Deck 15: Respiratory System

Question 1

Which of these structures has no cartilage in it?

A)epiglottis
B)trachea
C)bronchi
D)bronchiole
E)larynx

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The cartilaginous rings of the trachea are composed of ____________.

A)areolar connective tissue
B)fibrocartilage
C)hyaline cartilage
D)elastic cartilage
E)bone

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of these structures is NOT correctly matched with the division of the pharynx in which it is found?

A)oropharynx - palatine tonsils
B)nasopharynx - auditory tubes
C)laryngopharynx - epiglottis
D)oropharynx - pharyngeal tonsils
E)nasopharynx - soft palate

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of these problems in the trachea are associated with cigarette smoking?

A)Ciliated epithelium is replaced by squamous epithelium.
B)Mucus and debris accumulate in the trachea.
C)Respiratory infections are likely because of accumulated mucus.
D)Irritation and inflammation stimulate the cough reflex.
E)All of these events occur in smokers.

Question 5

Respiration refers to

A)gas exchange between blood and tissues.
B)breathing,the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
C)gas exchange between the air in the lungs and blood.
D)gas exchange between the blood and the tissues.
E)All of these are parts of respiration.

Question 6

Which of these skull bones does NOT contain a paranasal sinus?

A)frontal
B)parietal
C)maxillary
D)ethmoid
E)sphenoid

Question 7

Given these respiratory passageways: 1)alveoli
2)bronchi
3)bronchioles
4)respiratory bronchioles
5)terminal bronchioles
From largest to smallest,the correct order for these passageways is:

A)1,2,3,4,5
B)2,3,5,4,1
C)3,1,2,5,4
D)4,5,2,1,3
E)5,2,3,4,1

Question 8

Which of these functions are accomplished by the nasal cavities?

A)Mucus produced by the nasal lining traps debris from the air.
B)Cilia on the mucous membrane sweep debris into the pharynx.
C)he sense of smell
D)Air is humidified and warmed.
E)All of these are functions of the nasal cavities.

Question 9

The _______ cause inhaled air to churn so that it can be cleansed,humidified and warmed.

A)nasal conchae
B)alveoli
C)sinuses
D)nasolacrimal ducts
E)choanae

Question 10

If you have an infection in your upper respiratory tract,which of the following structures may be involved?

A)nasal cavity
B)lungs
C)bronchioles
D)trachea
E)bronchi

Question 11

The nasal cavity is divided into right and left sides by

A)the conchae.
B)the paranasal sinuses.
C)external nares.
D)the nasal septum.
E)the hard palate.

Question 12

Which of the following structures increase the surface area of the respiratory system?

A)nasal conchae
B)alveoli
C)larynx
D)both A and B
E)None of the above increase the surface area of the respiratory system.

Question 13

Gas molecule(s):

A)move randomly from areas of higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure
B)move until equilibrium is reached
C)diffuse readily through the respiratory epithelium
D)concentration is measured in terms of pressures and partial pressures.
E)All of the above are true of gas molecules.

Question 14

Which of the following influences breathing rate in humans?

A)emotions
B)medullary neurons
C)higher brain centers
D)pH of blood
E)all of the above

Question 15

Structures that carry tears from the eyes to the nasal cavity are called

A)nasolacrimal ducts.
B)internal nares.
C)paranasal sinuses.
D)auditory tubes.
E)nasal septa.

Question 16

The largest and most superior of the cartilages in the larynx is the

A)thyroid cartilage.
B)cricoid cartilage.
C)arytenoid cartilage.
D)cuneiform cartilage.
E)corniculate cartilage.

Question 17

Which of these statements concerning the larynx is incorrect?

A)The larynx contains three unpaired cartilages.
B)When the vestibular folds come together,they prevent air from leaving the lungs.
C)Unlike the other cartilages of the larynx,the epiglottis consists of hyaline cartilage.
D)The epiglottis prevents food particles from entering the larynx.
E)The larynx has all of these properties.

Question 18

The pre-Botzinger complex:

A)is a part of the dorsal respiratory group
B)is thought to establish the basic rhythm of respiration
C)is a collection of neurons in the pons
D)is a part of the pontine respiratory group
E)is responsible for forcible exhalation reflexes

Question 19

Prominent bony ridges on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity are called

A)paranasal sinuses.
B)nasal septa.
C)the hard palate.
D)the conchae.
E)the internal nares.

Question 20

Given these divisions of the larynx: 1)laryngopharynx
2)nasopharynx
3)oropharynx
From superior to inferior,the correct sequence for the divisions of the pharynx is:

A)1,2,3
B)1,3,2
C)2,3,1
D)2,1,3
E)3,2,1

Question 21

Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata are sensitive to

A)increases in blood oxygen content.
B)increases in lung volume (stretch).
C)decreases in blood pH.
D)increases in hemoglobin.
E)both increases in lung volume (stretch)and decreases in blood pH.

