Putting It All Together: The Developing Child

Question 1

The maturational changes that take place in infancy are equivalent in impact to those that take place during

A) toddlerhood and the preschool years.
B) middle childhood and adolescence.
C) adolescence and old age.
D) toddlerhood and middle age.
E) toddlerhood and old age.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

According to Epstein, babies develop a theory of

A) attachment.
B) family.
C) reality.
D) systems.
E) self.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Babies shift from locating objects in relation to their own body to locating objects with reference to fixed landmarks when they acquire the ability to

A) discriminate facial expressions.
B) comprehend words.
C) understand object permanence.
D) talk.
E) crawl.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

All of the following occur between about seven and nine months EXCEPT

A) strong central attachment with separation anxiety and fear of strangers.
B) ability to move around independently.
C) ability to use meaningful gestures and to comprehend individual words.
D) understanding of object permanence.
E) ability to participate in pretend play.

Question 5

According to Bowlby, attachment occurs

A) through a series of reinforcements.
B) through a built-in readiness to create it.
C) through classical conditioning.
D) only after the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.
E) through the acquisition of autonomy.

Question 6

When Bee and Boyd state that the newborn infant is "very much on automatic pilot," they mean that

A) the newborn sleeps most of the time.
B) there are built-in rules or schemas that govern the way the infant looks, listens, explores the world, and relates to others.
C) the parents are instinctively capable of guiding the newborn's development, even though they may need help and advice when the infant is older.
D) the newborn has cyclical states of arousal.
E) the system of transition and consolidation is very strong at this time.

Question 7

Eight-month-old Tony would be in which of Erikson's stages?

A) identity vs. role confusion
B) integrity vs. despair
C) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
D) initiative vs. guilt
E) trust vs. mistrust

Question 8

Which of the following BEST describes an example of child development as a system?

A) Juan's rate of learning new words accelerated tremendously between 18 months and two years of age.
B) Robyn has been crawling for several months, and soon she will be able to pull herself up to a standing position.
C) Sharyl understands conservation of quantity, but one year ago she thought that a tall, thin cup held more orange juice than a short, wide cup.
D) Naren has begun to talk, and his social interactions with his child care provider have changed.
E) Lilith is 36 inches tall and she is adding about four inches a year.

Question 9

Who used the term "dilemma" to refer to a period of semiupheaval that occurs when a system changes?

A) Erikson
B) Piaget
C) Freud
D) Riegel
E) Bee

Question 10

Automatic, reflexive responses give way to behavior that appears to be more volitional at approximately what age?

A) 6 to 8 weeks
B) 10 to 12 weeks
C) 3 to 4 months
D) 6 to 8 months
E) 10 to 12 months

Question 11

What term did Riegel use to describe the semiupheaval that occurs as systems change?

A) trauma
B) transition
C) developmental leap
D) upheaval
E) dilemma

Question 12

Between 6 and 12 months of age, Keshawn should acquire the ability to

A) discriminate facial expressions.
B) walk alone.
C) use deferred imitation.
D) play with peers.
E) experience pride and shame.

Question 13

Debbie is a new mother and she will be more alert to her baby's signals during breast-feeding because of the release of what hormone?

A) cortisol
B) estrogen
C) testosterone
D) estradial
E) androgen

Question 14

Who suggested the term "developmental leaps" to describe a period of system change?

A) Erikson
B) Freud
C) Piaget
D) Riegel
E) Bee

Question 15

The acceptable range of experience is narrowest for the development of

A) physical features.
B) perceptual skills.
C) a secure central attachment.
D) cognitive growth.
E) social skills.

Question 16

What term did Erikson use to describe the semiupheaval that occurs as systems change?

A) trauma
B) transition
C) developmental leap
D) upheaval
E) dilemma

Question 17

By 4 months of age, Brianne should achieve all of the following EXCEPT

A) the ability to discriminate her mother from others.
B) depth perception.
C) cooing.
D) spontaneous social smiling.
E) anticipatory fear.

Question 18

Cross-modal transfer, depth perception, and the identification of patterns of sounds and sights all emerge

A) before 4 months of age.
B) before 8 months of age.
C) after 16 months of age.
D) after 24 months of age.
E) during the preschool years.

Question 19

Michelle has just grasped the idea that objects and people continue to exist even when she can't see them. She is probably how old?

A) 2 months
B) 4 to 5 months
C) 7 to 9 months
D) 12 months
E) 16 months

Question 20

The development of a basic attachment requires the cognitive skill of ____________ as a necessary condition.

