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Deck 29: Fungi
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Which of the trees provided depicts the microsporidians as a sister group of the fungi, rather than as a fungus?
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
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Figure 29.5-Based on graphs e) and f) in Figure 29.5, which is the most well- supported prediction for the effect on total plant biomass if AMF diversity were increased to eight species?
A) Rare species would produce more biomass compared to the case when fewer AMF are present.
B) Total biomass for eight species would double in comparison to that for four species.
C) No effect is predicted, because the dominant species is non- mycorrhizal.
D) No effect is predicted, because the dominant species is unaffected by AMF diversity.
Question
Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
The researchers then wanted to know if plant biodiversity and productivity would increase in a natural system as a result of i AMF diversity beyond just four species. Consider Figure 29.6 below Figure 2 from van der Heijden et al. 1998):
Figure 29.6
If the number of mycorrhizal fungal species increases to 20, the amount of P in the soil will likely decline to zero Figure 29.6). True or false?
The researchers then wanted to know if plant biodiversity and productivity would increase in a natural system as a result of i AMF diversity beyond just four species. Consider Figure 29.6 below Figure 2 from van der Heijden et al. 1998):
Figure 29.6If the number of mycorrhizal fungal species increases to 20, the amount of P in the soil will likely decline to zero Figure 29.6). True or false?
Question
Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
Suzanne Simard and colleagues knew that the same mycorrhizal fungal species could colonize multiple types of trees. They w if the same fungal individual would colonize different trees, forming an underground network that potentially could transpor and nutrients from one tree to another S. Simard et al. 1997. Net transfer of carbon between mycorrhizal tree species in the fi Nature 388:579- 82). Figure 29.2 illustrates the team's experimental setup. Pots containing seedlings of three different tree species were set up and grown under natural conditions for three years; two of the three species formed ectomycorrhizae Douglas fir, birch) and the other cedar) formed arbuscular mycorrhizae. For the experiment, the researchers placed airtight bags over the Douglas fir and birch seedlings; into each bag, they injected either carbon dioxide made from carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 13CO2 and 14CO2, isotopes of carbon). As the seedlings photosynthesized, the radioactive carbon dioxide was converted into radioactively labelled sugars that could be tracked and measured by the researchers.
Figure 29.2
Referring to Simard et al. 1997), which design element is the control in this experiment and why?
A) the cedar seedling, because it is not bagged
B) the cedar seedling, because it forms arbuscular mycorrhizae
C) the fact that all the seedlings are different species
D) the bags over the seedlings to contain the different types of carbon dioxide
Suzanne Simard and colleagues knew that the same mycorrhizal fungal species could colonize multiple types of trees. They w if the same fungal individual would colonize different trees, forming an underground network that potentially could transpor and nutrients from one tree to another S. Simard et al. 1997. Net transfer of carbon between mycorrhizal tree species in the fi Nature 388:579- 82). Figure 29.2 illustrates the team's experimental setup. Pots containing seedlings of three different tree species were set up and grown under natural conditions for three years; two of the three species formed ectomycorrhizae Douglas fir, birch) and the other cedar) formed arbuscular mycorrhizae. For the experiment, the researchers placed airtight bags over the Douglas fir and birch seedlings; into each bag, they injected either carbon dioxide made from carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 13CO2 and 14CO2, isotopes of carbon). As the seedlings photosynthesized, the radioactive carbon dioxide was converted into radioactively labelled sugars that could be tracked and measured by the researchers.
Figure 29.2Referring to Simard et al. 1997), which design element is the control in this experiment and why?
A) the cedar seedling, because it is not bagged
B) the cedar seedling, because it forms arbuscular mycorrhizae
C) the fact that all the seedlings are different species
D) the bags over the seedlings to contain the different types of carbon dioxide
Question
Question
Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
Suzanne Simard and colleagues knew that the same mycorrhizal fungal species could colonize multiple types of trees. They w if the same fungal individual would colonize different trees, forming an underground network that potentially could transpor and nutrients from one tree to another S. Simard et al. 1997. Net transfer of carbon between mycorrhizal tree species in the fi Nature 388:579- 82). Figure 29.2 illustrates the team's experimental setup. Pots containing seedlings of three different tree species were set up and grown under natural conditions for three years; two of the three species formed ectomycorrhizae Douglas fir, birch) and the other cedar) formed arbuscular mycorrhizae. For the experiment, the researchers placed airtight bags over the Douglas fir and birch seedlings; into each bag, they injected either carbon dioxide made from carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 13CO2 and 14CO2, isotopes of carbon). As the seedlings photosynthesized, the radioactive carbon dioxide was converted into radioactively labelled sugars that could be tracked and measured by the researchers.
Figure 29.2
Referring to Simard et al. 1997), what is the result that would most strongly refute their hypothesis?
A) No movement; carbon- 14 is found in the birch seedling's tissues and carbon- 13 in the Douglas fir.
B) Either carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 is found in the fungal tissues.
C) Reciprocal exchange; carbon- 14 is found in the Douglas fir seedling's tissues and carbon- 13 in the birch.
D) Either carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 is found in the cedar seedling's tissues.
Suzanne Simard and colleagues knew that the same mycorrhizal fungal species could colonize multiple types of trees. They w if the same fungal individual would colonize different trees, forming an underground network that potentially could transpor and nutrients from one tree to another S. Simard et al. 1997. Net transfer of carbon between mycorrhizal tree species in the fi Nature 388:579- 82). Figure 29.2 illustrates the team's experimental setup. Pots containing seedlings of three different tree species were set up and grown under natural conditions for three years; two of the three species formed ectomycorrhizae Douglas fir, birch) and the other cedar) formed arbuscular mycorrhizae. For the experiment, the researchers placed airtight bags over the Douglas fir and birch seedlings; into each bag, they injected either carbon dioxide made from carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 13CO2 and 14CO2, isotopes of carbon). As the seedlings photosynthesized, the radioactive carbon dioxide was converted into radioactively labelled sugars that could be tracked and measured by the researchers.
Figure 29.2Referring to Simard et al. 1997), what is the result that would most strongly refute their hypothesis?
A) No movement; carbon- 14 is found in the birch seedling's tissues and carbon- 13 in the Douglas fir.
B) Either carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 is found in the fungal tissues.
C) Reciprocal exchange; carbon- 14 is found in the Douglas fir seedling's tissues and carbon- 13 in the birch.
D) Either carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 is found in the cedar seedling's tissues.
Question
Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
The researchers then wanted to know if plant biodiversity and productivity would increase in a natural system as a result of i AMF diversity beyond just four species. Consider Figure 29.6 below Figure 2 from van der Heijden et al. 1998):
Figure 29.6
The plants in graphs b), c), e), and f) have mycorrhizal associations. True or false?
The researchers then wanted to know if plant biodiversity and productivity would increase in a natural system as a result of i AMF diversity beyond just four species. Consider Figure 29.6 below Figure 2 from van der Heijden et al. 1998):
Figure 29.6The plants in graphs b), c), e), and f) have mycorrhizal associations. True or false?
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Figure 29.3Referring to Figure 29.3 Simard et al., 1997- third- year seedlings only), shown above, was there a net transfer of carbon from plants in sunlight to plants in shade?