Question 22

The Hering-Breuer reflex

A)responds to increases in blood carbon dioxide levels.
B)responds to decreases in blood oxygen levels.
C)limits the extent of expiration.
D)occurs when stretch receptors in the lungs send signals that inhibit the respiratory center.
E)has all of these characteristics.

Question 23

Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies

A)primarily respond to changes in blood oxygen levels.
B)become important in the control of breathing when oxygen declines,but carbon dioxide is normal.
C)function in conditions such as being at high altitudes.
D)produce an increase in the rate and depth of breathing
E)have all of these characteristics.

Question 24

The surfactant found in the fluid lining the alveoli is

A)brought into the alveoli in the inspired air.
B)synthesized by cells in the liver.
C)synthesized by alveolar cells.
D)synthesized by endothelial cells.
E)made only by fetal cells.

Question 25

When carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase,

A)pH of the blood increases.
B)the blood becomes more acidic.
C)the number of hydrogen ions in the blood decreases.
D)both pH of the blood increases and the number of hydrogen ions in the blood decreases.
E)All of these events occur.

Question 26

In a healthy person,which of these lung volumes should be the largest?

A)tidal volume
B)inspiratory reserve volume
C)expiratory reserve volume
D)residual volume

Question 27

Hyperventilation (a rapid rate of breathing)will cause

A)a decrease in carbon dioxide in the blood.
B)a decrease in pH of the blood.
C)an increase in pH of the blood.
D)both a decrease in carbon dioxide in the blood and a decrease in pH of the blood.
E)both a decrease in carbon dioxide in the blood and an increase in pH of the blood.

Question 28

Concerning oxygen transport in the blood,which of these statements is NOT correct?

A)Most of the oxygen in plasma combines reversibly with hemoglobin.
B)Oxygen combines with the heme group of hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin.
C)A low pH reduces the amount of oxygen released in the tissue capillaries.
D)An increase in temperature increases the amount of oxygen released in the tissue capillaries.
E)Oxygen bound to hemoglobin does not affect the partial pressure of oxygen in blood.

Question 29

Which of these cause an increase in breathing rate?

A)stimulation of pain receptors
B)anticipation at the start of exercise
C)movements of the limbs
D)stress
E)All of these will increase respiratory rate.

Question 30

During exercise,the initial rapid increase in breathing rate appears to be primarily because of

A)increased blood carbon dioxide levels.
B)decreased blood oxygen levels.
C)decreased blood pH levels.
D)collateral sensory input from the skeletal muscles and joints during limb movements.

Question 31

The pleural cavities

A)lie between the visceral and parietal pleura.
B)are filled with pleural fluid.
C)are found within the mediastinum.
D)are lined with mucous membrane.
E)both lie between the visceral and parietal pleura and are filled with pleural fluid.

Question 32

Surfactant

A)decreases the surface tension of fluid in the alveoli.
B)is lacking in babies with hyaline membrane disease.
C)decreases the energy required to keep the lungs inflated.
D)helps keep the lungs from collapsing.
E)has all of these characteristics.

Question 33

Which of these does NOT influence the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane?

A)the thickness of the membrane
B)the total surface area of the membrane
C)the rate at which each gas diffuses through the fluids
D)the size of pores in the alveoli
E)the concentration gradient for gases across the membrane

Question 34

Increased activity in the cells of the ventral respiratory group of the medullary respiratory center is expected to produce

A)increases in the contraction of the external intercostals muscles.
B)increases in the contraction of the internal intercostals muscles.
C)increased contraction of the abdominal muscles.
D)All of these changes.
E)no change in breathing whatever.

Question 35

If the composition of air is 20 percent oxygen with an atmospheric pressure of 700 mm Hg,the partial pressure of oxygen would be

A)14 mm Hg.
B)20 mm Hg.
C)140 mm Hg.
D)700 mm Hg.
E)1400 mm Hg.

Question 36

Which of these capacities is NOT correctly defined?

A)vital capacity = inspiratory reserve + tidal volume + expiratory reserve
B)inspiratory capacity = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
C)functional residual capacity = expiratory reserve + residual volume + inspiratory reserve
D)total lung capacity = inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve + tidal volume + residual volume

Question 37

Which of these comparisons concerning respiratory vital capacities is correct?

A)Females have larger vital capacities than males.
B)Young adults have larger vital capacities than the elderly.
C)Short people have larger vital capacities than tall people.
D)Obese people have larger vital capacities than thin people.
E)People with silicosis or fibrosis have larger vital capacities than others without the condition.