A) depth perception
B) formal operations
C) concrete operations
D) object permanence
E) conservation

Question 21

Which of the following begins in the early middle childhood years and is still going on at ages 11 and 12?

A) centration in all aspects of thought
B) a more abstract self-concept
C) egocentrism
D) formal operations
E) a decrease in gender segregation

Question 22

The 2- or 3-year-old child develops an increasingly generalized

A) sense of global self worth.
B) conservation concept.
C) sense of ethnicity.
D) internal model of attachment.
E) sense of initiative.

Question 23

Bernie is 20 months old. Which of his internal models is most fully developed?

A) self
B) global worth
C) attachment
D) morality
E) identity

Question 24

The transition to the elementary school years includes a(n)

A) shift to preoperational thinking.
B) tendency to focus on surface properties.
C) focus on appearance.
D) emergence of a global sense of self-worth.
E) an end to gender segregation.

Question 25

Campbell's research of noncompliant 3-year-old children indicated that those who had improved by age 6 had mothers who had been

A) more authoritarian.
B) less positive.
C) more permissive.
D) more attentive.
E) less negative.

Question 26

In Epstein's theory, the baby's theory of reality includes all of the following EXCEPT

A) a belief about the degree to which the world is a place of pleasure or pain.
B) a belief about the extent to which the world is predictable.
C) a belief about the stability of the world.
D) a belief about the worthiness or unworthiness of the self.
E) a belief about whether people are desirable to relate to.

Question 27

Most psychologists agree that babies begin to create two significant internal models. Which of the following are they?

A) heredity and environment
B) self and relationships with others
C) internality and externality
D) active participation and passive observance
E) stability of objects and permanence of relationships

Question 28

Two-year-old Jeremy is in which of Erikson's stages?

A) integrity vs. despair
B) generativity vs. stagnation
C) initiative vs. guilt
D) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
E) trust vs. mistrust

Question 29

Research on the influences on the basic processes developed in infancy indicate that

A) physical damage always has a severe impact.
B) there is a "good enough" range of environment.
C) without an optimal environment, the processes will not occur.
D) the effects of the environment are obvious early in infancy.
E) there is only one acceptable environment for infants.

Question 30

Children should be in Kohlberg's good boy/nice girl stage by what age?

A) 2 years
B) 4 years
C) 6 years
D) 8 years
E) 10 years

Question 31

Sociodramatic play first appears at what age?

A) 1 year
B) 2 years
C) 3 years
D) 4 years
E) 5 years

Question 32

One immense cognitive advance in the transition that occurs on entrance to the preschool years is the

A) ability to use symbols.
B) presence of three-word sentences.
C) emergence of multiple attachments.
D) beginning of play with peers.
E) emergence of conservation.

Question 33

Four-year-old Latisha should be able to do all of the following EXCEPT

A) climb stairs one foot per step.
B) understand false beliefs.
C) begin to have individual friendships.
D) understand gender stability.
E) understand gender constancy.

Question 34

Anita has just begun to grasp conservation, seriation, and class inclusion. She is probably age ________ .

A) 6
B) 8
C) 10
D) 12
E) 15

Question 35

Which of the following is the internal model that is the most fully developed by 18 or 24 months of age?

A) self
B) attachment
C) global worth
D) self-esteem
E) identity

Question 36

Research by Lewis indicates that children from large families

A) have less developed social skills.
B) show more rapid understanding of other's thinking.
C) take longer to develop an understanding of social skills.
D) have a poor representational theory of mind.
E) rarely acquire close friendships outside the family.

Question 37

Now that 2-year-old Emeril has learned to use symbols,

A) he will use more physical aggression.
B) there will be an increase in temper tantrums.
C) he is able to pretend.
D) he will be somewhat more defiant.
E) he will become more self-centered.

Question 38

The first global judgment of self-worth appears at the age of

A) 5 to 6 years.
B) 7 to 8 years.
C) 9 to 10 years.
D) 10 to 12 years.
E) 11 to 12 years.

Question 39

Susan and James are both 3 years old. They are playing together and a conflict has just erupted regarding who will drive the car and who will drive the truck. What effect will this conflict have?

A) It will teach Susan and James to fight over things instead of sharing.
B) It will develop their aggressive social skills and hinder the development of more positive social skills.
C) It will help develop their cognitive skills by creating opportunities to learn about the mental processes of others.
D) It will help develop their cognitive skills but will probably hinder the development of their positive social skills.
E) It will teach them to seek out same-sex playmates in the future.