A) yes
B) no
Question
Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
The researchers then wanted to know if plant biodiversity and productivity would increase in a natural system as a result of i AMF diversity beyond just four species. Consider Figure 29.6 below Figure 2 from van der Heijden et al. 1998):
Figure 29.6
Plant biomass growth) in Figure 29.6 increases as fungal diversity increases. True or false?
The researchers then wanted to know if plant biodiversity and productivity would increase in a natural system as a result of i AMF diversity beyond just four species. Consider Figure 29.6 below Figure 2 from van der Heijden et al. 1998):
Figure 29.6Plant biomass growth) in Figure 29.6 increases as fungal diversity increases. True or false?
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Figure 29.5-Why does total biomass graph e, Figure 29.5) not vary with AMF diversity?
A) Plant growth is unaffected by fungal diversity.
B) Lotus corniculatus is a rare species.
C) Most of the plants in this system do not form mycorrhizal associations.
D) Bromus is the dominant plant species.
Question
Use the graphs in Figures 29.4 and 29.5 and the following information when answering the corresponding questions.
Canadian and Swiss researchers van der Heijden et al., 1998) interested in factors affecting biodiversity, grew a variety of gra plants in combination with one of four arbuscular mycorrhizal AMF) species, no AMF, or all four AMF species together; and measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed with each other with the only difference being which AMF were present. Use the graphs in Figure 31.5 to answer the questions
that follow. Note that the x- axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species bar 0 = no fungi; bars A- D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF species together). The y- axis indicates the amount grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph. Graph e) is the total biomass grams) of all 11 plant species combined; graph f) is the biomass of Bromus erectus plants only, separated from the total.
Figure 29.4
Figure 29.5
Using grams of biomass as an indicator of abundance, which species is most likely the dominant species in this ecosystem see Figure 29.5)?
A) Centaurium erythrea
B) Sanguisorba officinalis
C) Carax flacca
D) Bromus erectus
Canadian and Swiss researchers van der Heijden et al., 1998) interested in factors affecting biodiversity, grew a variety of gra plants in combination with one of four arbuscular mycorrhizal AMF) species, no AMF, or all four AMF species together; and measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed with each other with the only difference being which AMF were present. Use the graphs in Figure 31.5 to answer the questions
that follow. Note that the x- axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species bar 0 = no fungi; bars A- D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF species together). The y- axis indicates the amount grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph. Graph e) is the total biomass grams) of all 11 plant species combined; graph f) is the biomass of Bromus erectus plants only, separated from the total.
Figure 29.4 Figure 29.5Using grams of biomass as an indicator of abundance, which species is most likely the dominant species in this ecosystem see Figure 29.5)?
A) Centaurium erythrea
B) Sanguisorba officinalis
C) Carax flacca
D) Bromus erectus
Question
Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
There is much discussion in the media about protecting biodiversity, but does it really matter? Canadian and Swiss researcher to know if the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi AMF) was important to the productivity of grasslands M.G.A. van d Heijden, J. N. Klironomos, M. Ursic, P. Moutoglis, R. Streitwolf- Engel, T. Boler, A. Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders. 1998. Mycorrh fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396:69- 72). Specifically, they wanted to know if it mattered which specific AMF species were present, or just that some type of AMF was present. They grew various plants in combination with one of four AMF species, no AMF, or all four AMF species together; and they measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed
with each other with the only difference being which AMF species were present. Use the graphs in Figure 31.4 to answer the questions that follow. Note that the x- axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species bar 0 = no fungi; bars
A- D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF species together). The y- axis indicates the amount grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph.
Figure 29.4
-Which of the following best explains the data given in graph b) of Figure 29.4 about Lotus corniculatus?
A) This plant grows best when AMF taxa A or C are present.
B) This plant forms multiple AMF associations, growing best with increased fungal diversity.
C) Mycorrhizal fungi parasitize the plant's roots when they are present, reducing its growth.
D) Lotus corniculatus does not form mycorrhizal associations.
There is much discussion in the media about protecting biodiversity, but does it really matter? Canadian and Swiss researcher to know if the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi AMF) was important to the productivity of grasslands M.G.A. van d Heijden, J. N. Klironomos, M. Ursic, P. Moutoglis, R. Streitwolf- Engel, T. Boler, A. Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders. 1998. Mycorrh fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396:69- 72). Specifically, they wanted to know if it mattered which specific AMF species were present, or just that some type of AMF was present. They grew various plants in combination with one of four AMF species, no AMF, or all four AMF species together; and they measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed
with each other with the only difference being which AMF species were present. Use the graphs in Figure 31.4 to answer the questions that follow. Note that the x- axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species bar 0 = no fungi; bars
A- D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF species together). The y- axis indicates the amount grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph.
Figure 29.4-Which of the following best explains the data given in graph b) of Figure 29.4 about Lotus corniculatus?
A) This plant grows best when AMF taxa A or C are present.
B) This plant forms multiple AMF associations, growing best with increased fungal diversity.
C) Mycorrhizal fungi parasitize the plant's roots when they are present, reducing its growth.
D) Lotus corniculatus does not form mycorrhizal associations.
Question
Use the graphs in Figures 29.4 and 29.5 and the following information when answering the corresponding questions.
Canadian and Swiss researchers van der Heijden et al., 1998) interested in factors affecting biodiversity, grew a variety of gra plants in combination with one of four arbuscular mycorrhizal AMF) species, no AMF, or all four AMF species together; and measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed with each other with the only difference being which AMF were present. Use the graphs in Figure 31.5 to answer the questions
that follow. Note that the x- axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species bar 0 = no fungi; bars A- D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF species together). The y- axis indicates the amount grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph. Graph e) is the total biomass grams) of all 11 plant species combined; graph f) is the biomass of Bromus erectus plants only, separated from the total.
Figure 29.4
Figure 29.5
-What is the major difference between Bromus erectus graph f) and the other plant species graphs a- d) included in the study?
A) Bromus is unaffected by AMF diversity.
B) Bromus produces very little biomass regardless of AMF.
C) Bromus grows best with a diversity of fungal partners.
D) Bromus does not form mycorrhizal associations.
Canadian and Swiss researchers van der Heijden et al., 1998) interested in factors affecting biodiversity, grew a variety of gra plants in combination with one of four arbuscular mycorrhizal AMF) species, no AMF, or all four AMF species together; and measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed with each other with the only difference being which AMF were present. Use the graphs in Figure 31.5 to answer the questions
that follow. Note that the x- axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species bar 0 = no fungi; bars A- D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF species together). The y- axis indicates the amount grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph. Graph e) is the total biomass grams) of all 11 plant species combined; graph f) is the biomass of Bromus erectus plants only, separated from the total.
Figure 29.4 Figure 29.5-What is the major difference between Bromus erectus graph f) and the other plant species graphs a- d) included in the study?
A) Bromus is unaffected by AMF diversity.
B) Bromus produces very little biomass regardless of AMF.
C) Bromus grows best with a diversity of fungal partners.
D) Bromus does not form mycorrhizal associations.