Question 38

Most carbon dioxide is transported

A)as bicarbonate ions in the blood.
B)dissolved in the plasma.
C)in combination with blood proteins.
D)by oxygen atoms in the blood.
E)in combination with sodium ions in the blood.

Question 39

The actual gas exchange between inspired air and the blood occurs across the capillaries of the

A)bronchi.
B)bronchioles.
C)respiratory bronchioles.
D)terminal bronchioles.
E)alveolar ducts and alveoli.

Question 40

Increased activity in the cells of the dorsal respiratory group of the medullary respiratory center is expected to produce

A)increases in depth of inspiration.
B)decreases in depth of inspiration.
C)increases in forcible exhalation.
D)increased contraction of the abdominal muscles and internal intercostals muscles.
E)no change in breathing whatever.

Question 41

The volume of air still remaining after maximum expiration is the

A)tidal volume.
B)forced expiratory vital capacity.
C)inspiratory reserve volume.
D)residual volume.
E)expiratory reserve volume.

Question 42

The residual volume is represented by the _______ on the figure.

A)letter A
B)letter B
C)letter C
D)letter D
E)letter E

Question 43

A patient has severe emphysema that has extensively damaged the alveoli and reduced the surface of the respiratory membrane.Despite receiving oxygen therapy,she still has a tremendous urge to take a breath,that is,she doesn't feel as if she is getting enough air.This is because

A)the oxygen stimulates the respiratory rate to increase even more.
B)oxygen increases the stimulation of the carotid and aortic bodies.
C)oxygen stimulates the vasomotor center,which results in vasoconstriction of blood vessels.
D)even though she is receiving enough oxygen,carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions are accumulating in her blood and stimulating the respiratory center.
E)pH increased in her blood,and over stimulated her respiratory center.

Question 44

Equalization of intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures and collapse of alveoli and small bronchioles is seen in

A)emphysema.
B)asthma.
C)pulmonary edema.
D)pneumothorax.

Question 45

Fibrous connective tissue reducing elasticity of lungs is seen in

A)emphysema.
B)asthma.
C)pulmonary edema.
D)pneumothorax.

Question 46

A patient with pneumonia has pulmonary edema.His breathing rate increases,but it can be controlled with oxygen therapy.This is because

A)fluid in the lungs increases the thickness of the respiratory membrane.
B)reduced oxygen will stimulate respiratory rate even if carbon dioxide is normal.
C)a thick respiratory membrane reduces the diffusion rate of oxygen more than the diffusion rate of carbon dioxide.
D)increasing the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli will increase the diffusion rate into the alveolar capillaries.
E)All of these are required to construct a complete explanation.

Question 47

Cy Dill noticed that when he traveled from his home at 1,100 ft.elevation,to hike in the forest at 8,000 ft.elevation,his respiratory rate was elevated even while he was resting.This is because

A)the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greater at higher elevations.
B)the partial pressure of oxygen is lower at higher elevations.
C)the air is "thinner" at higher elevations.
D)his proprioceptors were stimulating his respiratory center.
E)there would be a decrease in blood pH at that altitude.

Question 48

Constriction of smooth muscle in bronchioles is seen in

A)emphysema.
B)asthma.
C)pulmonary edema.
D)pneumothorax.

Question 49

During normal,quiet inhalation

A)air is drawn into the lungs because of the contraction of the internal intercostal muscles.
B)there is an increase in the atmospheric air pressure.
C)the diaphragm relaxes while the rib cage is pulled down.
D)the volume of the thoracic & pleural cavities increases.
E)air is introduced into the pleural cavity thus increasing the pressure around the lungs.

Question 50

The air that can be inspired forcefully above normal tidal volume is the

A)tidal volume.
B)forced expiratory vital capacity.
C)inspiratory reserve volume.
D)residual volume.
E)expiratory reserve volume.

Question 51

An asthma attack

A)almost always has an immune or allergic component.
B)is less severe during or after strenuous exercise.
C)is characterized by abnormal increases in bronchoconstriction.
D)is characterized by abnormal increases in bronchodilation.
E)only occurs where cells are dividing and the proper gene is expressed.

Question 52

________ is an above normal amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.

A)Apnea
B)Hyperventilation
C)Hypercapnia
D)Hypoxia

Question 53

Patients with diabetes mellitus who are not being treated with insulin therapy rapidly metabolize lipids,and there is an accumulation of acidic byproducts of lipid metabolism in the circulatory system.What effect would this have on breathing?

A)increase in respiratory rate
B)decrease in respiratory rate
C)decrease in respiratory rate if oxygen is reduced
D)no influence on respiratory rate

Question 54

The amount of air that can be expired forcefully above or beyond the normal tidal volume is the

A)tidal volume.
B)forced expiratory vital capacity.
C)inspiratory reserve volume.
D)residual volume.
E)expiratory reserve volume.

