the bladder change from columnar to flat and the number of layers of transitional epithelial cells appears to increase are correct.

Question 64

The kidneys control pH by

A)increasing or decreasing the volume of urine produced.
B)increasing or decreasing the number of sodium ions secreted into the final urine.
C)increasing or decreasing the number of bicarbonate ions reabsorbed from the urine.
D)increasing or decreasing the number of potassium ions secreted into the final urine.
E)All of these influence the blood pH.

Question 65

Severe vomiting or excess aldosterone production could result in

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)metabolic acidosis.
C)respiratory alkalosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.

Question 66

Buffers

A)contain salts of weak acids or weak bases.
B)release hydrogen ions when a base is added to the solution.
C)keep hydrogen ion concentration and pH within a narrow range.
D)include phosphate,protein,and bicarbonate systems.
E)All of these are correct statements.

Question 67

The pH of the body is maintained at

A)7.00-8.00.
B)6.00-7.00.
C)6.25-7.45.
D)7.35-7.45.
E)7.65-7.85.

Question 68

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

A)respiratory acidosis - excess production of acidic substances due to increased metabolism
B)glomerulonephritis - inflammation of the filtration membrane
C)acute renal failure - rapid and extensive damage to kidney leading to accumulation of urea and other metabolites
D)peritoneal dialysis - treatment for patients suffering from renal failure in which their blood is passed through a tube in the peritoneal cavity
E)alcohol - a diuretic that inhibits the secretion of ADH

Question 69

Increased carbon dioxide in the blood will result in

A)decreased pH of the blood.
B)stimulation of the neurons in the respiratory center of the brain.
C)increased rate and depth of ventilation.
D)all of these events.
E)none of these events.

Question 70

The internal urinary sphincter

A)is under voluntary control.
B)is only found in females.
C)is only found in males.
D)prevents the semen from being released during urination.
E)Both is under voluntary control and is only found in males are correct.

Question 71

Which of these buffer molecules is able to combine with the least number of individual hydrogen ions?

A)one phosphate ion
B)one protein
C)one bicarbonate ion

Question 72

Which of these is correct concerning sodium ion regulation?

A)An increase in extracellular sodium causes decreased water reabsorption in the kidneys.
B)Increased water reabsorption causes a decrease in blood volume.
C)Increased blood pressure causes a reduction in ADH secretion.
D)A reduced rate of renin secretion results in an increased rate of aldosterone production.
E)All of these are correct relationships.

Question 73

Which of these symptoms is NOT consistent with decreased aldosterone secretion?

A)excessive urine production
B)low blood pressure
C)high plasma potassium levels
D)high plasma sodium levels

Question 74

Which of these substances plays a major role in regulating potassium ions?

A)ADH
B)atrial natriuretic factor
C)renin
D)aldosterone
E)angiotensin I

Question 75

The reaction between carbon dioxide and water to produce carbonic acid is catalyzed by

A)phosphates.
B)carbonic anhydrase.
C)renin.
D)aldosterone.
E)calcitonin.

Question 76

The mechanism for maintaining the solute concentration gradient in the medulla require(s)

A)active transport of Na⁺ ions from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
B)active transport of Na⁺ ions from the ascending limb of the Vasa Recta.
C)the ascending limb of the loop of Henle to be permeable to water.
D)the descending limb of the loop of Henle to be impermeable to water.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 77

The internal urinary sphincter is made of __________ muscle and under __________ control.

A)skeletal,voluntary
B)skeletal,involuntary
C)smooth,voluntary
D)smooth,involuntary