Question
Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
Suzanne Simard and colleagues knew that the same mycorrhizal fungal species could colonize multiple types of trees. They w if the same fungal individual would colonize different trees, forming an underground network that potentially could transpor and nutrients from one tree to another S. Simard et al. 1997. Net transfer of carbon between mycorrhizal tree species in the fi Nature 388:579- 82). Figure 29.2 illustrates the team's experimental setup. Pots containing seedlings of three different tree species were set up and grown under natural conditions for three years; two of the three species formed ectomycorrhizae Douglas fir, birch) and the other cedar) formed arbuscular mycorrhizae. For the experiment, the researchers placed airtight bags over the Douglas fir and birch seedlings; into each bag, they injected either carbon dioxide made from carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 13CO2 and 14CO2, isotopes of carbon). As the seedlings photosynthesized, the radioactive carbon dioxide was converted into radioactively labelled sugars that could be tracked and measured by the researchers.
Figure 29.2
Refer to Figure 29.2. Which of the following results would support Simard et al.'s 1997) hypothesis that fungi can move carbon from one plant to another? Hypothesis: Sugars made by one plant during photosynthesis can travel through a mycorrhizal fungus and be incorporated into the tissues of another plant.
A) Either carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 is found in the cedar seedling's tissues.
B) Carbon- 14 is found in the birch seedling's tissues and carbon- 13 in the Douglas fir.
C) Either carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 is found in the fungal tissues.
D) Carbon- 14 is found in the Douglas fir seedling's tissues and carbon- 13 in the birch.
Suzanne Simard and colleagues knew that the same mycorrhizal fungal species could colonize multiple types of trees. They w if the same fungal individual would colonize different trees, forming an underground network that potentially could transpor and nutrients from one tree to another S. Simard et al. 1997. Net transfer of carbon between mycorrhizal tree species in the fi Nature 388:579- 82). Figure 29.2 illustrates the team's experimental setup. Pots containing seedlings of three different tree species were set up and grown under natural conditions for three years; two of the three species formed ectomycorrhizae Douglas fir, birch) and the other cedar) formed arbuscular mycorrhizae. For the experiment, the researchers placed airtight bags over the Douglas fir and birch seedlings; into each bag, they injected either carbon dioxide made from carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 13CO2 and 14CO2, isotopes of carbon). As the seedlings photosynthesized, the radioactive carbon dioxide was converted into radioactively labelled sugars that could be tracked and measured by the researchers.
Figure 29.2Refer to Figure 29.2. Which of the following results would support Simard et al.'s 1997) hypothesis that fungi can move carbon from one plant to another? Hypothesis: Sugars made by one plant during photosynthesis can travel through a mycorrhizal fungus and be incorporated into the tissues of another plant.
A) Either carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 is found in the cedar seedling's tissues.
B) Carbon- 14 is found in the birch seedling's tissues and carbon- 13 in the Douglas fir.
C) Either carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 is found in the fungal tissues.
D) Carbon- 14 is found in the Douglas fir seedling's tissues and carbon- 13 in the birch.
Question
Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
There is much discussion in the media about protecting biodiversity, but does it really matter? Canadian and Swiss researcher to know if the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi AMF) was important to the productivity of grasslands M.G.A. van d Heijden, J. N. Klironomos, M. Ursic, P. Moutoglis, R. Streitwolf- Engel, T. Boler, A. Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders. 1998. Mycorrh fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396:69- 72). Specifically, they wanted to know if it mattered which specific AMF species were present, or just that some type of AMF was present. They grew various plants in combination with one of four AMF species, no AMF, or all four AMF species together; and they measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed
with each other with the only difference being which AMF species were present. Use the graphs in Figure 31.4 to answer the questions that follow. Note that the x- axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species bar 0 = no fungi; bars
A- D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF species together). The y- axis indicates the amount grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph.
Figure 29.4
Based on the van der Heijden et al. 1998) graphs in Figure 29.4, which of the following is the best description of the data supporting the idea that a plant species did not form mycorrhizae with a fungus?
A) Its biomass is greatest when all AMF are present.
B) Its biomass is greatest when no AMF are present.
C) Its biomass is greatest when AM fungus C is present.
D) Its biomass is greatest when AM fungus A is present.
E) Its biomass is greatest when AM fungus B is present.
There is much discussion in the media about protecting biodiversity, but does it really matter? Canadian and Swiss researcher to know if the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi AMF) was important to the productivity of grasslands M.G.A. van d Heijden, J. N. Klironomos, M. Ursic, P. Moutoglis, R. Streitwolf- Engel, T. Boler, A. Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders. 1998. Mycorrh fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396:69- 72). Specifically, they wanted to know if it mattered which specific AMF species were present, or just that some type of AMF was present. They grew various plants in combination with one of four AMF species, no AMF, or all four AMF species together; and they measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed
with each other with the only difference being which AMF species were present. Use the graphs in Figure 31.4 to answer the questions that follow. Note that the x- axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species bar 0 = no fungi; bars
A- D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF species together). The y- axis indicates the amount grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph.
Figure 29.4Based on the van der Heijden et al. 1998) graphs in Figure 29.4, which of the following is the best description of the data supporting the idea that a plant species did not form mycorrhizae with a fungus?
A) Its biomass is greatest when all AMF are present.
B) Its biomass is greatest when no AMF are present.
C) Its biomass is greatest when AM fungus C is present.
D) Its biomass is greatest when AM fungus A is present.
E) Its biomass is greatest when AM fungus B is present.
Question
Question
Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
There is much discussion in the media about protecting biodiversity, but does it really matter? Canadian and Swiss researcher to know if the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi AMF) was important to the productivity of grasslands M.G.A. van d Heijden, J. N. Klironomos, M. Ursic, P. Moutoglis, R. Streitwolf- Engel, T. Boler, A. Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders. 1998. Mycorrh fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396:69- 72). Specifically, they wanted to know if it mattered which specific AMF species were present, or just that some type of AMF was present. They grew various plants in combination with one of four AMF species, no AMF, or all four AMF species together; and they measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed
with each other with the only difference being which AMF species were present. Use the graphs in Figure 31.4 to answer the questions that follow. Note that the x- axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species bar 0 = no fungi; bars
A- D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF species together). The y- axis indicates the amount grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph.
Figure 29.4
-Based on the graphs shown above, which of the following plant species is most likely not to form mycorrhizal associations?
A) Carax flacca graph a)
B) Lotus corniculatus graph b)
C) Sanguisorba officinalis graph c)
D) Centaurium erythrea graph d)
There is much discussion in the media about protecting biodiversity, but does it really matter? Canadian and Swiss researcher to know if the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi AMF) was important to the productivity of grasslands M.G.A. van d Heijden, J. N. Klironomos, M. Ursic, P. Moutoglis, R. Streitwolf- Engel, T. Boler, A. Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders. 1998. Mycorrh fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396:69- 72). Specifically, they wanted to know if it mattered which specific AMF species were present, or just that some type of AMF was present. They grew various plants in combination with one of four AMF species, no AMF, or all four AMF species together; and they measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed
with each other with the only difference being which AMF species were present. Use the graphs in Figure 31.4 to answer the questions that follow. Note that the x- axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species bar 0 = no fungi; bars
A- D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF species together). The y- axis indicates the amount grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph.
Figure 29.4-Based on the graphs shown above, which of the following plant species is most likely not to form mycorrhizal associations?
A) Carax flacca graph a)
B) Lotus corniculatus graph b)
C) Sanguisorba officinalis graph c)
D) Centaurium erythrea graph d)
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Deck 29: Fungi
1
Looking at Figure 29.1, draw a new graph that plots the percentage of plant species in the fossil pollen and spore record, and write a figure legend comparing it to the original figure.
