Deck 9: Cognitive and Socioemotional Development

Question 1

Pauline's parents have been encouraging her to consider colleges that are "not close to home," in order to explore her independence and become a "separate person." Pauline MOST likely lives in a more _____ culture.

A)collectivistic
B)individualistic
C)uncaring
D)marginalized

Answer 1

B

Question 2

You are giving a talk on false stereotypes about teens.According to the text,which of these stereotypes IS supported by the data?

A)The main thing that teens need is strong punishment and very strict parental rules.
B)Most teens are unhappy and depressed.
C)Teens are more emotional than adults.
D)Teens reject their parents' basic world views about life.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

If Beatrice was the first person in her family to attend high school,she MOST likely was a teenager during the late:

A)1930s.
B)1950s.
C)1970s.
D)1890s.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Josie's mother tells her that she has a choice: she can have a friend come to dinner tonight,or she can wait until the weekend and her friend can also stay overnight.Josie chooses to have her friend come to dinner tonight.According to Laurence Steinberg's research on teens' ability to delay gratification,Josie is most likely:

A)older than age 18.
B)in early adolescence or the mid-teens.
C)in the preoperational stage of development.
D)in the postconventional stage of development.

Question 5

Diego and his friends are in high school.You can expect all of the following EXCEPT that:

A)they are sleep deprived at the end of the week.
B)they go to bed later than would be ideal.
C)their school day starts earlier than would be best for their biological clocks.
D)they tend to undersleep during the week but make up for it by sleeping late on weekends.

Question 6

The Burke family has been in counseling with their 14-year-old daughter,who they complain has been "driving them crazy." If you were their counselor,you might remind them that things may calm down during:

A)puberty.
B)middle adolescence.
C)the later teenage years.
D)menarche.

Question 7

Fourteen-year-old Deirdre argues with her parents,experiments with smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol,and is incredibly sensitive to the opinions of her peers.According to an evolutionary psychologist,Deirdre's risk-taking tendencies and excessive emotionality:

A)allow her to be punished more readily,permitting better cognitive development.
B)allow her to leave home at an earlier time.
C)makes it less likely that she will become involved in dangerous activities in her 20s.
D)serve to push her into the world and to construct a successful adult life.

Question 8

You have a friend who is running for district representative in the upcoming election.He is asked during a debate how the legal system should manage teen drug use and other teen criminal behavior.According to the text,you should suggest to your friend that the legal system should:

A)focus on rehabilitation,not punishment.
B)focus on punishment,not rehabilitation.
C)treat teenagers in the same way as adults.
D)punish teens more severely than adults in the hopes of dissuading them from a life of crime.

Question 9

In contrast to most U.S.teens,all of the following tend to be true of immigrant teens from collectivist cultures EXCEPT that they:

A)have heavy family responsibilities,much less freedom,and more rigid rules.
B)may be forced to assume the role of the family "adults" (taking care of their parents).
C)have totally different values than their parents.
D)prioritize individual success because of their privation as children.

Question 10

Tara's family might expect to see all of following changes in Tara when she becomes a teen EXCEPT:

A)more minor risk taking.
B)more emotional ups and downs.
C)more sensitivity to what her peers think.
D)high levels of emotional disturbance.

Question 11

Fifteen-year-old Evelyn believes that everyone is watching and evaluating everything that she does.In David Elkind's adolescent egocentrism framework,this hypersensitivity to the opinions of others is called:

A)the personal fable.
B)preoperational development.
C)the imaginary audience.
D)concrete operations.

Question 12

Joseph was a conscientious objector during World War II because he believed that all wars are immoral.Joseph is in Lawrence Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral development,because Joseph is using his own moral guidelines to guide his behavior,apart from society's rules.

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)hyperconventional

Question 13

Jeremiah's parents have a great deal of difficulty with their 15-year-old son.He continually argues with them and tests their rules.According to the research,as this boy reaches late adolescence,this urge to rebel MOST likely will:

A)increase.
B)remain the same.
C)decrease.
D)grow incrementally.

Question 14

Michelle is a teenage girl who lives in an affluent community.According to the text,Michelle's mother might be on special alert for:

A)suicide.
B)non-suicidal self-injury.
C)heroin or methamphetamine abuse.
D)schizophrenia.

Question 15

Victor is a 16-year-old boy.According to the text,which activities might best predict Victor's competence,confidence,and occupational success in future years?

