Deck 10: Endocrine System

Question 1

The hormone from the posterior pituitary that increases water reabsorption in the kidney tubules is

A)ADH.
B)prolactin.
C)MSH.
D)oxytocin.
E)FSH.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Growth hormone

A)stimulates fat synthesis.
B)favors protein breakdown.
C)deficiency in an adult can produce pituitary dwarfism.
D)excess after growth is complete produces acromegaly.
E)deficiency in an adult can produce pituitary dwarfism and excess after growth is complete produces acromegaly are correct.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Thyroid hormones are synthesized and stored in the _______ of the thyroid.

A)C cells
B)follicles
C)parafollicular cells
D)capillaries
E)portal system

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a regulatory function of the endocrine system?

A)Regulation of growth,metabolism and tissue maturation.
B)Heart rate and blood pressure regulation
C)Control over the production and functions of immune cells
D)Regulation of the development and function of the reproductive organs in both males and females.
E)All of these are regulatory functions of the endocrine system.

Question 5

When comparing the endocrine system to the nervous system,we could say the endocrine system

A)stimulus usually controls several tissues or organs instead of just one.
B)usually responds faster than the nervous system.
C)sends action potentials,rather than chemical signals,through the blood.
D)has a more short-term effect than the nervous system.
E)both usually responds faster than the nervous system and sends action potentials,rather than chemical signals,through the blood.

Question 6

Which of these types of hormone molecules are NOT correctly matched with the example or description?

A)protein hormone - anterior pituitary hormones
B)protein hormone - prostaglandin-like hormone
C)lipid hormone - steroids
D)peptide hormone - posterior pituitary hormones
E)lipid hormone - hormone that diffuses through the cell membrane

Question 7

Which of these statements is NOT true concerning regulation of hormone secretion?

A)The secretion rate for some hormones is directly controlled by the blood levels of chemicals.
B)The secretion rate for some hormones is directly controlled by another hormone.
C)The secretion of hormones is controlled by positive-feedback mechanisms that keep the body functioning within a narrow range of values.
D)The secretion rate for some hormones is controlled by the nervous system.
E)The secretion rate of hormones is controlled by negative feedback mechanisms.

Question 8

Which of these statements concerning thyroid hormones is NOT true?

A)Thyroid hormones include T₃ and T₄ (thyroxine).
B)Thyroid hormones are produced in thyroid follicles.
C)Thyroid hormone secretion is stimulated by TSH.
D)Insufficient iodine in the diet causes the thyroid gland to decrease in size.
E)Increased thyroid hormone secretion causes a decrease in TSH secretion.

Question 9

Thyroid hormones:

A)are amino acid derivatives
B)are lipid soluble
C)can diffuse through the cell membrane of the target cell
D)bind to intracellular receptors in the target cell
E)All of the above are true of thyroid hormones.

Question 10

The structure that makes releasing and inhibiting hormones which control anterior pituitary hormone secretion is the:

A)anterior pituitary
B)posterior pituitary
C)hypothalamus
D)adrenal gland
E)pineal gland

Question 11

ADH

A)is sometimes called oxytocin.
B)can cause blood vessels to constrict when present in the blood in large amounts.
C)causes "milk letdown" from the breasts of lactating women.
D)stimulates melanocytes and causes them to synthesize melanin.
E)both is sometimes called oxytocin and can cause blood vessels to constrict when present in the blood in large amounts as properties.

Question 12

The posterior pituitary gland is stimulated to secrete hormones by

A)stimulation of neurons within the hypothalamus
B)stimulation of glandular cells within the posterior pituitary
C)stimulation of the cells of the infundibulum
D)stimulation of neurons within the anterior pituitary
E)all of the above methods.

Question 13

Which of these statements concerning hormone action is true?

A)Most protein and peptide hormones bind to receptors on the surface of the cell membrane.
B)The combination of a hormone with its receptor may alter the permeability of the cell membrane.
C)A hormone that combines with a receptor in the cell membrane may act as a first messenger.
D)Cyclic AMP (cAMP)functions as a second messenger.
E)All of these are true statements.

Question 14

Lipid soluble hormones:

A)are polar molecules
B)bind to intracellular receptors in the target cell
C)dissolve readily in water for easy transport in the blood
D)include those hormones derived from proteins and amino acids
E)All of the above are true of lipid soluble hormones.