Inverse of figure values
2
Why are mycorrhizal fungi superior to plants at acquiring mineral nutrition from the soil?
A) Fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules.
B) Fungi can transport compounds through their mycelium from areas of surplus to areas of need.
C) Hyphae are 100 to 1000 times smaller than plant roots.
D) All of the above answers apply.
A) Fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules.
B) Fungi can transport compounds through their mycelium from areas of surplus to areas of need.
C) Hyphae are 100 to 1000 times smaller than plant roots.
D) All of the above answers apply.
All of the above answers apply.
3
It has been hypothesized that fungi and plants have a mutualistic relationship because fungi provide critical nitrogen for the plants' use. How do we know this happens?
A) When plants are associated with fungi, they can fix atmospheric nitrogen that has been tagged with a radioactive label.
B) Plants acquire more radioactive nitrogen when they are associated with fungi.
C) Radioactively labeled sugars in plants eventually find their way to their symbiotic fungi.
D) Radioactively labeled nitrogen shows up in fungi when they are symbiotic with plants.
A) When plants are associated with fungi, they can fix atmospheric nitrogen that has been tagged with a radioactive label.
B) Plants acquire more radioactive nitrogen when they are associated with fungi.
C) Radioactively labeled sugars in plants eventually find their way to their symbiotic fungi.
D) Radioactively labeled nitrogen shows up in fungi when they are symbiotic with plants.
B
4
Why is it important that ectomycorrhizal fungi EMF) have peptidase enzymes?
A) These enzymes catalyze the formation of the compounds used during decomposition.
B) These enzymes are necessary to break through the tough lignin layers in plants.
C) These enzymes are needed to release nitrogen from dead plant material in colder environments.
D) These enzymes assist with the breakdown of cellulose.
A) These enzymes catalyze the formation of the compounds used during decomposition.
B) These enzymes are necessary to break through the tough lignin layers in plants.
C) These enzymes are needed to release nitrogen from dead plant material in colder environments.
D) These enzymes assist with the breakdown of cellulose.
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5
The vegetative nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are
I. composed of hyphae.
II. referred to as a mycelium.
III. usually underground.
A) II and III
B) I, II, and III
C) only II
D) I and II
E) I and III
I. composed of hyphae.
II. referred to as a mycelium.
III. usually underground.
A) II and III
B) I, II, and III
C) only II
D) I and II
E) I and III
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6
Some fungal species can kill herbivores while feeding off of sugars from its plant host. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host?
A) parasitic
B) commensal
C) mutualistic
D) none of the above
A) parasitic
B) commensal
C) mutualistic
D) none of the above
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7
Basidiomycetes are the only fungal group capable of synthesizing lignin peroxidase. What advantage does this group of fungi have over other fungi because of this capability?
A) This fungal group can break down the tough lignin, which cannot be harnessed for energy, to get to the more useful cellulose.
B) This is the only group of fungi that can use lignin for ATP production.
C) This enzyme releases heat energy from the breakdown of lignin that is used to kill off competing fungi.
D) This is always the first group of fungi to begin any kind of plant decomposition.
A) This fungal group can break down the tough lignin, which cannot be harnessed for energy, to get to the more useful cellulose.
B) This is the only group of fungi that can use lignin for ATP production.
C) This enzyme releases heat energy from the breakdown of lignin that is used to kill off competing fungi.
D) This is always the first group of fungi to begin any kind of plant decomposition.
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8
After looking at Figure 29.1 above, why do you think the spike in fungal abundance ended so "abruptly"? Why didn't fungal abundance remain high?
A) The sudden increase in carbon from the plants' mass extinction was not sustained.
B) The plants recovered and outcompeted the fungi, thereby decreasing fungal numbers.
C) As the acidity of the environment increased, fungi were not able to survive.
A) The sudden increase in carbon from the plants' mass extinction was not sustained.
B) The plants recovered and outcompeted the fungi, thereby decreasing fungal numbers.
C) As the acidity of the environment increased, fungi were not able to survive.
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9
Fungi are most closely related to which of these groups?
A) red algae
B) plants
C) green algae
D) animals
A) red algae
B) plants
C) green algae
D) animals
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10
When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grapevines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the
A) sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue.
B) lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed.
C) the plastic sheeting decreases evaporation of water from the soil.
D) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae.
E) fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes.
A) sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue.
B) lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed.
C) the plastic sheeting decreases evaporation of water from the soil.
D) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae.
E) fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes.
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11
Why is it more difficult to treat fungal infections than bacterial infections in humans?
A) Fungi are able to mutate more quickly than bacteria, so they quickly develop resistance to antifungal drugs.
B) Fungal cells are larger than bacteria. Thus, the drugs used must be able to diffuse more quickly.
C) Fungi are larger organisms than bacteria and thus require stronger drugs to stop an infection.
D) Fungal and animal cells and proteins are similar. Thus, drugs that disrupt fungal cell or protein function may also disrupt human cell or protein function.
E) Most fungi are multicellular and thus the drugs required to treat a fungal infection must be able to kill several types of cells; bacteria, on the other hand, are unicellular and thus simpler to kill.
A) Fungi are able to mutate more quickly than bacteria, so they quickly develop resistance to antifungal drugs.
B) Fungal cells are larger than bacteria. Thus, the drugs used must be able to diffuse more quickly.
C) Fungi are larger organisms than bacteria and thus require stronger drugs to stop an infection.
D) Fungal and animal cells and proteins are similar. Thus, drugs that disrupt fungal cell or protein function may also disrupt human cell or protein function.
E) Most fungi are multicellular and thus the drugs required to treat a fungal infection must be able to kill several types of cells; bacteria, on the other hand, are unicellular and thus simpler to kill.
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12
Fungi have an extremely high surface- area- to- volume ratio. What is the advantage of this to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption?
A) The larger surface area allows for more material to be transported through the cell membrane.
B) This high ratio means that fungi have a thick, fleshy structure that allows the fungi to store more of the food it absorbs.
C) This high ratio creates more room inside the cells for additional organelles involved in absorption.
D) The lower volume prevents the cells from drying out too quickly, which can interfere with absorption.
A) The larger surface area allows for more material to be transported through the cell membrane.
B) This high ratio means that fungi have a thick, fleshy structure that allows the fungi to store more of the food it absorbs.
C) This high ratio creates more room inside the cells for additional organelles involved in absorption.
D) The lower volume prevents the cells from drying out too quickly, which can interfere with absorption.
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13
Predict what you would see if you were looking at a new species of zygomycetes.
A) a zygote enclosed in a tough outer coat
B) flagellated spores
C) an ability to form an association with plant roots
D) susceptibility to fungicide
E) multicellularity
A) a zygote enclosed in a tough outer coat
B) flagellated spores
C) an ability to form an association with plant roots
D) susceptibility to fungicide
E) multicellularity
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14
The fungi that we commonly know as mushrooms produce which of the following reproductive structures?
A) asci
B) chytrids
C) zygosporangium
D) basidia
A) asci
B) chytrids
C) zygosporangium
D) basidia
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15
Most coal was formed during the Carboniferous period. What is a reasonable hypothesis that explains this observation?
A) Coal was formed from an explosion of fungal species during this period.
B) Plants from this period did not require fungal associations.
C) There were not many saprophytic fungi during this period.
D) There were not many mycorrhizal fungi during this period.
A) Coal was formed from an explosion of fungal species during this period.