A)having a part-time job
B)having a romantic relationship
C)having interests in a range of school-related clubs
D)coming home right after school to study for hours

Question 16

Sixteen-year-old Mark believes that everyone notices and evaluates the way he talks after he recently had braces put on his teeth.This tendency for adolescents to become obsessed with what others might think about them is called:

A)adolescent egocentrism.
B)preoperational development.
C)adolescence-limited turmoil.
D)concrete operations.

Question 17

Fifteen-year-old Amanda associates with the highest-status crowd in her U.S.public school.Amanda's crowd MOST likely consists of:

A)athletes.
B)exceedingly smart children.
C)"goths."
D)deviant children.

Question 18

A group of preteens is talking excitedly with each other about how "cool" it would be to regularly cut class and go to the park instead.This "socialization into delinquency" is called:

A)experience-sampling.
B)storm and stress.
C)gang orientation.
D)deviancy training.

Question 19

According to the text,most adolescents become interested in romantic partners during _____ school.

A)early elementary
B)late middle
C)early high
D)late high

Question 20

Terrence hangs out with his clique,while his brother,Jherome,spends time with a crowd.Terrence is in a _____ peer group,and Jherome is with a _____ peer group.

A)small;larger
B)large;smaller
C)loose-knit;close-knit
D)marginalized;popular

Question 21

Most U.S.teens report feeling hopeful and confident about the future.

Question 22

Most U.S.teens find their high school experience incredibly satisfying.

Question 23

Twenty-year-old Tracey describes herself as having not been very happy in elementary school,but as having the "best time of her life" in high school.Tracey MOST likely was in which high school social group?

A)popular kids
B)intellectual kids
C)deviant kids
D)nerds

Question 24

Alcohol and drug abuse is rampant among teens.

Question 25

A person operating according to Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning is focused on avoiding punishment or getting rewards.

Question 26

According to Elkind,young teens believe that everyone is watching and evaluating them.

Question 27

According to the text,the social status group known as the "Brains" tended to have _____ depression in elementary school and _____ depression in high school.

A)low;high
B)high;high
C)low;low
D)high;low

Question 28

In the teenage years,the frontal lobes of the brain have not yet fully matured.

Question 29

Most adults show signs of formal operational thinking.

Question 30

During the Great Depression,President Franklin Roosevelt encouraged universal high school attendance,an action that helped define adolescence as a separate life stage.

Question 31

Among pre-teens,being in the popular crowd makes kids less aggressive.

Question 32

A girl who says,"If I have unprotected sex,I'll never get pregnant because I'm special," is showing signs of the personal fable.

Question 33

If,in Kohlberg's Heinz's dilemma,Jenita says that Heinz should not steal the medicine because it is against the law to do so,she is operating at the postconventional level of moral reasoning.

Question 34

Young teens are less likely to make risky decisions when they are with their friends.

Question 35

Pedro is from a large,impoverished family,and has been involved in some gang activity.His mother has been invited to participate in a study that would involve moving Pedro and his family to a safer middle-class community.According to the text,you might advise her to:

A)go for it;Pedro will find people who can keep him out of gang activity.
B)be cautious;this move might backfire because some children might see Pedro as "different."
C)go for it;Pedro should do better in this new environment.
D)not move;Pedro will be unlikely to show real changes.

Question 36

Kohlberg's scale is valid,meaning it clearly measures real-world moral acts.

Question 37

Jessica spends most of her time with a group of five other teenage girls who share her attitudes and interests in the same activities.Jessica's group is called a:

A)crowd.
B)dyad.
C)gang.
D)clique.

Question 38

Young people who are thriving (or flourishing)don't engage in risk-taking behaviors during adolescence.

Question 39

When people enter formal operations,they can think abstractly and scientifically.

Question 40

Emotional problems are very common during adolescence.

Question 41

John has reached formal operations.John's unique new talent is that he now can:

A)debate the pluses of positions even if he is opposed to those ideas.
B)read complex novels and do math problems much faster than before.
C)get along with people better.
D)act more assertively in his life and in school.

Question 42

When people enter formal operations,they can do all of the following EXCEPT:

A)think like "true scientists."
B)reason logically about abstract ideas.
C)reason about things that are not real.
D)enter a zone of proximal development.

Question 43

When the "bad guys" crowd gets together,they model the member with the BEST social skills.

Question 44

When G.Stanley Hall's described adolescence as a time of "storm and stress" he meant that teenagers:

A)have a stressful life.
B)are moody,sensitive,and prone to take risks.
C)cause parents a lot of stress.
D)put society under a lot of stress.