Question 40

When the preschool child shifts from using him/herself as the only frame of reference, s/he is

A) using abstractions.
B) using reversibility.
C) decentering.
D) no longer egocentric.
E) conserving.

Question 41

For most young people, a clear identity is not achieved until

A) age 10.
B) puberty.
C) age 15.
D) age 17.
E) college age.

Question 42

The period between ages 12 and 20 has been subdivided into early adolescence beginning at age ________ and late adolescence beginning at age ________.

A) 16 or 17; 11 or 12
B) 18 or 19; 12 or 14
C) 9 or 10; 12 or 13
D) 12 or 14; 18 or 19
E) 11 or 12; 16 or 17

Question 43

In cultures in which families live by subsistence agriculture, children of 6 and 7 are

A) considered to be helpless.
B) kept dependent until adolescence.
C) unable to learn until puberty.
D) given almost adult-like roles.
E) expected to support themselves.

Question 44

Samantha is age 14, and Tyrone is age 16. Both are in which of Erikson's stages?

A) integrity vs. despair
B) trust vs. mistrust
C) initiative vs. guilt
D) intimacy vs. isolation
E) identity vs. role confusion

Question 45

Early adolescence is more a time of ________ than is late adolescence.

A) consolidation
B) transition
C) accommodation
D) formal operations
E) assimilation

Question 46

According to Haan, early adolescence is a time dominated by ________, whereas late adolescence is primarily a time of ________.

A) consolidation; transition
B) assimilation; accommodation
C) egocentrism; universalism
D) stagnation; change
E) egocentrism; stagnation

Question 47

Piaget puts the elementary school child in the stage of

A) sensorimotor development.
B) preoperational thought.
C) concrete operations.
D) formal operations.
E) post formal operations.

Question 48

Now that Joshua has reached middle childhood, he will

A) rely more on appearance.
B) become more indifferent towards peers.
C) have decreased physical skills.
D) pay more attention to underlying qualities.
E) ignore specific attributes.

Question 49

There are many gradual changes in middle childhood including

A) greater physical skill.
B) more reliance on appearance.
C) less attention to underlying qualities.
D) less of a role of peers.
E) less attention to attributes.

Question 50

Tyrone is age 8 and the quality of his peer relationships is improving because he is now able to understand

A) inductive processes.
B) conservation.
C) reciprocity.
D) deductive logic.
E) object permanence.

Question 51

Cross-cultural research has shown that across cultures, children in middle childhood do all of the following EXCEPT

A) learn their place in an existing network of roles.
B) develop individual friendships.
C) segregate their play groups by gender.
D) learn the beginnings of concrete operations.
E) develop the cognitive underpinnings of reciprocity.

Question 52

Lara is age 13. She is probably in a continuous state of

A) accommodation.
B) consolidation.
C) isolation.
D) disequilibrium.
E) assimilation.

Question 53

In recent years, research focused on elementary school age children has indicated that

A) all aspects of development are determined by earlier cognitive development.
B) the cognitive bias that has dominated theories of child development is accurate.
C) the peer group and the child's social experience are of central importance.
D) all development is determined by physical changes.
E) perceptual development lags behind cognitive development.

Question 54

Puberty is completed for girls at what age?

A) 12 years
B) 13 years
C) 14 years
D) 15 years
E) 16 years

Question 55

Which of the following is involved in the emergence of a global sense of self-worth?

A) inductive logic
B) egocentrism
C) understanding of reciprocity
D) deductive processes
E) irreversibility

Question 56

Luella is age 13. Which of Kohlberg's stages is she most likely to be in?

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five
E) six

Question 57

Between ages 5 and 7, children begin to understand all of the following EXCEPT

A) seriation.
B) class inclusion.
C) abstract concepts.
D) conservation.
E) concrete operations.

Question 58

In peer relationships, gender segregation

A) rarely occurs.
B) is complete by age 6 or 7 years.
C) does not begin until adolescence.
D) is over by age 6 or 7.
E) is the exception, not the rule.

Question 59

Max is an early developer, taller and more coordinated than his age mates. Max will probably be

A) ahead in cognitive development as well.
B) a target of peer rejection and ridicule.
C) below average in intelligence.
D) low in social skills.
E) emotionally immature.

Question 60

Keith is age 7 and Lawanda is age 10. They are both in which of Erikson's stages?