B) Plants from this period did not require fungal associations.
C) There were not many saprophytic fungi during this period.
D) There were not many mycorrhizal fungi during this period.
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16
It has been hypothesized that fungi and plants have a mutualistic relationship because plants make sugars available for the fungi's use. What is the best evidence in support of this hypothesis?
A) Radioactive label experiments show that plants pass crucial raw materials to the fungus for manufacturing sugars.
B) Fungi associated with plants have the ability to undergo photosynthesis and produce their own sugars, while those not associated with plants do not produce their own sugars.
C) Radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi they are associated with.
D) Fungi survive better when they are associated with plants.
A) Radioactive label experiments show that plants pass crucial raw materials to the fungus for manufacturing sugars.
B) Fungi associated with plants have the ability to undergo photosynthesis and produce their own sugars, while those not associated with plants do not produce their own sugars.
C) Radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi they are associated with.
D) Fungi survive better when they are associated with plants.
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17
Which of the following is an important role for fungi in the carbon cycle?
A) One of fungi's main roles is to provide already fixed carbon to plants that the plants then use for the production of cellular tissues.
B) Fungi get involved in the fixation of carbon by undergoing photosynthesis.
C) Fungi help release fixed carbon back to the environment for other plants and photosynthetic organisms to utilize.
D) All of the above are important roles for fungi.
A) One of fungi's main roles is to provide already fixed carbon to plants that the plants then use for the production of cellular tissues.
B) Fungi get involved in the fixation of carbon by undergoing photosynthesis.
C) Fungi help release fixed carbon back to the environment for other plants and photosynthetic organisms to utilize.
D) All of the above are important roles for fungi.
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18
Which of the trees provided depicts the microsporidians as a sister group of the fungi, rather than as a fungus?
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
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19
Which of these fungal features supports the phylogenetic conclusion that fungi are more closely related to animals than plants?
A) Animals and fungi both store polysaccharides as glycogen.
B) The cell wall of fungi and insects are both made of chitin.
C) Chytrid spore flagella are similar to animal flagella.
D) All of the above apply.
A) Animals and fungi both store polysaccharides as glycogen.
B) The cell wall of fungi and insects are both made of chitin.
C) Chytrid spore flagella are similar to animal flagella.
D) All of the above apply.
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20
You are a forester charged with increasing productivity in a South American forest newly planted with pines from Oregon. You believe that the southern forest lacks the fungal diversity needed by the North American pines, and that this lack of fungi is affecting the pines' productivity, but you have no evidence to support your ideas. To count how many fungal species were present in the Oregon forest, which methodology would you choose, and why?
A) Do direct sequencing on representative soil samples from across the forest.
B) Collect all the fruiting structures mushrooms, morels, etc.) found aboveground.
C) Expose the trees to radiolabelled CO2 and then collect the soil samples with the greatest radioactivity and do direct sequencing.
D) Count all the plant species and multiply by six, as David Hawksworth did when determining the ratio of fungal to plant species in England.
A) Do direct sequencing on representative soil samples from across the forest.
B) Collect all the fruiting structures mushrooms, morels, etc.) found aboveground.
C) Expose the trees to radiolabelled CO2 and then collect the soil samples with the greatest radioactivity and do direct sequencing.
D) Count all the plant species and multiply by six, as David Hawksworth did when determining the ratio of fungal to plant species in England.
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21
Why is it reasonable to hypothesize that lichens might predict air quality?
A) because of their absorptive life style receive mineral nutrition from dust and substrate)
B) because of their flat morphology high ratio of surface area to volume)
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above
A) because of their absorptive life style receive mineral nutrition from dust and substrate)
B) because of their flat morphology high ratio of surface area to volume)
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above
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22
Microsporidians are considered parasitic because of the ability to penetrate their host cells using this structure.
A) sporangia
B) mycelium
C) polar tube
D) chitin
A) sporangia
B) mycelium
C) polar tube
D) chitin
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23
Figure 29.5-Based on graphs e) and f) in Figure 29.5, which is the most well- supported prediction for the effect on total plant biomass if AMF diversity were increased to eight species?
A) Rare species would produce more biomass compared to the case when fewer AMF are present.
B) Total biomass for eight species would double in comparison to that for four species.
C) No effect is predicted, because the dominant species is non- mycorrhizal.
D) No effect is predicted, because the dominant species is unaffected by AMF diversity.
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24
Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
The researchers then wanted to know if plant biodiversity and productivity would increase in a natural system as a result of i AMF diversity beyond just four species. Consider Figure 29.6 below Figure 2 from van der Heijden et al. 1998):
Figure 29.6
If the number of mycorrhizal fungal species increases to 20, the amount of P in the soil will likely decline to zero Figure 29.6). True or false?
The researchers then wanted to know if plant biodiversity and productivity would increase in a natural system as a result of i AMF diversity beyond just four species. Consider Figure 29.6 below Figure 2 from van der Heijden et al. 1998):
Figure 29.6If the number of mycorrhizal fungal species increases to 20, the amount of P in the soil will likely decline to zero Figure 29.6). True or false?
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25
Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
Suzanne Simard and colleagues knew that the same mycorrhizal fungal species could colonize multiple types of trees. They w if the same fungal individual would colonize different trees, forming an underground network that potentially could transpor and nutrients from one tree to another S. Simard et al. 1997. Net transfer of carbon between mycorrhizal tree species in the fi Nature 388:579- 82). Figure 29.2 illustrates the team's experimental setup. Pots containing seedlings of three different tree species were set up and grown under natural conditions for three years; two of the three species formed ectomycorrhizae Douglas fir, birch) and the other cedar) formed arbuscular mycorrhizae. For the experiment, the researchers placed airtight bags over the Douglas fir and birch seedlings; into each bag, they injected either carbon dioxide made from carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 13CO2 and 14CO2, isotopes of carbon). As the seedlings photosynthesized, the radioactive carbon dioxide was converted into radioactively labelled sugars that could be tracked and measured by the researchers.
Figure 29.2
Referring to Simard et al. 1997), which design element is the control in this experiment and why?
A) the cedar seedling, because it is not bagged
B) the cedar seedling, because it forms arbuscular mycorrhizae
C) the fact that all the seedlings are different species
D) the bags over the seedlings to contain the different types of carbon dioxide
Suzanne Simard and colleagues knew that the same mycorrhizal fungal species could colonize multiple types of trees. They w if the same fungal individual would colonize different trees, forming an underground network that potentially could transpor and nutrients from one tree to another S. Simard et al. 1997. Net transfer of carbon between mycorrhizal tree species in the fi Nature 388:579- 82). Figure 29.2 illustrates the team's experimental setup. Pots containing seedlings of three different tree species were set up and grown under natural conditions for three years; two of the three species formed ectomycorrhizae Douglas fir, birch) and the other cedar) formed arbuscular mycorrhizae. For the experiment, the researchers placed airtight bags over the Douglas fir and birch seedlings; into each bag, they injected either carbon dioxide made from carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 13CO2 and 14CO2, isotopes of carbon). As the seedlings photosynthesized, the radioactive carbon dioxide was converted into radioactively labelled sugars that could be tracked and measured by the researchers.
Figure 29.2Referring to Simard et al. 1997), which design element is the control in this experiment and why?