Question 15

ACTH stimulates the

A)thyroid gland.
B)ovaries and testes.
C)hypothalamus.
D)adrenal cortex.
E)posterior pituitary.

Question 16

Gonadotropins

A)are secreted by the posterior pituitary.
B)regulate growth,development and function of the ovaries and testes.
C)include both TSH and ACTH.
D)are controlled by a releasing hormone from the thyroid gland.
E)directly promote water retention by the kidneys.

Question 17

Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its location or function?

A)C cells; loose connective tissue between thyroid follicles
B)C cells; secretion of calcitonin
C)thyroglobulin; loose connective tissue between thyroid follicles
D)thyroglobulin; thyroid follicles
E)thyroid hormones; regulation of metabolic rate in the body

Question 18

Hormones

A)are produced in large quantities by most cells.
B)usually only affect cells close to those that produce the hormone.
C)bind only to cells that have receptors for that specific hormone.
D)are either lipid or polysaccharide molecules.
E)have all of these characteristics.

Question 19

Water soluble hormones:

A)bind to membrane bound receptors in the plasma membrane of the target cell
B)bind to cytoplasmic receptors in the cytoplasm of the target cell
C)bind to receptors on the membrane of the nucleus of the target cell
D)include hormones derived from lipids
E)include classes of hormones called eicosanoids

Question 20

Endocrine glands

A)include the salivary glands.
B)secrete chemical signals called hormones.
C)secrete their chemical signals into the blood.
D)secrete their products into ducts.
E)both secrete chemical signals called hormones and secrete their chemical signals into the blood.

Question 21

Prostaglandins

A)usually have their effects in the tissues where they were produced.
B)may cause either contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle.
C)may cause blood vessel dilation,swelling,and pain during an inflammation.
D)cause uterine smooth muscle to contract.
E)have all of these properties.

Question 22

Glucocorticoids are secreted by the

A)anterior pituitary gland.
B)posterior pituitary gland.
C)adrenal cortex.
D)adrenal medulla.
E)beta cells of the pancreatic islets.

Question 23

Follicle stimulating hormone is secreted by the

A)anterior pituitary gland.
B)posterior pituitary gland.
C)adrenal cortex.
D)adrenal medulla.
E)beta cells of the pancreatic islets.

Question 24

Target cells in the thyroid gland respond to

A)LH.
B)prolactin.
C)ACTH.
D)ADH.
E)TSH.

Question 25

The ____________ produce(s)the hormone erythropoietin.

A)stomach
B)pancreas
C)kidney
D)liver
E)adrenal glands

Question 26

Epinephrine is secreted by the

A)anterior pituitary gland.
B)posterior pituitary gland.
C)adrenal cortex.
D)adrenal medulla.
E)beta cells of the pancreatic islets.

Question 27

Intracellular receptors

A)are located in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell.
B)typically bind to lipophillic (hydrophobic)chemical signals.
C)are exemplified by hormones such as steroids.
D)may cause changes in transcription and translation when bound to appropriate signals.
E)All of these are true of intracellular receptors.

Question 28

Insulin is secreted by the

A)anterior pituitary gland.
B)posterior pituitary gland.
C)adrenal cortex.
D)adrenal medulla.
E)beta cells of the pancreatic islets.

Question 29

Symptoms of diabetes mellitus include

A)increased appetite.
B)lack of thirst.
C)high energy level.
D)limited urine output.
E)All of these are true.

Question 30

Melatonin

A)is secreted by the thymus gland.
B)is thought to increase the secretion of releasing hormones from the hypothalamus.
C)increases FSH and LH secretion.
D)may be controlled by changes in day length.
E)has all of these properties.

Question 31

Testosterone

A)is secreted by the hypothalamus.
B)stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce adrenal androgens.
C)secretion is stimulated by hormones from the posterior pituitary.
D)has a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
E)has all of these effects.

Question 32

Oxytocin is secreted by the

A)anterior pituitary gland.
B)posterior pituitary gland.
C)adrenal cortex.
D)adrenal medulla.
E)beta cells of the pancreatic islets.

Question 33

Hormones alter cellular properties and functions by

A)changing the quantities of enzymes present.
B)opening or closing ion channels.
C)changing the rate of enzyme breakdown.
D)changing the rates of transcription or translation in a cell.
E)All of these are true.

