Deck 10: Classification of Microorganisms

Question 1

A clone is

A) a taxon composed of species.
B) genetically identical cells derived from a single cell.
C) a mound of cells on an agar medium.
D) a genetically engineered cell.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following statements about members of the Kingdom Plantae is FALSE?

A) They undergo photosynthesis.
B) They are multicellular.
C) They use organic carbon sources.
D) They are composed of eukaryotic cells.
E) They synthesize organic molecules.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Figure 10.1

In Figure 10.1, species "c." is most closely related to which of the following?

A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) e

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Figure 10.3
This figure shows the results of a gel electrophoresis separation of restriction fragments of the DNA of different organisms.

In Figure 10.3, which two are most closely related?

A) 3 and 5
B) 4 and 5
C) 1 and 3
D) 2 and 4
E) 2 and 5

Question 5

Which of the following characterizes the Domain Bacteria?

A) prokaryotic cells; ether linkages in phospholipids
B) complex cellular structures
C) eukaryotic cells; ester linkages in phospholipids
D) prokaryotic cells; ester linkages in phospholipids
E) multicellular

Question 6

Figure 10.1

In Figure 10.1, the closest ancestor for both species "a." and species "b." would be which of the following?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 7

Nucleic acid hybridization is based on the fact that

A) all cells have DNA.
B) pairing between complementary bases occurs.
C) a chromosome is composed of complementary strands.
D) the strands of DNA can be separated.
E) DNA is composed of genes.

Question 8

Table 10.1 1. $\text {\(9 + 2\) flagella}$
2. $\text {Nucleus}$
3. $\text { Plasma membrane}$
4. $\text { Peptidoglycan}$
5. $\text { Mitochondrion}$
6. $\text { Fimbriae}$

-In Table 10.1, which features are found in nearly all eukarya?

A) 2, 3, 5
B) 1, 2, 5
C) 1, 4, 6
D) 3, 5
E) 2, 3

Question 9

What is the outstanding characteristic of the Kingdom Fungi?

A) All members are photosynthetic.
B) Members absorb dissolved organic matter.
C) Members absorb dissolved inorganic matter.
D) All members are microscopic.
E) All members are macroscopic.

Question 10

Figure 10.4

In the cladogram shown in Figure 10.4, which two organisms are most closely related?

A) Mycobacterium and Lactobacillus
B) Streptomyces and Lactobacillus
C) Streptomyces and Micrococcus
D) Micrococcus and Mycobacterium
E) Streptomyces and Mycobacterium

Question 11

Table 10.1 1. $\text {\(9 + 2\) flagella}$
2. $\text {Nucleus}$
3. $\text { Plasma membrane}$
4. $\text { Peptidoglycan}$
5. $\text { Mitochondrion}$
6. $\text { Fimbriae}$


-In Table 10.1, which feature(s) is (are) found only in prokaryotes?

A) 2
B) 1
C) 2, 4, 5
D) 4, 6
E) 1, 2, 3

Question 12

Into which group would you place a photosynthetic organism that lacks a nucleus and has a thin peptidoglycan wall surrounded by an outer membrane?

A) Fungi
B) Proteobacteria (gram- negative bacteria)
C) Animalia
D) Plantae
E) Firmicutes (gram- positive bacteria)

Question 13

The phylogenetic classification of bacteria is based on

A) diseases.
B) rRNA sequences.
C) cell morphology.
D) Gram reaction.
E) habitat.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about archaea is FALSE?

A) They evolved before bacteria.
B) They are prokaryotes.
C) They lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
D) Some are thermoacidophiles; others are extreme halophiles.
E) Some produce methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen.

Question 15

Table 10.2
Use the dichotomous key in Table 10.2 to identify a gram- negative coccus.

A) Staphylococcus
B) Streptococcus
C) Micrococcus
D) Pseudomonas
E) Neisseria

Question 16

Which of the following is the best evidence for a three- domain system?

A) There are three distinctly different types of nuclei.
B) Some bacteria live in extreme environments.
C) There are three distinctly different Gram reactions.
D) There are three distinctly different sets of metabolic reactions.
E) Nucleotide sequences in ribosomal RNA vary between all three domains.

Question 17

You discovered a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and peptidoglycan. You suspect the organism is in the group

A) Animalia.
B) Plantae.
C) Fungi.
D) Archaea.
E) Bacteria.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT based on nucleic- acid hybridization?

A) Southern blotting
B) Western blotting
C) DNA chip
D) FISH
E) PCR

Question 19

The arrangement of organisms into taxa

A) is based on evolution.
B) shows relationships to common ancestors.
C) shows degrees of relatedness between organisms.
D) is arbitrary.
E) was designed by Charles Darwin.

Question 20

Into which group would you place a photosynthetic cell that lacks a nucleus?

A) Bacteria
B) Fungi
C) Plantae
D) Protista
E) Animalia

Question 21

Into which group would you place a multicellular organism that has a mouth and lives inside the human liver?

A) Fungi
B) Animalia
C) Firmicutes (gram- positive bacteria)
D) Proteobacteria (gram- negative bacteria)
E) Plantae

Question 22

Serological testing is based on the fact that

A) all bacteria have the same antigens.
B) the human body makes antibodies against bacteria.
C) antibodies cause the formation of antigens.
D) antibodies react specifically with an antigen.
E) bacteria clump together when mixed with any antibodies.

Question 23

Into which group would you place a unicellular organism that has 70S ribosomes and a peptidoglycan cell wall?

A) Protist
B) Fungi
C) Plantae
D) Bacteria
E) Animalia

Question 24

Protists are a diverse group of organisms that are similar in

A) rRNA sequences.
B) metabolic type.
C) ecology.
D) motility.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 25

A bacterial species differs from a species of eukaryotic organisms in that a bacterial species

A) breeds with its own species.
B) is a population of cells with similar characteristics.
C) does not breed with other species.
D) can be distinguished from other bacterial species.
E) has a limited geographical distribution.