A) the cedar seedling, because it is not bagged
B) the cedar seedling, because it forms arbuscular mycorrhizae
C) the fact that all the seedlings are different species
D) the bags over the seedlings to contain the different types of carbon dioxide
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26
If seedlings in the shade commonly do receive sugars from plants in the sunlight, which of the following areas should be investigated by future research? Explain why you think each area should or should not) be investigated? Issues to consider: 1)Plausibility-can the research be performed with current technologies? 2) Is i interesting question that will lead to valuable future knowledge? If so, describe why the information will be help
A. The above- described exchanges were all among seedlings of the same age. Is the rate or degree of carbon tran from one plant to another more affected by the degree of shading, or by the relative photosynthetic ability size/a the tree)?
B. Does the identity of the partners matter for rate or degree of carbon transfer? Is there a greater exchange amon trees of the same species compared to trees of different species? Or do different fungal species have different cap for transfer?
C. How far linear distance in meters) can carbon be transferred in nature? Do exchanges occur only between adj plants, or can sugars be taken up by plants outside the immediate neighbors? Does distance affect the rate/degre exchange in and of itself? Can a heavily shaded tree that is farther away receive more carbon than a nearby tree sun?)
D. All of these areas should be investigated.
A. The above- described exchanges were all among seedlings of the same age. Is the rate or degree of carbon tran from one plant to another more affected by the degree of shading, or by the relative photosynthetic ability size/a the tree)?
B. Does the identity of the partners matter for rate or degree of carbon transfer? Is there a greater exchange amon trees of the same species compared to trees of different species? Or do different fungal species have different cap for transfer?
C. How far linear distance in meters) can carbon be transferred in nature? Do exchanges occur only between adj plants, or can sugars be taken up by plants outside the immediate neighbors? Does distance affect the rate/degre exchange in and of itself? Can a heavily shaded tree that is farther away receive more carbon than a nearby tree sun?)
D. All of these areas should be investigated.
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27
Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
Suzanne Simard and colleagues knew that the same mycorrhizal fungal species could colonize multiple types of trees. They w if the same fungal individual would colonize different trees, forming an underground network that potentially could transpor and nutrients from one tree to another S. Simard et al. 1997. Net transfer of carbon between mycorrhizal tree species in the fi Nature 388:579- 82). Figure 29.2 illustrates the team's experimental setup. Pots containing seedlings of three different tree species were set up and grown under natural conditions for three years; two of the three species formed ectomycorrhizae Douglas fir, birch) and the other cedar) formed arbuscular mycorrhizae. For the experiment, the researchers placed airtight bags over the Douglas fir and birch seedlings; into each bag, they injected either carbon dioxide made from carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 13CO2 and 14CO2, isotopes of carbon). As the seedlings photosynthesized, the radioactive carbon dioxide was converted into radioactively labelled sugars that could be tracked and measured by the researchers.
Figure 29.2
Referring to Simard et al. 1997), what is the result that would most strongly refute their hypothesis?
A) No movement; carbon- 14 is found in the birch seedling's tissues and carbon- 13 in the Douglas fir.
B) Either carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 is found in the fungal tissues.
C) Reciprocal exchange; carbon- 14 is found in the Douglas fir seedling's tissues and carbon- 13 in the birch.
D) Either carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 is found in the cedar seedling's tissues.
Suzanne Simard and colleagues knew that the same mycorrhizal fungal species could colonize multiple types of trees. They w if the same fungal individual would colonize different trees, forming an underground network that potentially could transpor and nutrients from one tree to another S. Simard et al. 1997. Net transfer of carbon between mycorrhizal tree species in the fi Nature 388:579- 82). Figure 29.2 illustrates the team's experimental setup. Pots containing seedlings of three different tree species were set up and grown under natural conditions for three years; two of the three species formed ectomycorrhizae Douglas fir, birch) and the other cedar) formed arbuscular mycorrhizae. For the experiment, the researchers placed airtight bags over the Douglas fir and birch seedlings; into each bag, they injected either carbon dioxide made from carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 13CO2 and 14CO2, isotopes of carbon). As the seedlings photosynthesized, the radioactive carbon dioxide was converted into radioactively labelled sugars that could be tracked and measured by the researchers.
Figure 29.2Referring to Simard et al. 1997), what is the result that would most strongly refute their hypothesis?
A) No movement; carbon- 14 is found in the birch seedling's tissues and carbon- 13 in the Douglas fir.
B) Either carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 is found in the fungal tissues.
C) Reciprocal exchange; carbon- 14 is found in the Douglas fir seedling's tissues and carbon- 13 in the birch.
D) Either carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 is found in the cedar seedling's tissues.
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28
Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
The researchers then wanted to know if plant biodiversity and productivity would increase in a natural system as a result of i AMF diversity beyond just four species. Consider Figure 29.6 below Figure 2 from van der Heijden et al. 1998):
Figure 29.6
The plants in graphs b), c), e), and f) have mycorrhizal associations. True or false?
The researchers then wanted to know if plant biodiversity and productivity would increase in a natural system as a result of i AMF diversity beyond just four species. Consider Figure 29.6 below Figure 2 from van der Heijden et al. 1998):
Figure 29.6The plants in graphs b), c), e), and f) have mycorrhizal associations. True or false?
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29
Simard et al. 1997) further hypothesized that if reciprocal transfer did occur, it would be a source- sink relationship driven by photosynthetic rates. That is, if one seedling is in full sun and the other in deep shade, there will be a net movement of carbon from the seedling in full sun to the one in deep shade. If a shade was placed over the birch seedlings and the cedar, and the Douglas fir was left in full sun, what result could Simard and colleagues expect?
A) The most 13C would be found in the cedar.
B) The most 14C would be found in the cedar.
C) More 13C would be found in the Douglas fir than the birch.
D) More 13C would be found in the birch than in the Douglas fir.
A) The most 13C would be found in the cedar.
B) The most 14C would be found in the cedar.
C) More 13C would be found in the Douglas fir than the birch.
D) More 13C would be found in the birch than in the Douglas fir.
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Figure 29.3Referring to Figure 29.3 Simard et al., 1997- third- year seedlings only), shown above, was there a net transfer of carbon from plants in sunlight to plants in shade?
A) yes
B) no
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31
Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
The researchers then wanted to know if plant biodiversity and productivity would increase in a natural system as a result of i AMF diversity beyond just four species. Consider Figure 29.6 below Figure 2 from van der Heijden et al. 1998):
Figure 29.6
Plant biomass growth) in Figure 29.6 increases as fungal diversity increases. True or false?
The researchers then wanted to know if plant biodiversity and productivity would increase in a natural system as a result of i AMF diversity beyond just four species. Consider Figure 29.6 below Figure 2 from van der Heijden et al. 1998):
Figure 29.6Plant biomass growth) in Figure 29.6 increases as fungal diversity increases. True or false?
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32
Based on the idea that fungi have pores between their cell walls, allowing cytoplasm to move from one end of the mycelium to the other, which of the following hypotheses is the most plausible?
A) Predatory fungi capture their prey by encircling them with hyphae, and the flowing of the cytoplasm through the pores helps the hyphae to move around the prey.
B) If a single mycorrhizal fungus formed symbiotic associations with more than one tree, carbon could travel from one plant to another.
C) Fungi function as part of the global carbon cycle not only by converting carbon from one form to another, but by physically moving it from one location to another.
D) Parasitic fungi steal nutrients from their hosts.
