Deck 5: Physical and Cognitive Development

Question 1

The ability to understand word meanings,or what words represent,is called:

A)syntax.
B)semantics.
C)inner speech.
D)phonetisis.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

An autobiographical memory refers to an individual's sense that he or she has a personal past history and is an ongoing "self." In general,humans begin to develop an autobiographical memory during:

A)infancy.
B)preschool.
C)elementary school.
D)adolescence.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Brittany gets lost as she is driving to visit a friend.Brittany does not have a pen or paper when she calls her friend to get driving directions,so she memorizes the directions by repeating the turns and street names in her mind over and over again.Brittany is using a learning strategy called:

A)elaboration.
B)selective attention.
C)retrieval.
D)rehearsal.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Drawing circles,or writing the letters of the alphabet,are _____ skills.

A)fine motor
B)gross motor
C)frontal lobe
D)parietal lobe

Question 5

"Real world" school should probably begin at about age _____ because most children develop concrete operations around that time.

A)3
B)5
C)7
D)9

Question 6

Mr.Tanaka tailors his teaching to the competence level of the children in his classroom-giving help when needed and then backing off as a student masters a given skill.Mr.Tanaka is using a process called:

A)seriation.
B)centering.
C)overreaching.
D)scaffolding.

Question 7

Four-year-old Joseph became very upset when his mother put turkey in his cheese sandwich.Even when his mother removed the turkey,he continued to throw a temper tantrum.Joseph has not mastered the Piagetian principle of _____,the idea that an operation can be repeated in the opposite direction.

A)conservation
B)centration
C)seriation
D)reversibility

Question 8

Adoncia has noticed that her son's speech has gone from "Juice," to "Me juice," to "Me want juice." Her son's _____ has expanded.

A)inner speech
B)mean length of utterance
C)comprehension
D)intonation

Question 9

In Jean Piaget's theory,_____ refers to a child's knowledge that a substance remains the same despite outward changes in its shape or form.

A)reversibility
B)seriation
C)centration
D)conservation

Question 10

Lack of nourishment harms the development of various body systems and reduces activity.For these reasons,children who are undernourished tend to:

A)have impaired physical and social skills.
B)reach sexual maturity at an earlier age than well-nourished children.
C)develop physical skills at about the same rate as well-nourished children,but fail to utilize their skills.
D)develop unusual physical and mental abilities to compensate for a lack of nourishment.

Question 11

The second phase of childhood,called middle childhood,lasts between the ages of:

A)2 and 3.
B)4 and 6.
C)6 and 11.
D)11 and 13.

Question 12

One problem with Jean Piaget's ideas,addressed by Lev Vygotsky,is that Piaget's theory does not consider that _____ plays a major role in cognitive development.

A)a child's intelligence test score
B)ability
C)instruction
D)skill

Question 13

Jean Piaget described the tendency for a young child to fixate on the most visually striking feature of whatever she or he is looking at;Piaget called this:

A)decentering.
B)centering.
C)conservation.
D)seriation.

Question 14

Twelve-year-old Rachel is getting ready to see her aunt for the first time since she was 2 years old.Rachel's aunt is most likely to notice that:

A)Rachel has tripled in height and weight.
B)Rachel has doubled in height and weight.
C)Rachel has sharpened her visual abilities.
D)Rachel's hearing abilities have improved.

Question 15

Simon and his classmate,Rhonda,are both 8-years-old.Based on gender development statistics,Simon MOST likely is:

A)bigger than Rhonda.
B)smaller than Rhonda.
C)roughly the same size as Rhonda.
D)obese,and Rhonda is not obese.

Question 16

Synaptogenesis refers to the process of:

A)making billions of connections between neurons.
B)reasoning and thinking through actions.
C)forming a fatty sheath around axons.
D)pruning of the neurons.

Question 17

Obesity rates in the United States are highest among:

A)Latino and African American boys and girls.
B)Asian girls.
C)European American girls.
D)European American boys.

Question 18

Taj's parents are taking Taj to see a psychiatrist known for helping children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).The psychiatrist is likely to consider all of the following interventions EXCEPT recommending:

A)regular exercise or physical activity.
B)psycho-stimulant medications.
C)that Taj's parents expose him to white noise while studying.
D)that Taj should try to complete difficult processing tasks to practice concentration.

Question 19

Three-year-old children typically have relatively large heads,while six-year-old children have relatively longer,thin bodies.This age difference in physical appearance reveals the _____ principle of development.

A)cephalocaudal
B)proximodistal
C)mass-to-specific
D)speed of maturation

Question 20

Three-year-old Clara keeps telling her friends they cannot have a grandma because "grandma" is the name for her grandmother only.Clara is making the mistake of:

A)overextension.
B)underextension.
C)overgeneralization.
D)undergeneralization.

Question 21

Which is MOST helpful in relieving the symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)in a school setting?

A)providing a noise-free environment
B)regular recess breaks and the presentation of tasks in a gaming format
C)sitting in a classroom and learning to focus for long periods of time
D)power-assertion discipline

Question 22

A core quality that allowed human beings to advance as a species is language.