Question 34

Secretion of which of these hormones would increase shortly after a meal?

A)glucagon
B)growth hormone
C)epinephrine
D)glucocorticoids
E)insulin

Question 35

Which of the following would increase the likelihood of hormone X binding to cell Z?

A)increasing specificity of receptors of cell Z
B)decreasing the number of receptors on cell Z
C)increasing the concentration of hormone X in the blood
D)increasing the rate at which hormone X is broken down in the blood.
E)All of these would increase the likelihood of hormone X binding to cell Z.

Question 36

Which of these statements about insulin shock is NOT true?

A)Insulin shock results from too much glucose in the blood.
B)Insulin shock may result from too much insulin,or from not eating after being injected with insulin.
C)Insulin shock causes the brain to malfunction.
D)Insulin shock can result in disorientation,convulsions,and loss of consciousness.
E)All of these are true statements.

Question 37

Calcitonin

A)is secreted by the parathyroid glands.
B)increases the amount of calcium absorbed by the intestine.
C)is synthesized by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland.
D)increases the rate of calcium release from bone.
E)is secreted when blood calcium levels drop too low.

Question 38

Growth hormone is secreted by the

A)anterior pituitary gland.
B)posterior pituitary gland.
C)adrenal cortex.
D)adrenal medulla.
E)beta cells of the pancreatic islets.

Question 39

Which of these hormones increases blood glucose levels and increases lipid breakdown,but slows protein breakdown?

A)glucagon
B)epinephrine
C)insulin
D)glucocorticoids
E)growth hormone

Question 40

Which of these would NOT be a major effect of hormones released from the adrenal medulla?

A)increased heart rate
B)breakdown of glycogen to glucose
C)decreased blood flow through skeletal muscles
D)dilation of bronchioles
E)release of fatty acids from fat cells

Question 41

Stress

A)influences the hypothalamus.
B)activates a sympathetic nervous system response.
C)causes the release of ACTH.
D)causes an increase in blood glucose levels.
E)is characterized by all of these statements.

Question 42

Type I diabetes mellitus

A)is caused by the secretion of too little insulin from the pancreas.
B)is caused by the insufficient numbers of insulin receptors on target cells.
C)is caused by defective receptors that do not respond to insulin.
D)can be regulated by diet alone.
E)is caused by the insufficient numbers of insulin receptors on target cells and is caused by defective receptors that do not respond to insulin are correct.

Question 43

A woman with an abnormally low level of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH),would exhibit which of the following symptoms?

A)hyperglycemia
B)reduced oocyte production or ovulation events
C)increased fertility
D)darkening of the skin
E)constant thirst

Question 44

The hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

A)is a collection of nerves that connect the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary.
B)includes capillary beds and veins that transport releasing hormones.
C)allows the anterior pituitary to control the hypothalamus and cerebrum.
D)connects the hypothalamus to the midbrain.
E)carries blood directly to the posterior pituitary.

Question 45

Why can the progesterone-like hormones of birth control pills be taken orally while hormones like insulin must be injected?

A)Insulin is lipid soluble and therefore can pass readily through the cell membranes.
B)The hormones in birth control pills are protein hormones and are easily digested by the stomach allowing for absorption.
C)Insulin is protein soluble and would be unable to cross the wall of the gastrointestinal tract without being broken down.
D)The hormones in birth control pills are lipid soluble.
E)Insulin is protein soluble and would be unable to cross the wall of the gastrointestinal tract without being broken down and the hormones in birth control pills are lipid soluble are correct.

Question 46

Prolactin

A)helps development of,and production of milk in the breast.
B)causes "milk letdown" from the breasts of lactating women.
C)causes contraction of the muscle of the uterus.
D)stimulates development of sperm cells in males.
E)both causes "milk letdown" from the breasts of lactating women and causes contraction of the muscle of the uterus.

Question 47

Hyperthyroidism

A)can cause cretinism in infants.
B)results in an elevated rate of metabolism.
C)can cause extreme nervousness and chronic fatigue.
D)would cause an increase in TSH secretion.
E)both results in an elevated rate of metabolism and can cause extreme nervousness and chronic fatigue.