Question 45

Adolescence became a defined life stage in the United States when:

A)Sigmund Freud developed his theories in the early 1900s.
B)Jean Piaget identified formal operational thinking as a separate stage.
C)President Franklin Roosevelt encouraged universal high school attendance.
D)the baby boom generation rebelled against the establishment.

Question 46

Adolescence:

A)is a life stage for all people around the world.
B)is a result of people who lived in the twentieth-century developed world.
C)has been a life stage throughout history,over many centuries.
D)has been a life stage only since the seventeenth century.

Question 47

The "brainy" high school crowd tends to be a high-status group.

Question 48

Heterosexual teenagers progress in stages,from disliking the other sex to getting romantically involved.

Question 49

Teenage rebellion against the older generation reached its peak during the:

A)late 1800s,when teenagers left the farm to find factory work in urban centers.
B)early 1900s,when young people had to go off to World War I.
C)late 1960s,when the baby boom cohort rejected conventional rules about adult roles.
D)1980s,when the "me" generation of individuals who cared mainly about themselves reached their teens.

Question 50

In impoverished countries,teenagers have a long adolescence since there is little waiting for them as adults.

Question 51

Parent-teen conflict reaches its peak in late adolescence,as the child is about to leave home.

Question 52

Parent-teen arguments are most intense during early adolescence.

Question 53

All are properties of formal operational thought EXCEPT:

A)reasoning like scientists.
B)thinking abstractly.
C)using logic in approaching problems.
D)using reversibility for the first time.

Question 54

Getting involved in high school clubs impairs development because it takes away from a teen's focus on academics.

Question 55

Teens are typically sleep deprived because the high school day starts too early.

Question 56

High school made adolescence a defined life stage because teens now:

A)understood the world better.
B)spent their days together as a separate group.
C)acted more adult.
D)worked in factories.

Question 57

A core change unique to formal operations is that teens can:

A)conserve much better.
B)really take another person's point of view.
C)reason abstractly about hypothetical possibilities.
D)read at a much higher level.

Question 58

Which change is NOT unique to formal operations?

A)logically arguing both sides of an issue
B)approaching problems scientifically
C)reasoning about things that are not real
D)understanding the meanings of new words

Question 59

Adults show formal operational thinking:

A)rarely.
B)usually.
C)when they reason about their own lives,but not on Piaget's scientific tests.
D)when they reason on Piaget's scientific tests,but not in their own lives.

Question 60

Which is NOT a reason why adolescence earned consideration as a separate life stage?

A)People spent their days in high school as an isolated,separate group.
B)Teens stayed in school,rather than immediately going to work.
C)People understood the world better.
D)Teenagers were marketed to as a special age group with their own interests.

Question 61

When Sheila walks to the lunchroom,she thinks that everyone is evaluating every move she makes.According to David Elkind,Shelia is showing signs of:

A)egotistic thinking.
B)the personal fable.
C)narcissism.
D)the imaginary audience.

Question 62

According to David Elkind,teenagers question society's rules and become involved in idealistic causes because they can:

A)reason abstractly and so realize that adult rules are often arbitrary and wrong.
B)think too concretely to understand the world.
C)be too naive to understand why things are the way they are.
D)rebel against the older generation,because they now physically look adult.

Question 63

Kohlberg's scale may NOT be valid because it:

A)doesn't illustrate the caring,action-oriented qualities defining real-life moral acts.
B)is too long.
C)is biased against men.
D)has no clear-cut defined criteria for measuring the levels of moral thought.

Question 64

You are taking this test,and it's so,so easy to look over to the next person's answers,but you think,"No." What would be your reasoning if you are at Kohlberg's postconventional stage of moral development?

A)I might get caught.
B)It's not right to go against the rules.
C)I personally believe that cheating is morally wrong.
D)This person might know less than me.

Question 65

Young people who get arrested for participating in illegal demonstrations that protest what they feel are unfair laws may be operating according to Kohlberg's _____ level of moral reasoning.

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)formal operational

Question 66

The text's criticisms of Kohlberg's moral reasoning scale all relate to which measurement concept?

A)reliability
B)validity
C)accuracy
D)morality

Question 67

Nien decides not to rob a backpack from an open locker at school because he feels that "good people" don't steal.Nien is operating at Kohlberg's _____ level of moral reasoning.

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)formal operational

Question 68

You are taking this test,and it's so,so easy to look at the next person's answers,but you decide,"No." What would be your reasoning if you are at Kohlberg's conventional stage of moral development?

A)I might get caught.
B)Going against the rules is wrong.
C)I personally believe that cheating is morally wrong.
D)That person next to me might know less than me.