Question 55

The _______________ is the lung volume change between maximal inspiration and maximal forced expiration.

A)tidal volume
B)forced expiratory vital capacity
C)inspiratory reserve volume
D)residual volume
E)expiratory reserve volume

Question 56

An individual with _____________ has fluid in alveoli,which causes an increased thickness of the respiratory membrane.

A)emphysema
B)asthma
C)pulmonary edema
D)pneumothorax

Question 57

The letter E on the figure represents the

A)vital capacity.
B)total lung capacity.
C)residual volume.
D)tidal volume.
E)functional residual capacity.

Question 58

The letter D on the figure represents the

A)vital capacity.
B)total lung capacity.
C)residual volume.
D)tidal volume.
E)functional residual capacity.

Question 59

The _____________ is the volume of air inspired or expired during quiet breathing.

A)tidal volume
B)forced expiratory vital capacity
C)inspiratory reserve volume
D)residual volume
E)expiratory reserve volume

Question 60

All of the following are functions of the respiratory system EXCEPT:

A)gas exchange between the blood and air
B)regulation of blood pH by changing blood carbon dioxide levels
C)provides acquired immunity that prevents microorganisms from entering the body
D)air movement past the vocal cord makes sound and speech possible
E)provides innate immunity

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the immune system?

A)Vital capacity increases slightly as the lungs become less elastic.
B)Gas exchange rates decrease.
C)Mucous in the respiratory passages becomes thicker and harder for cilia to move.
D)The inspiratory reserve volume decreases.
E)Alveolar ducts and bronchioles increase in diameter increasing the amount of dead space.

Question 62

The air pressure in the lungs can be increased by

A)increasing the volume of the lungs.
B)decreasing the volume of the lungs.
C)relaxing the diaphragm.
D)contracting the internal intercostals muscles.
E)Both relaxing the diaphragm and by decreasing the volume of the lungs.

Question 63

Pleural fluid

A)acts as a lubricant allowing the pleurae to slide past each other.
B)holds the pleural membranes together.
C)increases surface tension.
D)is located in the space between the parietal and visceral pleurae.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 64

During which of the following times is the alveolar pressure higher than the atmospheric pressure?

A)at the end of expiration
B)at the beginning of expiration
C)at the end of inhalation
D)at the beginning of inhalation
E)Alveolar pressure is never higher than the atmospheric pressure.

Question 65

Given below are the layers of the respiratory membrane.In what order would oxygen pass through this membrane under normal circumstances? 1)layer of fluid lining the alveolus
2)alveolar epithelium
3)alveolar epithelium basement membrane
4)interstitial space
5)capillary endothelium's basement membrane
6)capillary endothelium

A)6,5,4,3,2,1
B)4,1,2,3,5,6
C)1,3,2,5,6,4
D)1,2,3,4,5,6
E)2,1,4,3,6,5

Question 66

The C-shaped cartilages that form the lateral and anterior sides of the trachea

A)are called the thyroid cartilages.
B)make up the vocal cords.
C)consist of ligamentous membranes and smooth muscle.
D)function to protect the trachea and maintain an open air passage.
E)give rise to the structure known as the Adam's apple in men.

Question 67

The pontine respiratory group

A)is a collection of neurons in the pons.
B)has connections with the medullary respiratory centers.
C)plays a role in switching between inspiration and expiration.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 68

The function of the paranasal sinuses is to

A)act as a resonating chamber.
B)produce mucus.
C)reduce the weight of the skull.
D)influence the quality of the voice.
E)All of these are functions of the paranasal sinuses.

Question 69

The force of air moving past the vocal folds controls _______ while their tension controls the _______ of the voice.

A)pitch; loudness
B)loudness; pitch
C)swelling; loudness
D)swelling; pitch
E)the amount of air allowed in the lungs; depth

Question 70

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Phagocytic cells within the lungs phagocytize carbon particles from inspired air.
B)The walls of the alveoli have a rich supply of lymphatic vessels.
C)The superficial and deep lymphatic vessels exit the lungs at the main bronchi.
D)The superficial lymphatic vessel drains lymph fluid from the superficial lung tissue and visceral pleura.
E)In older smokers,lung tissue can appear gray or black due to the accumulation of debris particles.

Question 71

Gas exchange at the respiratory membrane is efficient because

A)the difference in partial pressures is substantial.
B)the distances involved in exchange are small.
C)the total surface area of the membrane is large.
D)blood flow and air flow are coordinated (blood flow is highest around alveoli with highest Po₂).
E)All of these are correct.

Question 72

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin to the peripheral tissues?

A)increased temperature in the tissues
B)decreased Pco₂ in tissues
C)increased pH
D)increased tissue Po₂
E)All of these are correct.