A) Predatory fungi capture their prey by encircling them with hyphae, and the flowing of the cytoplasm through the pores helps the hyphae to move around the prey.
B) If a single mycorrhizal fungus formed symbiotic associations with more than one tree, carbon could travel from one plant to another.
C) Fungi function as part of the global carbon cycle not only by converting carbon from one form to another, but by physically moving it from one location to another.
D) Parasitic fungi steal nutrients from their hosts.
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Figure 29.5-Why does total biomass graph e, Figure 29.5) not vary with AMF diversity?
A) Plant growth is unaffected by fungal diversity.
B) Lotus corniculatus is a rare species.
C) Most of the plants in this system do not form mycorrhizal associations.
D) Bromus is the dominant plant species.
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34
Use the graphs in Figures 29.4 and 29.5 and the following information when answering the corresponding questions.
Canadian and Swiss researchers van der Heijden et al., 1998) interested in factors affecting biodiversity, grew a variety of gra plants in combination with one of four arbuscular mycorrhizal AMF) species, no AMF, or all four AMF species together; and measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed with each other with the only difference being which AMF were present. Use the graphs in Figure 31.5 to answer the questions
that follow. Note that the x- axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species bar 0 = no fungi; bars A- D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF species together). The y- axis indicates the amount grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph. Graph e) is the total biomass grams) of all 11 plant species combined; graph f) is the biomass of Bromus erectus plants only, separated from the total.
Figure 29.4
Figure 29.5
Using grams of biomass as an indicator of abundance, which species is most likely the dominant species in this ecosystem see Figure 29.5)?
A) Centaurium erythrea
B) Sanguisorba officinalis
C) Carax flacca
D) Bromus erectus
Canadian and Swiss researchers van der Heijden et al., 1998) interested in factors affecting biodiversity, grew a variety of gra plants in combination with one of four arbuscular mycorrhizal AMF) species, no AMF, or all four AMF species together; and measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed with each other with the only difference being which AMF were present. Use the graphs in Figure 31.5 to answer the questions
that follow. Note that the x- axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species bar 0 = no fungi; bars A- D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF species together). The y- axis indicates the amount grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph. Graph e) is the total biomass grams) of all 11 plant species combined; graph f) is the biomass of Bromus erectus plants only, separated from the total.
Figure 29.4 Figure 29.5Using grams of biomass as an indicator of abundance, which species is most likely the dominant species in this ecosystem see Figure 29.5)?
A) Centaurium erythrea
B) Sanguisorba officinalis
C) Carax flacca
D) Bromus erectus
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Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
There is much discussion in the media about protecting biodiversity, but does it really matter? Canadian and Swiss researcher to know if the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi AMF) was important to the productivity of grasslands M.G.A. van d Heijden, J. N. Klironomos, M. Ursic, P. Moutoglis, R. Streitwolf- Engel, T. Boler, A. Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders. 1998. Mycorrh fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396:69- 72). Specifically, they wanted to know if it mattered which specific AMF species were present, or just that some type of AMF was present. They grew various plants in combination with one of four AMF species, no AMF, or all four AMF species together; and they measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed
with each other with the only difference being which AMF species were present. Use the graphs in Figure 31.4 to answer the questions that follow. Note that the x- axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species bar 0 = no fungi; bars
A- D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF species together). The y- axis indicates the amount grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph.
Figure 29.4
-Which of the following best explains the data given in graph b) of Figure 29.4 about Lotus corniculatus?
A) This plant grows best when AMF taxa A or C are present.
B) This plant forms multiple AMF associations, growing best with increased fungal diversity.
C) Mycorrhizal fungi parasitize the plant's roots when they are present, reducing its growth.
D) Lotus corniculatus does not form mycorrhizal associations.
There is much discussion in the media about protecting biodiversity, but does it really matter? Canadian and Swiss researcher to know if the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi AMF) was important to the productivity of grasslands M.G.A. van d Heijden, J. N. Klironomos, M. Ursic, P. Moutoglis, R. Streitwolf- Engel, T. Boler, A. Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders. 1998. Mycorrh fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396:69- 72). Specifically, they wanted to know if it mattered which specific AMF species were present, or just that some type of AMF was present. They grew various plants in combination with one of four AMF species, no AMF, or all four AMF species together; and they measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed
with each other with the only difference being which AMF species were present. Use the graphs in Figure 31.4 to answer the questions that follow. Note that the x- axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species bar 0 = no fungi; bars
A- D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF species together). The y- axis indicates the amount grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph.
Figure 29.4-Which of the following best explains the data given in graph b) of Figure 29.4 about Lotus corniculatus?
A) This plant grows best when AMF taxa A or C are present.
B) This plant forms multiple AMF associations, growing best with increased fungal diversity.
C) Mycorrhizal fungi parasitize the plant's roots when they are present, reducing its growth.
D) Lotus corniculatus does not form mycorrhizal associations.
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Use the graphs in Figures 29.4 and 29.5 and the following information when answering the corresponding questions.
Canadian and Swiss researchers van der Heijden et al., 1998) interested in factors affecting biodiversity, grew a variety of gra plants in combination with one of four arbuscular mycorrhizal AMF) species, no AMF, or all four AMF species together; and measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed with each other with the only difference being which AMF were present. Use the graphs in Figure 31.5 to answer the questions
that follow. Note that the x- axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species bar 0 = no fungi; bars A- D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF species together). The y- axis indicates the amount grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph. Graph e) is the total biomass grams) of all 11 plant species combined; graph f) is the biomass of Bromus erectus plants only, separated from the total.
Figure 29.4
Figure 29.5
-What is the major difference between Bromus erectus graph f) and the other plant species graphs a- d) included in the study?
A) Bromus is unaffected by AMF diversity.
B) Bromus produces very little biomass regardless of AMF.
C) Bromus grows best with a diversity of fungal partners.
D) Bromus does not form mycorrhizal associations.
Canadian and Swiss researchers van der Heijden et al., 1998) interested in factors affecting biodiversity, grew a variety of gra plants in combination with one of four arbuscular mycorrhizal AMF) species, no AMF, or all four AMF species together; and measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed with each other with the only difference being which AMF were present. Use the graphs in Figure 31.5 to answer the questions
that follow. Note that the x- axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species bar 0 = no fungi; bars A- D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF species together). The y- axis indicates the amount grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph. Graph e) is the total biomass grams) of all 11 plant species combined; graph f) is the biomass of Bromus erectus plants only, separated from the total.
Figure 29.4 Figure 29.5-What is the major difference between Bromus erectus graph f) and the other plant species graphs a- d) included in the study?
A) Bromus is unaffected by AMF diversity.
B) Bromus produces very little biomass regardless of AMF.
C) Bromus grows best with a diversity of fungal partners.
D) Bromus does not form mycorrhizal associations.
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37
Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
Suzanne Simard and colleagues knew that the same mycorrhizal fungal species could colonize multiple types of trees. They w if the same fungal individual would colonize different trees, forming an underground network that potentially could transpor and nutrients from one tree to another S. Simard et al. 1997. Net transfer of carbon between mycorrhizal tree species in the fi Nature 388:579- 82). Figure 29.2 illustrates the team's experimental setup. Pots containing seedlings of three different tree species were set up and grown under natural conditions for three years; two of the three species formed ectomycorrhizae Douglas fir, birch) and the other cedar) formed arbuscular mycorrhizae. For the experiment, the researchers placed airtight bags over the Douglas fir and birch seedlings; into each bag, they injected either carbon dioxide made from carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 13CO2 and 14CO2, isotopes of carbon). As the seedlings photosynthesized, the radioactive carbon dioxide was converted into radioactively labelled sugars that could be tracked and measured by the researchers.