Question 69

Using Kohlberg's terms,identify the level of moral reasoning in each statement: (1)"He only cares if he gets punished or rewarded"; (2)"He has a personal code of ethics that transcends what society says"; (3)"His morality is focused on what the culture says is legal or right."

A)(1)preconventional; (2)postconventional; (3)conventional
B)(1)conventional; (2)preconventional; (3)postconventional
C)(1)postconventional; (2)preconventional; (3)conventional
D)(1)premoral; (2)postmoral; (3)traditionally moral

Question 70

"Everyone is watching me and judging me." In Elkind's framework,this is a classic example of _____,and this young person is roughly 12 or 13.

A)a postconventional level of morality
B)the personal fable
C)social referencing
D)adolescent egocentrism

Question 71

According to Laurence Kohlberg,postconventional thought depends on reaching formal operations,because this most advanced moral milestone involves:

A)thinking about possible rewards and punishments.
B)imagining what people might think about the self.
C)understanding the realities of society's laws.
D)using abstract ethical principles in reasoning about life.

Question 72

Link each situation to a component of adolescent egocentrism: (1)A boy thinks that everyone is constantly watching him and commenting on his behavior; (2)a girl takes incredible risks because she thinks that she cannot ever die.

A)(1)imaginary audience; (2)personal fable
B)(1)personal fable; (2)imaginary audience
C)(1 & 2)in both cases,imaginary audience
D)(1 & 2)in both cases,personal fable

Question 73

Ning has a new pimple on her chin this morning.She is mortified and tells her mother that she must transfer to another school because everyone will make fun of her.David Elkind would label Ning's reaction as showing:

A)delusional thinking.
B)social referencing.
C)the personal fable.
D)adolescent egocentrism.

Question 74

Ayana is arguing that Kohlberg's moral reasoning scale is not valid (that is,it does not accurately reflect real-world morality).Based specifically on the text critique,which is NOT a critique Ayana can make?

A)"The way people talk in abstract situations is different from how they act."
B)"Unlike what Kohlberg believes,very young children show moral thought."
C)"The most prosocial people only score at average levels on Kohlberg's tests."
D)"Everyone routinely cheats and lies."

Question 75

According to David Elkind,young teens become angry,resentful,and rebellious because they:

A)are tired of adults telling them what to do.
B)are entering formal operations,and so understand the contradictions between what adults say and how they act.
C)are too emotional to understand life.
D)can't intellectually grasp the facts about adult life,and are too emotional and out of control to behave well.

Question 76

As you are taking this test,it's so,so easy to look at the next person's answers,but you decide,"No." Using Kohlberg's categories,pick out the correct level of moral reasoning: (1)"I won't because I might get caught"; (2)"I won't because I believe that cheating is morally wrong"; (3)"I won't because I took a pledge to uphold the school's honor code."

A)(1)conventional; (2)postconventional; (3)preconventional
B)(1)preconventional; (2)postconventional; (3)conventional
C)(1)preconventional; (2)conventional; (3)postconventional
D)(1)conventional; (2)preconventional; (3)postconventional

Question 77

Kohlberg would NOT agree with which statement?

A)"Most adults end up reasoning at the conventional stage."
B)"During elementary school,people begin to develop their moral code for life."
C)"Few people reason at the highest postconventional level."
D)"Moral development takes place in the teens."

Question 78

An adult would MOST likely show formal operational thought when:

A)reasoning about his or her own future.
B)reasoning scientifically.
C)arguing the pros and cons of an issue.
D)arguing with his or her mother.

Question 79

Feliciano decides not to rob a backpack from an open locker at school because he is afraid of getting caught.Feliciano is operating at Kohlberg's _____ level of moral reasoning.

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)formal operational

Question 80

A mom feels ill at a family picnic,so her husband drives her to the hospital at 90 miles an hour and with their three teenage children in the car.Billy says "Dad,you can't go this fast.We might be stopped for speeding." Josh says,"Slow down,Dad.It's crucially important,no matter what,to obey the law." Sarah,furious,yells,"You guys are crazy! Saving mom's life is more important than ANY law." Using Kohlberg's categories,pick each sibling's level of moral reasoning.

A)Billy-conventional;Josh-preconventional;Sarah-postconventional
B)Billy-preconventional;Josh-conventional;Sarah- postconventional
C)Billy-premoral;Josh-fairly moral;Sarah-extremely moral
D)Billy-amoral;Josh-postmoral;Sarah-overly moral