Question 26

Which of the following characteristics indicates that two organisms are closely related?

A) Both normally live in clams.
B) Both are cocci.
C) Both of their DNA can hybridize.
D) Both ferment lactose.
E) Both are motile.

Question 27

Figure 10.2
A nucleic acid hybridization experiment produced the following results.

In Figure 10.2, which figure shows the most closely related organisms?

A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) e

Question 28

Which of the following criteria is most useful in determining whether two organisms are related?

A) Both ferment lactose.
B) Both are motile.
C) Both are gram- positive.
D) Both are aerobic.
E) Each answer is equally important.

Question 29

Data collected to date indicate that

A) new species of bacteria may be discovered in wild animals.
B) marine mammals don't have an immune system.
C) marine mammals do not get infectious diseases.
D) humans and marine mammals cannot be infected by the same pathogens.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 30

Biochemical tests are used to determine

A) nucleic acid- base composition.
B) amino acid sequences.
C) staining characteristics.
D) enzymatic activities.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 31

A genus can best be defined as

A) the most specific taxon.
B) a taxon composed of one or more species and below family.
C) a taxon belonging to a species.
D) a taxon composed of families.
E) a taxon comprised of classes.

Question 32

Which of the following best defines a strain?

A) a population of cells with similar characteristics
B) a group of organisms with a limited geographical distribution
C) same as a species
D) a pure culture that is not totally identical to other cultures of the same species
E) a group of cells derived from a single parent

Question 33

All of the following statements are reasons why fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) has become a valuable tool for environmental microbiologists EXCEPT

A) it allows one to obtain pure cultures of microbes.
B) it demonstrates the diversity of microbes in an environment.
C) it allows for detection of uncultured microbes.
D) it allows observation of microbes in their natural environment in association with other microbes.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 34

If two organisms have similar rRNA sequences, you can conclude that they

A) mated with each other.
B) will have different G- C ratios.
C) will both ferment lactose.
D) evolved from a common ancestor.
E) live in the same place.

Question 35

Into which group would you place a multicellular heterotroph with chitin cell walls?

A) Fungi
B) Archaea
C) Bacteria
D) Plantae
E) Animalia

Question 36

Fossil evidence indicates that prokaryotic cells first existed on the Earth

A) 350 years ago.
B) 3500 years ago.
C) 3500 years ago.
D) 3.5 billion years ago.
E) 3.5 × 10¹² years ago.

Question 37

Bacteria and Archaea are similar in which of the following?

A) sensitivity to antibiotics
B) plasma membrane ester linkage
C) considered prokaryotic cells
D) peptidoglycan cell walls
E) methionine as the start signal for protein synthesis

Question 38

Which of the following statements is a reason for NOT classifying viruses in one of three domains rather than in a fourth domain?

A) Viruses are not composed of cells.
B) Viruses are obligate parasites.
C) Some viruses can incorporate their genome into a host's genome.
D) Viruses direct anabolic pathways of host cells.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 39

Which of the following provides taxonomic information that includes the others?

A) amino acid sequencing
B) nucleic acid- base composition
C) nucleic acid hybridization
D) biochemical tests
E) cladogram

Question 40

Organism A has 70 moles % G+C, and organism B has 40 moles % G+C. Which of the following can be concluded from these data?

A) The organisms make entirely different enzymes.
B) The two organisms are unrelated.
C) The two organisms are related.
D) Their nucleic acids will completely hybridize.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 41

Phage typing is based on the fact that

A) bacteria are destroyed by viruses.
B) bacterial viruses attack only members of a specific species.
C) Staphylococcus causes infections.
D) viruses cause disease.
E) phages and bacteria are related.

Question 42

The cell membranes of all three domains are composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage.

Question 43

As molecular techniques improve, scientists are finding it necessary to reclassify some genera.

Question 44

Western blotting is an immunological test used to identify the antigens in an individual suspected of having Lyme disease.

Question 45

At this point in time, scientists believe the vast majority of the domain Bacteria have been discovered.

Question 46

Which of the following statements about the members of the Kingdom Animalia is FALSE?

A) They are heterotrophs.
B) They ingest nutrients through a mouth.
C) They are multicellular.
D) They are composed of eukaryotic cells.
E) They undergo photosynthesis.

Question 47

Table 10.2
Use the dichotomous key in Table 10.2 to identify a gram- negative rod that ferments lactose and uses citric acid as its sole carbon source.

A) Escherichia
B) Citrobacter
C) Lactobacillus
D) Pseudomonas
E) Staphylococcus

Question 48

One of the most popular taxonomic tools is DNA fingerprinting to develop profiles of organisms. These profiles provide direct information about

A) the presence of specific genes.
B) antigenic composition.
C) protein composition.
D) the similarities between nucleotide sequences.
E) enzymatic activities.

Question 49

In the scientific name Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter is the

A) kingdom.
B) family.
C) order.
D) specific epithet.
E) genus.

Question 50

One of the advantages of some newly developed rapid identification tools is that pure cultures are not needed. Why is a pure culture necessary for biochemical tests such as the Enterotube, but not for DNA probes?

Question 51

Chloroplasts possess circular DNA and reproduce by binary fission.

Question 52

Pure cultures of the same species are not always identical in all ways.

Question 53

The highest level in the taxonomic hierarchy is "Kingdom."

Question 54

When building a cladogram, the length of the horizontal branch is based on the calculated percent similarity between organisms.

Question 55

Once a culture is purified, the next step in the process of identifying bacteria is biochemical testing.

Question 56

Serological testing is used for screening bacterial isolates for similarities.