Deck 15: The Endocrine System

Question 1

Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

A)hormonal
B)neural
C)enzyme
D)humoral

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as .

A)cellular inhibition
B)diabetes mellitus
C)down- regulation
D)metabolism of protein kinases

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The major targets of growth hormone are .

A)the liver
B)bones and skeletal muscles
C)the adrenal glands
D)the blood vessels

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?

A)the skin
B)the heart
C)the kidney
D)the spleen

Question 5

The only amine hormone to act like a steroid is .

A)ACTH
B)GH
C)ADH
D)TH

Question 6

Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction?

A)strength of the bond between the receptor and hormone
B)blood levels of hormone
C)number of receptors for that hormone
D)type of hormone

Question 7

Which of the following organs is affected by thyroid hormone in adults?

A)spleen
B)liver
C)brain
D)thyroid gland

Question 8

ACTH .

A)causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla
B)is secreted by the posterior pituitary
C)secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion
D)is not a tropic hormone

Question 9

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on .

A)the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
B)the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path
C)nothing-all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific
D)the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ

Question 10

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called .

A)antibodies
B)hormones
C)proteins
D)enzymes

Question 11

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus .

A)travel by arteries to the pituitary
B)enter venous circulation and travel to the heart,which pumps the hormone- containing blood to the pituitary
C)enter the hepatic portal system,which feeds the pituitary
D)first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

Question 12

Which of the following is not a steroid- based hormone?

A)estrogen
B)epinephrine
C)cortisone
D)aldosterone

Question 13

Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?

A)a change in membrane potential
B)direct control of the nervous system
C)an increase in enzymatic activity
D)the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis

Question 14

Gonadocorticoids)_ .

A)production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty
B)secretion inhibition is highly dependent on a negative feedback loop involving ACTH
C)hypersecretion can result in adrenogenital syndrome,also called feminization
D)synthesized by the adrenal medulla are primarily androgens

Question 15

When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight- or- flight response,a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is _ .

A)epinephrine
B)estrogen
C)angiotensinogen
D)renin

Question 16

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland.The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the .

A)hepatic portal system
B)hypophyseal portal system
C)general circulatory system
D)feedback loop

Question 17

Thyroid hormone a small iodinated amine)enters target cells in a manner similar to _ _.

A)glucagon,because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone
B)growth hormone,because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone
C)insulin,because insulin is a small peptide
D)steroid hormones,because both diffuse easily into target cells

Question 18

A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle- stimulating hormone FSH),and for this reason he may be unable to father a child.Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.

A)FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males.
B)FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
C)The man must be producing progesterone,which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.
D)The physician is wrong-a hormone made in the adenohypophysis could not influence fertility.

Question 19

Which organ does not have hormone production?

A)heart
B)skin
C)liver
D)kidney

Question 20

Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation.In order for cells to respond,it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate.This is possible because .

A)the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit
B)hormones alter cellular operations through stimulation of a gene directly
C)G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
D)peptide hormones always enter the cell membrane and elicit a response without assistance from other messengers

Question 21

Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?

A)polyphagia
B)polyuria
C)polydipsia
D)All of these are signs.

Question 22

Leptin is secreted by .

A)adipocytes
B)goblet cells
C)lymphocytes
D)fibroblasts

Question 23

In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone,the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ.This is known as .

A)the cell's sensitivity reaction
B)up- regulation
C)cellular affinity
D)a reaction to a stressor

Question 24

The second- messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by .

A)binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
B)increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ
C)synthesizing more of the hormone than is actually needed
D)not responding to a feedback mechanism

Question 25

Aldosterone .

A)functions to increase sodium reabsorption
B)presence increases potassium concentration in the blood
C)production is greatly influenced by ACTH
D)is secreted by the neurohypophysis

Question 26

Which of the following is true about calcium homeostasis?

A)Increased calcitonin levels will cause increased blood calcium levels.
B)Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood.
C)High calcium levels cause bone resorption.
D)Parathyroid hormone causes an increase in osteoblast activity.

Question 27

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients.Which of the following describes this mechanism?

A)humoral stimulation
B)protein synthesis
C)catabolic inhibition
D)the rapid oxidation of carbohydrates

Question 28

Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by _ .