Question 23

In general,boys are better at gross motor tasks,while girls excel at fine motor skills.

Question 24

Animism refers to the idea that nonliving things,such as stuffed animals,have consciousness.

Question 25

Fan Ling and her son are in the swimming pool together.Instead of saying,"no mommy under" when he protests going under the water,he says,"I no under water." Her son is learning the arrangement of words and phrases to create a well-formed sentence;this is known as:

A)inner speech.
B)syntax.
C)comprehension.
D)intonation.

Question 26

Children in the preoperational stage of cognitive development focus on the way things immediately appear.

Question 27

Jean Piaget's concept of centering refers to a child's tendency to focus on the most striking _____ feature of a substance,and _____ other dimensions.

A)auditory;over account for
B)auditory;emphasize
C)visual;emphasize
D)visual;ignore

Question 28

When 3-year-old Charlie's father came home one evening,he asked Charlie what he had done that day.Charlie replied,"I sawed two deer outside and goed to see them." Charlie has committed the language mistake known as:

A)overextension.
B)underextension.
C)overregularization.
D)phonetic misinterpretation.

Question 29

The prevalence of preschool obesity rose during the past decade.

Question 30

Using the false-belief task,researchers find that children under age _____ are not likely to have developed a "theory of mind."

A)10
B)8
C)6
D)4

Question 31

Children decenter when they know that "the height makes up for the width."

Question 32

According to Piaget's theory,children must be in concrete operations in order to really understand the rules of games such as soccer.

Question 33

Professor David is studying childhood cognitive abilities by watching children in her laboratory change the shape of a mound of clay.She then asks the children if the quantity of clay has changed.Professor David is investigating children's cognitive abilities using a _____ task.

A)reversibility
B)centering
C)conservation
D)decentering

Question 34

Theresa,who is 4 years old,thinks that her sister is a princess when she wears a tiara in her hair,and a servant when she wears old clothes.Theresa MOST likely is in the _____ stage of development,and has not developed the Piagetian concept of _____.

A)formal operations;identity constancy
B)formal operations;centering
C)preoperational;identity constancy
D)preoperational;centering

Question 35

Vygotsky believed that people should allow children's cognitive skills to unfold on their own.

Question 36

In most areas of study,children suddenly move from preoperational thinking to concrete operations.

Question 37

Taylor is 3-years old and has a cat named Rudy.At dinner,Taylor's mother says "Look! There is a cat." Taylor replies,"That not cat,cause that not Rudy!" Taylor's semantic mistake is called:

A)overextension.
B)underextension.
C)overregularization.
D)false-belief task.

Question 38

Worldwide,obesity is the most important issue affecting children's physical development.

Question 39

The top-ranking health disorder among U.S.children in 2014,affecting about 4 million children,was:

A)autistic disorder.
B)attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
C)Asperger's disorder.
D)autoimmune disorders.

Question 40

All of the following are true of obesity EXCEPT that:

A)it may be fostered by low or high birth weights.
B)it may be predicted by rapid weight gain during infancy.
C)its prevalence is rapidly increasing,and at an accelerated rate.
D)its prevalence is higher among poor children than among wealthy children.

Question 41

Experts in the field have made dramatic advances in treating autism spectrum disorders.

Question 42

Which part of the brain develops last?

A)motor cortex
B)frontal lobes
C)temporal lobe
D)visual cortex

Question 43

When taking this test,which activity is NOT heavily programmed by the frontal lobes?

A)seeing the print on this page
B)understanding the test items
C)deciding to take this test
D)remembering what had been studied

Question 44

When Ada studies for this test rather than going out to a party,she is employing an executive function skill.

Question 45

If Clara is in the stage of "early childhood," then she is:

A)between the ages of 3 and 6.
B)the middle child in her family.
C)in elementary school.
D)at the fiftieth percentile in height and weight.

Question 46

According to Vygotsky,children learn to monitor their behavior through inner speech.

Question 47

Based on the text,what trait makes human beings stand out?

A)language
B)the ability to walk upright
C)flexible hands
D)a long life expectancy

Question 48

According to the text,cell phones,cities,and technological advances are caused by the exceptional ability of humans to:

A)grasp other people's inner motivations and intentions.
B)walk on two feet.
C)see details.
D)use tools.

Question 49

Children typically develop theory of mind abilities at around age 4.

Question 50

The word sounds of language are called morphemes.

Question 51

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)has clear-cut causes and a single "best" treatment.

Question 52

Preschoolers whose parents allow them to think through their own life experiences rather than asking specific questions about events typically have richer autobiographical memories.

Question 53

According to Vygotsky,"Teachers just teach;students just learn."

Question 54

Theory of mind is the crucial ability that allows human beings to have a give-and-take conversation with other people.

Question 55

It's relatively easy for preschoolers to inhibit their responses.

Question 56

Humans alone have certain abilities,but humans and other species share the ability to:

A)use language.
B)understand the motivations of others.
C)build on past insights and achievements.
D)grasp objects and walk.

Question 57

Executive functions continue to improve over many years.

Question 58

Currently,scientists believe that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)is caused by environmental stress.