Question 48

Graves disease

A)is an example of hypothyroidism.
B)results from the production of an abnormal thyroid stimulating antibody.
C)decreases the size of the thyroid gland.
D)leads to dramatic weight gain before treatment.
E)is affectively treated by injection of thyroid hormones daily.

Question 49

Cortisol

A)is classified as a glucocorticoid.
B)initiates the breakdown of protein and fat.
C)reduces the inflammatory effect (when in pharmacological doses).
D)secretion is stimulated by ACTH.
E)has all of these properties.

Question 50

The adrenal medulla

A)is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
B)produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.
C)is stimulated when a person is physically excited.
D)produces the "fight-or-flight" response.
E)has all of these properties.

Question 51

The anterior pituitary

A)is made up of nerve cells connected to the hypothalamus.
B)is controlled by releasing hormones produced in the hypothalamus.
C)controls the functions of other glands such as the ovaries,testes,and thyroid gland.
D)has all of these characteristics.
E)is both controlled by releasing hormones produced in the hypothalamus and controls the functions of other glands such as the ovaries,testes,and thyroid gland.

Question 52

The endocrine portion of the pancreas

A)consists of pancreatic islets dispersed among the exocrine portion of the pancreas.
B)secretes insulin and glucagon.
C)produces androgens.
D)has all of these characteristics.
E)both consists of pancreatic islets dispersed among the exocrine portion of the pancreas and secretes insulin and glucagon.

Question 53

The hypothalamus controls the activity of the pituitary gland by

A)secreting neurohormones.
B)secreting releasing hormones.
C)secreting inhibiting hormones.
D)stimulation of nerve cells within the hypothalamus which extend into the posterior pituitary gland.
E)All of these are true.

Question 54

Adrenal androgens

A)are produced in large amounts by the adrenal medulla.
B)stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.
C)reduce the inflammatory response as a primary effect.
D)cause reabsorption of potassium and water.
E)have all of these properties.

Question 55

Membrane-bound receptors can

A)open or close membrane channels.
B)activate G proteins.
C)activate enzymes attached to the cell membrane.
D)produce a cascade effect by activating many enzymes inside the cell.
E)do all of these things.

Question 56

T₃ (triiododthyronine)

A)synthesis requires calcium.
B)binding to target tissues causes increases in metabolism,body temperature,and normal growth.
C)contains four iodine molecules.
D)is released from the thymus gland.
E)is released in response to T₄ secretion.

Question 57

Which of these statements concerning membrane-bound receptors is true?

A)Chemical signals that are large,water-soluble molecules normally bind to membrane-bound receptors.
B)Membrane-bound receptors increase protein synthesis in the cell.
C)Membrane-bound receptors are sometimes located in the nucleus of the cell.
D)When intercellular chemical signals bind to membrane-bound receptors,the response usually requires several hours.
E)Membrane-bound receptors must be able to rapidly diffuse through the cell membrane.

Question 58

A man with an abnormally high level of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH),would exhibit which of the following symptoms?

A)hyperglycemia
B)reduced sperm production
C)increased frequency of urination
D)darkening of the skin
E)constant thirst

Question 59

Whether or not a cell "responds" to or is "sensitive" to a particular hormone is determined by:

A)how many ion channels the cell has.
B)the quantity of the hormone circulating in the blood.
C)the amount of Paracrine factors the cell produces.
D)the presence or absence (number)of appropriate receptor complexes that the cell has to that hormone.
E)All of these are true.

Question 60

Which of the following hormones do not decrease in secretion as you age?

A)insulin
B)thymosin
C)melatonin
D)testosterone
E)rennin

Question 61

The long-term effects of a prolonged diet that contains too little calcium would include

A)increased calcitonin secretion.
B)increased thyroid hormone secretion.
C)decreased bone thickness.
D)acromegaly.
E)both increased thyroid hormone levels and acromegaly.

Question 62

Aldosterone

A)causes potassium ions to be retained in the body.
B)secretion is stimulated primarily by ACTH.
C)secretion increases when blood potassium levels increase.
D)causes increased retention of sodium ions and water by the body.
E)both increases secretion when blood potassium levels increase and causes increased retention of sodium ions and water by the body.

Question 63

__________ are produced in response to hormonal activation of G proteins.

A)primary messengers
B)hormones
C)secondary messengers
D)phermones
E)all of the above.