A) trust vs. mistrust
B) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C) integrity vs. despair
D) initiative vs. guilt
E) industry vs. inferiority

Question 61

Rowe and Marcia's research has shown that full identity achievement was attained only by those who

A) achieved Kohlberg's stage six.
B) used inductive reasoning.
C) had friendships based primarily on reciprocal trust.
D) used formal operations.
E) were in Erikson's last stage.

Question 62

Which child is most likely to have delinquency problems in adolescence?

A) Steve,who has ADHD and authoritative parents
B) Tiffany, who had an insecure attachment as a child and who has a learning disability
C) Juanita, who has an eating disorder and is high in neuroticism
D) Lorenz, who had early behavior problems and inadequate family control
E) Darren, who was depressed in early adolescence and has low self-esteem

Question 63

Research supports the notion of a link between formal operations and

A) Marcia's stage of identity achievement.
B) Kohlberg's level of preconventional reasoning.
C) Erikson's stage of generativity versus stagnation.
D) Piaget's stage of concrete operations.
E) Epstein's internal models.

Question 64

At some time in development, physiological, cognitive, and social changes occur. During which stage do all three occur as significant changes?

A) infancy
B) preschool
C) school-age
D) adolescence
E) adulthood

Question 65

Late adolescence is more a time of ________ than is early adolescence.

A) consolidation
B) transition
C) assimilation
D) concrete operations
E) accommodation

Question 66

Which of Aslin's models is purely environmental?

A) maturation
B) induction
C) cognition
D) assimilation
E) facilitation

Question 67

Which of the following did Steinberg find to be the critical variable in predicting the level of adolescent conflict with parents?

A) gender
B) peer group
C) ethnicity
D) pubertal stage
E) age

Question 68

In Aslin's five models of influence on development, the purely physical model is

A) maturation.
B) induction.
C) cognition.
D) assimilation.
E) facilitation.

Question 69

Early adolescence has certain characteristics in common with the period from

A) birth to 18 months.
B) age 2 to 3.
C) age 5 to 7.
D) age 8 to 9.
E) age 9 to 11.

Question 70

Physiological changes may play some role in the shift to formal operations, because there is some indication that ________ during adolescence.

A) a doubling in the weight of the cortex of the brain occurs
B) synaptic and dendritic pruning continues
C) a major change in the brain-weight to body-weight ratio occurs
D) a change in the color of the brain occurs
E) hormone production decreases

Question 71

Early adolescents show some of the same qualities as toddlers. Which pair of characteristics exists in both groups?

A) negativism and a demand for independence
B) authoritativeness and physical aggression
C) depression and negativism
D) demand for independence and physical aggression
E) aggression and depression.

Question 72

When facing stressful demands, toddlers are most likely to turn to

A) friends.
B) grandparents.
C) an adult outside the family.
D) a parent.
E) their own resources.

Question 73

According to Sroufe's class longitudinal study, early adolescents who were more self-confident and more socially competent with peers had what type of attachment in infancy?

A) secure
B) insecure/resistant
C) insecure/avoidant
D) disorganized/disoriented
E) There is no relationship between attachment in infancy and later peer competence.

Question 74

The beginning of early adolescence is defined by

A) menarche.
B) formal operations.
C) puberty.
D) concrete operations.
E) initiative vs. guilt.

Question 75

Depression and a drop in self-esteem at the beginning of adolescence seem to be linked most with

A) the acquisition of formal operational thinking.
B) the number of simultaneous changes that an adolescent experiences.
C) increases in disagreements or disputes with parents.
D) the development of identity.
E) the increase in altruism.

Question 76

Teens who are high in which two Big Five personality traits are at higher risk for mental health problems?

A) concientiousness and neuroticism
B) extraversion and conscientiousness
C) introversion and conscientiousness
D) neuroticism and extraversion
E) neuroticism and introversion

Question 77

Adolescents are similar to toddlers in their emphasis on

A) independence.
B) altruism.
C) cooperation.
D) selfishness.
E) social skills.

Question 78

Late adolescence is most comparable to which other stage of development?

A) toddlerhood
B) preschool
C) grade school
D) middle adulthood
E) late adulthood

Question 79

The cognitive shift from concrete to formal operations leads to all of the following EXCEPT

A) pubertal changes.
B) changes in self-concept.
C) changes in identity.
D) changes in moral judgment.
E) changes in peer relationships.

Question 80

Adolescents confronting stressful demands turn to

A) coaches.
B) teachers.
C) peers.
D) friends.
E) family.