Question 59

Dr.Darwin is lecturing on why human childhood lasts such a long time.Which is NOT a comment he probably would make?

A)"Only humans can build on the intellectual advances of previous generations."
B)"Humans alone have huge,slow growing frontal lobes."
C)"Only humans are expert at decoding other people's motivations."
D)"Humans alone have bodies that can do incredible things."

Question 60

Which part of the brain is responsible for thinking through and inhibiting actions?

A)motor cortex
B)frontal lobes
C)temporal lobe
D)visual cortex

Question 61

The fewest overweight or obese children would MOST likely be found in:

A)Scandinavia.
B)Greece.
C)the United States.
D)Egypt,among rich children in Cairo.

Question 62

Dr.Large wants to summarize a few obesity statistics as of 2015.Which is NOT a statement he should make?

A)"Obesity 'took off' in the United States during the 1980s."
B)"Obesity rates differ by ethnic group."
C)"Obesity rates differ from nation to nation."
D)"Adolescent obesity in the United States has declined significantly."

Question 63

Worldwide,the greatest threat to children's physical development is _____.

A)obesity
B)polluted water
C)inadequate nutrition
D)overprotective parents

Question 64

In choosing the best baseball players for an elementary school baseball team,and with all things being equal,would a coach choose Sandra or Sam to play on the team?

A)Sandra-she may be able to hit the ball more easily.
B)Sam-he will be able to run faster.
C)either child-Sandra may be able to connect with the ball more easily,but Sam will be able to run faster.
D)either child-Sandra will be able to run faster,but Sam will be able to hit the ball more easily.

Question 65

Undernutrition-or not having enough food-has all of the following effects EXCEPT:

A)impairing physical development.
B)compromising social relationships.
C)affecting play.
D)making children intensely angry.

Question 66

Obesity rates in the United States rose the most dramatically during the:

A)1950s.
B)1980s.
C)early 2000s.
D)second decade of the twenty-first century.

Question 67

Young children can run and jump well before they can follow the rules of games because the:

A)motor cortex develops before the frontal lobes.
B)frontal lobes develop before the motor cortex.
C)frontal lobes are not fully mature until middle childhood.
D)motor cortex is not fully mature until middle childhood.

Question 68

Mary Ann tells you that she plans to completely toilet train Kimbra by her second birthday.Based on this chapter,the main problem with this plan for Kimbra is that the:

A)frontal lobes are just beginning to develop.
B)motor cortex is just beginning to develop.
C)child is in the terrible twos.
D)child will not be able to sit on the toilet.

Question 69

Compared to the early 1970s,what fraction of elementary school children are now overweight or obese?

A)the same percentage
B)twice as many
C)three times as many
D)more than four times as many

Question 70

At roughly which age do the frontal lobes begin their pruning phase?

A)3 years
B)9 years
C)in a person's early twenties
D)40 years

Question 71

Neural pruning in the frontal lobes begins:

A)late in infancy.
B)at around age 5.
C)at around age 9.
D)after puberty.

Question 72

Three-year-old Meilin is unusually good at climbing,jumping,and catching a ball.Her parents should:

A)start to train her at sports right away.
B)give her chances to exercise her skills,but not push her too hard.
C)try to get her to slow down a bit.
D)understand that she isn't likely to do well at academics in first grade.

Question 73

In the United States,children are labeled "obese" when their body mass index (BMI)is at or above the:

A)95th percentile for their age group.
B)95th percentile for their age group in a 1960s national poll.
C)75th percentile for their age group in 2000.
D)75th percentile for their age group in a 1970s national poll.

Question 74

If Sunay is 21,his _____ has not fully developed.

A)motor cortex
B)myelin sheath
C)visual cortex
D)hippocampus

Question 75

If Carmen is coaching a mixed-gender softball team,the boys will MOST likely have the clear-cut advantage:

A)pitching faster and hitting the ball harder.
B)knowing the rules of the game.
C)catching the ball.
D)not striking out when up at bat.

Question 76

With regard to sex differences in childhood motor skills:

A)boys and girls appear to be equal.
B)girls appear to be superior at fine motor skills;boys at gross motor skills.
C)boys appear to be superior at fine motor skills;girls at gross motor tasks.
D)both sexes,are equal,but girls appear to more easily improve with practice.

Question 77

During childhood a child's:

A)head and body grow at the same rate.
B)limbs and body become more rounded.
C)hands and arms grow more rapidly than the limbs.
D)body thins out and the limbs get longer.

Question 78

During kindergarten,which physical ability suggests a child might be academically advanced at school?

A)running fast
B)reproducing designs the child has seen on a previous page
C)drawing a face
D)hitting a ball

Question 79

Which is an example of a (1)gross motor talent and (2)a fine motor talent?

A)(1)forming letters; (2)climbing a tree
B)(1)climbing a tree; (2)forming letters
C)(1)drawing a portrait; (2)painting a wall
D)(1)cutting out a paper snowflake; (2)sawing through a tree

Question 80

A five-year-old who is incredibly talented at remembering and copying designs will MOST likely be _____ at a younger age.

A)writing well
B)playing softball
C)running fast
D)speaking well