Question 64

______________ are released by cells that have effects on other cell types near the cells from which they were released.

A)Pheromones
B)Hormones
C)Neurotransmitters
D)Autocrine agents
E)Paracrine agents

Question 65

____________ are released by cells and have a local effect on the same cell type from which the chemical signal was released.

A)Pheromones
B)Hormones
C)Neurotransmitters
D)Autocrine agents
E)Paracrine agents

Question 66

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A)increases calcium level in the blood.
B)inhibits the formation of active vitamin D in the kidneys.
C)decreases the rate of bone breakdown.
D)has an effect similar to that of calcitonin.
E)has all of these characteristics.

Question 67

The letter A in the figure could possibly represent the chemical signal

A)insulin.
B)vasopressin.
C)serotonin.
D)cortisol.
E)testosterone.

Question 68

____________ are intercellular chemical signals,secreted by nerve cells and are important in functions of the nervous system.

A)Pheromones
B)Hormones
C)Neurotransmitters
D)Autocrine agents
E)Paracrine agents

Question 69

_______________ are intercellular chemical signals secreted into the circulatory system.

A)Pheromones
B)Hormones
C)Neurotransmitters
D)Autocrine agents
E)Paracrine agents

Question 70

Typically,chemical signals that bind to ___________ receptors produce rapid responses,while those that bind to ______ receptors takes longer.

A)membrane-bound; intracellular
B)intracellular; membrane-bound
C)lipid soluable; water soluable

Question 71

If blood glucose decreases below normal

A)the nervous system will malfunction.
B)the increased breakdown of fats tends to produce metabolic alkalosis.
C)large volumes of urine will be produced.
D)the heart rate will decrease.
E)all of these events will occur.

Question 72

Hyperparathyroidism

A)is an abnormally low production or secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH).
B)results in an increase in blood cell production.
C)results in an increase in calcium levels in the blood.
D)can make nerve and muscle more excitable.
E)is caused by an increase in the absorption of potassium from the small intestine.

Question 73

The thymus gland

A)becomes smaller with increasing age.
B)is important in the function of the immune system.
C)secretes thymosin.
D)is found in the upper part of the thoracic cavity above the heart.
E)has all of these characteristics.

Question 74

Which of these statements concerning aldosterone secretion is NOT correct?

A)Low blood pressure stimulates the release of renin from the kidney.
B)Renin causes angiotensinogen to be converted to angiotensin I.
C)Angiotensin II acts on the adrenal cortex to increase aldosterone secretion.
D)Aldosterone causes increased potassium retention.
E)Angiotensin II constricts blood vessels.

Question 75

The major target tissue for glucagon is

A)the heart.
B)the brain.
C)the liver.
D)skeletal muscle.
E)smooth muscle.

Question 76

A woman with a newborn baby noticed that when she nursed the baby,she felt "cramps" in her abdomen.What logical explanation could you give her for this phenomenon?

A)Nursing often causes digestive upset.
B)Nursing stimulates the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin.
C)Nursing stimulates the ovaries to release estrogen.
D)Nursing increases parasympathetic stimulation of the uterus.
E)Nursing increases ADH release from the posterior pituitary.

Question 77

A doctor might not want a pregnant woman to take aspirin late in pregnancy because

A)aspirin stimulates prostaglandin synthesis.
B)aspirin inhibits prostaglandin synthesis.
C)prostaglandins stimulate uterine contractions.
D)prostaglandins cause blood vessel dilation,swelling,and pain.
E)aspirin inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and prostaglandins stimulate uterine contractions.

Question 78

In persons with diabetes mellitusm,

A)the blood glucose level becomes very high.
B)tissues cannot take up glucose effectively.
C)proteins are broken down to provide energy for metabolism.
D)acidosis may result from rapid fat breakdown.
E)All of these events are more likely than in a healthy individual.

Question 79

Insulin is secreted in response to

A)increased blood glucose levels.
B)decreased parasympathetic stimulation.
C)decreased blood levels of amino acids.
D)All of these stimulate insulin secretion.

Question 80

______________ are chemical signals secreted into the environment that modify the behavior and physiology of other individuals.

A)Pheromones
B)Hormones
C)Neurotransmitters
D)Autocrine agents
E)Paracrine agents