A)acting to decrease basal metabolic rate
B)exerting only a minor effect on body metabolism
C)entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei
D)causing a reduction in the number of blood vessel adrenergic receptors,and therefore decreasing blood pressure

Question 29

What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-based hormones?

A)chlorine
B)sodium
C)calcium
D)iron

Question 30

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second- messenger systems include .

A)hormone binding to intracellular receptors
B)cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger
C)formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates
D)possible activation of several different second- messenger systems

Question 31

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of .

A)cortisol
B)aldosterone
C)insulin
D)secretin

Question 32

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?

A)by blocking the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response
B)by decreasing the heart rate,thus decreasing blood pressure
C)by increasing blood glucose,fatty acid,and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
D)by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin

Question 33

The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium.This is accomplished through .

A)blocking the action of growth hormone
B)targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released
C)slowing the activity of tissues that require calcium for activity
D)antagonizing the synthesis of calcitonin

Question 34

ADH .

A)promotes dehydration
B)increases urine production
C)is produced in the adenohypophysis
D)is inhibited by alcohol

Question 35

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid- based hormones exert their effects through intracellular .

A)second messengers
B)ions
C)deactivators
D)nucleotides

Question 36

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the .

A)thymus gland
B)pancreas
C)thyroid gland
D)adrenal medulla

Question 37

Thyroxine is a peptide hormone,but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones.Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference?

A)It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells.
B)It causes positive feedback.
C)It is very specific in the cell type it targets.
D)It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.

Question 38

Eicosanoids do not include .

A)hydrocortisones
B)prostaglandins
C)leukotrienes
D)paracrines

Question 39

The hypothalamic- hypophyseal tract .

A)conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis
B)is the site of prolactin synthesis
C)connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland
D)is partly contained within the infundibulum

Question 40

The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because .

A)embryonically it was an endocrine tissue,but in the adult human it is no longer functional
B)it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release
C)it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location
D)it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

Question 41

The largest pure endocrine gland in the body is the .

Question 42

Growth hormones act indirectly to make the epiphyseal plate cartilage grow.What then acts directly to make it grow?

Question 43

How is the heart involved as an endocrine gland?

Question 44

Oxytocin .

A)controls milk production
B)release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
C)is an adenohypophyseal secretion
D)exerts its most important effects during menstruation

Question 45

is a hormone that has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts.

Question 46

As a result of stress the adenohypophysis releases ,which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water,increase blood sugar,and begin breaking down fats.

Question 47

Give an example of synergism in hormones.

Question 48

The gland may influence our day/night cycles and even regulate the onset of sexual maturity.

Question 49

are the result of hypersecretion of growth hormone.

Question 50

Basal metabolism declines with age.What factors contribute to that decline?

Question 51

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to _ .

A)epinephrine
B)estrogen
C)cortisol
D)testosterone

Question 52

Glucagon and insulin both target the cells of the liver and are both made in the pancreas,yet they have very different effects on the cells they target.What accounts for this fact?

Question 53

Why should the hypothalamus instead of the adenohypophysis be called the "master endocrine gland"?

Question 54

What is the difference between autocrines and paracrines?

Question 55

Why would one not expect to continue increasing in height with age?

Question 56

Endocrine gland stimuli include hormonal,_ _,and _ stimuli.

Question 57

Briefly discuss target cell activation by hormone- receptor interaction.

Question 58

Alpha islet cells produce _ ,an extremely potent hyperglycemic hormone.

Question 59

Compare the structure and function of endocrine and exocrine glands.

Question 60

Steroid hormones exert their action by .

A)stimulating the synthesis of a glycogen
B)entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
C)increasing blood pressure
D)finding an appropriate cell receptor and initiating cAMP activity

Question 61

A person who drinks a lot of alcoholic beverages must urinate frequently.Why?

Question 62

A woman with excessive body hair,a deep voice,and an enlarged clitoris shows the outward symptoms of which hormonal dysfunction?

Question 63

List the four mechanisms involved in the regulation of aldosterone secretion.

Question 64

are hormones synthesized from cholesterol.

Question 65

Which hormone stimulates production of RBCs and which organ or structure produces it?