Figure 29.2
Refer to Figure 29.2. Which of the following results would support Simard et al.'s 1997) hypothesis that fungi can move carbon from one plant to another? Hypothesis: Sugars made by one plant during photosynthesis can travel through a mycorrhizal fungus and be incorporated into the tissues of another plant.
A) Either carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 is found in the cedar seedling's tissues.
B) Carbon- 14 is found in the birch seedling's tissues and carbon- 13 in the Douglas fir.
C) Either carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 is found in the fungal tissues.
D) Carbon- 14 is found in the Douglas fir seedling's tissues and carbon- 13 in the birch.
Suzanne Simard and colleagues knew that the same mycorrhizal fungal species could colonize multiple types of trees. They w if the same fungal individual would colonize different trees, forming an underground network that potentially could transpor and nutrients from one tree to another S. Simard et al. 1997. Net transfer of carbon between mycorrhizal tree species in the fi Nature 388:579- 82). Figure 29.2 illustrates the team's experimental setup. Pots containing seedlings of three different tree species were set up and grown under natural conditions for three years; two of the three species formed ectomycorrhizae Douglas fir, birch) and the other cedar) formed arbuscular mycorrhizae. For the experiment, the researchers placed airtight bags over the Douglas fir and birch seedlings; into each bag, they injected either carbon dioxide made from carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 13CO2 and 14CO2, isotopes of carbon). As the seedlings photosynthesized, the radioactive carbon dioxide was converted into radioactively labelled sugars that could be tracked and measured by the researchers.
Figure 29.2Refer to Figure 29.2. Which of the following results would support Simard et al.'s 1997) hypothesis that fungi can move carbon from one plant to another? Hypothesis: Sugars made by one plant during photosynthesis can travel through a mycorrhizal fungus and be incorporated into the tissues of another plant.
A) Either carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 is found in the cedar seedling's tissues.
B) Carbon- 14 is found in the birch seedling's tissues and carbon- 13 in the Douglas fir.
C) Either carbon- 13 or carbon- 14 is found in the fungal tissues.
D) Carbon- 14 is found in the Douglas fir seedling's tissues and carbon- 13 in the birch.
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Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
There is much discussion in the media about protecting biodiversity, but does it really matter? Canadian and Swiss researcher to know if the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi AMF) was important to the productivity of grasslands M.G.A. van d Heijden, J. N. Klironomos, M. Ursic, P. Moutoglis, R. Streitwolf- Engel, T. Boler, A. Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders. 1998. Mycorrh fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396:69- 72). Specifically, they wanted to know if it mattered which specific AMF species were present, or just that some type of AMF was present. They grew various plants in combination with one of four AMF species, no AMF, or all four AMF species together; and they measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed
with each other with the only difference being which AMF species were present. Use the graphs in Figure 31.4 to answer the questions that follow. Note that the x- axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species bar 0 = no fungi; bars
A- D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF species together). The y- axis indicates the amount grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph.
Figure 29.4
Based on the van der Heijden et al. 1998) graphs in Figure 29.4, which of the following is the best description of the data supporting the idea that a plant species did not form mycorrhizae with a fungus?
A) Its biomass is greatest when all AMF are present.
B) Its biomass is greatest when no AMF are present.
C) Its biomass is greatest when AM fungus C is present.
D) Its biomass is greatest when AM fungus A is present.
E) Its biomass is greatest when AM fungus B is present.
There is much discussion in the media about protecting biodiversity, but does it really matter? Canadian and Swiss researcher to know if the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi AMF) was important to the productivity of grasslands M.G.A. van d Heijden, J. N. Klironomos, M. Ursic, P. Moutoglis, R. Streitwolf- Engel, T. Boler, A. Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders. 1998. Mycorrh fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396:69- 72). Specifically, they wanted to know if it mattered which specific AMF species were present, or just that some type of AMF was present. They grew various plants in combination with one of four AMF species, no AMF, or all four AMF species together; and they measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed
with each other with the only difference being which AMF species were present. Use the graphs in Figure 31.4 to answer the questions that follow. Note that the x- axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species bar 0 = no fungi; bars
A- D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF species together). The y- axis indicates the amount grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph.
Figure 29.4Based on the van der Heijden et al. 1998) graphs in Figure 29.4, which of the following is the best description of the data supporting the idea that a plant species did not form mycorrhizae with a fungus?
A) Its biomass is greatest when all AMF are present.
B) Its biomass is greatest when no AMF are present.
C) Its biomass is greatest when AM fungus C is present.
D) Its biomass is greatest when AM fungus A is present.
E) Its biomass is greatest when AM fungus B is present.
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This symbiotic association grows on rocks, where it begins the process of soil formation, and it is a major food source for caribou.
A) arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
B) chytrids
C) ectomycorrhizal fungi
D) lichens
E) endophytes
A) arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
B) chytrids
C) ectomycorrhizal fungi
D) lichens
E) endophytes
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Use the following information when answering the corresponding questions).
There is much discussion in the media about protecting biodiversity, but does it really matter? Canadian and Swiss researcher to know if the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi AMF) was important to the productivity of grasslands M.G.A. van d Heijden, J. N. Klironomos, M. Ursic, P. Moutoglis, R. Streitwolf- Engel, T. Boler, A. Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders. 1998. Mycorrh fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396:69- 72). Specifically, they wanted to know if it mattered which specific AMF species were present, or just that some type of AMF was present. They grew various plants in combination with one of four AMF species, no AMF, or all four AMF species together; and they measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed
with each other with the only difference being which AMF species were present. Use the graphs in Figure 31.4 to answer the questions that follow. Note that the x- axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species bar 0 = no fungi; bars
A- D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF species together). The y- axis indicates the amount grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph.
Figure 29.4
-Based on the graphs shown above, which of the following plant species is most likely not to form mycorrhizal associations?
A) Carax flacca graph a)
B) Lotus corniculatus graph b)
C) Sanguisorba officinalis graph c)
D) Centaurium erythrea graph d)
There is much discussion in the media about protecting biodiversity, but does it really matter? Canadian and Swiss researcher to know if the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi AMF) was important to the productivity of grasslands M.G.A. van d Heijden, J. N. Klironomos, M. Ursic, P. Moutoglis, R. Streitwolf- Engel, T. Boler, A. Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders. 1998. Mycorrh fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396:69- 72). Specifically, they wanted to know if it mattered which specific AMF species were present, or just that some type of AMF was present. They grew various plants in combination with one of four AMF species, no AMF, or all four AMF species together; and they measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed
with each other with the only difference being which AMF species were present. Use the graphs in Figure 31.4 to answer the questions that follow. Note that the x- axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species bar 0 = no fungi; bars
A- D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF species together). The y- axis indicates the amount grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph.
Figure 29.4-Based on the graphs shown above, which of the following plant species is most likely not to form mycorrhizal associations?
A) Carax flacca graph a)
B) Lotus corniculatus graph b)
C) Sanguisorba officinalis graph c)
D) Centaurium erythrea graph d)
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