Deck 7: Moderators of the Stress Experience

Question 1

The process of involves an individual's efforts to manage internal or external demands that tax his or her resources.

A) primary appraisal
B) self-pacification
C) secondary appraisal
D) meditation
E) coping

Answer 1

coping

Question 2

Emotion-focused efforts would be most effective in coping with the worry and stress due to

A) knowing that you haven't saved enough money to pay your tuition, and it's due in two weeks.
B) waiting to hear if your application to graduate school has been accepted.
C) receiving a notice that your taxes will be audited by the Canada Revenue Agency next week.
D) negative medical test results.
E) having two final exams scheduled for the same day.

Answer 2

waiting to hear if your application to graduate school has been accepted.

Question 3

Treating oneself with kindness, feeling connected with humanity, and being mindfully aware of distressing experiences are qualities of one with

A) self-compassion
B) optimism
C) perfectionism
D) gratitude
E) personal responsibility

Answer 3

self-compassion

Question 4

High self-esteem has been related to

A) reducing the harmful effects of high levels of stress.
B) reducing the harmful effects of low levels of stress.
C) increased longevity.
D) genetic markers.
E) active coping strategies.

Question 5

Moderators of the stress experience

A) may impact how much a stressful experience affects other aspects of a person's life.
B) impact the relationship between social and psychological responses.
C) remove stress altogether.
D) remove illness altogether.
E) are helpful in catastrophic situations only.

Question 6

Coping can be thought of as

A) unrelated to the personality of the individual.
B) the thoughts and behaviours used to manage internal and external demands of a situation appraised as stressful.
C) a one-time transaction between a person and their environment.
D) unaffected by the external resources available to an individual.
E) a positive reaction to stress.

Question 7

According to the textbook, in the coping process any new event or change in the
environment prompts the individual to make secondary appraisals of the significance of the event.

Question 8

Psychological control has been related to

A) low self-esteem.
B) low self-efficacy.
C) high self-esteem.
D) self-compassion.
E) increased self-efficacy.

Question 9

The consideration of coping as a dynamic process implies that

A) coping efforts are moderated by personal resources.
B) coping involves an ongoing set of responses by which the person and the environment are involved in a reciprocal interaction.
C) coping is a particular action that can fluctuate depending on mood.
D) coping involves a wide range of actions and reactions to stress.
E) coping involves an ongoing set of responses by which the person continues to act on the environment.

Question 10

Wilma has experienced increasing levels of stress due to her deteriorating test scores in psychology. She complains to her friend Betty, "I can't seem to get the hang of this stuff. I'm just not smart enough. I may have to drop out of the university." Betty replies, "You're smart enough, Wilma, but you're just not spending enough time studying." Betty is trying to change Wilma's attributions of

A) self-serving bias.
B) internality.
C) globality.
D) externality.
E) stability.

Question 11

Current research suggests that perfectionism

A) is associated with high stress.
B) is harmful for health regardless of what form it takes.
C) increases risk for mortality among older adults.
D) is associated with the practice of fewer wellness-promoting behaviours.
E) is associated with high stress, the practice of fewer wellness-promoting behaviours, and increase the risk of mortality among older adults.

Question 12

Individuals who are high in negative affectivity

A) are less likely to use health services.
B) have a decreased risk of suicide.
C) are not prone to anxiety.
D) suppress symptoms of psychological distress and physical illness.
E) are more prone to have genetic markers linked to alcohol dependence.

Question 13

The belief that one can determine one's own internal states and behaviour, influence one's environment, and/or bring about desired outcomes is

A) self-efficacy.
B) hardiness.
C) perceived control.
D) optimism.
E) gratitude.

Question 14

Negative affectivity

A) may compromise overall health.
B) predicts risk for certain chronic diseases temporarily.
C) is impacted by gluten sensitivity.
D) is not linked to higher risk for mortality in old age.
E) does not lead to poor health as thought.

Question 15

Brissette, Scheier, and Carver (2002) found that university students who were optimists coped more effectively with the transition to university because they were more likely to use as a coping strategy.

A) perception of social support
B) denial
C) seeking social support
D) distancing
E) accepting personal responsibility

Question 16

Research on the effects of procrastination on health has found that

A) the stress associated with procrastination is tied to fewer health-promoting behaviours.
B) the stress associated with procrastination is not tied to health problems.
C) procrastinators are at no more risk for stress than those who do not procrastinate.
D) procrastinating on going to the doctor is not linked to more health problems.
E) procrastination is not associated with engaging in health-compromising behaviours.

Question 17

An individual with a pessimistic explanatory style is more likely to interpret negative events in terms of factors.

A) internal, unstable, global
B) external, stable, global
C) internal and unstable
D) internal, stable, global
E) external, unstable, specific

Question 18

A study of post-menopausal women conducted by O'Donovan and colleagues (2009) found that pessimistic explanatory style is associated with

A) reduced energy levels.
B) reduced cell-mediated immunity.
C) a lack of physical symptoms.
D) higher rates of physical illness.
E) increased use of health facilities.

Question 19

Research investigating the effectiveness of avoidant and approach coping strategies suggests that

A) avoidance strategies are not effective for short-term stressors.
B) both avoidant and approach strategies are equally effective in coping with stress.
C) avoidant strategies are effective in dealing with long-term stressors.
D) the use of approach coping styles may represent a risk factor for negative responses to stressors.
E) approach copers may exhibit short-term anxiety but cope well with long-term stressors.

Question 20

Negative affectivity (or neuroticism) has been related to alcoholism, depression, and suicidal behaviour, but not poor health.

Question 21

Coping efforts are considered successful when they reduce the arousal related to stress.

Question 22

Being able to experience positive emotions, even in the context of otherwise intensely stressful events, is a method of coping that people draw on.

A) introverted
B) extroverted
C) resilient
D) elderly
E) homeless

Question 23

people experience positive emotions even in the context of otherwise intensely stressful events.

A) Perfectionistic
B) Self-compassionate
C) Resilient
D) Emotional
E) Pessimistic

Question 24

Explicit social support

A) is receiving support from that network without actively having to seek out that support.
B) includes knowing that you have a social network that you can rely upon if there were a stressful event.
C) originates from implicit social networks without being directly targeted at a specific problem.
D) is used more by European Americans than Asian Americans.
E) is associated with more psychological and biological benefits for Asian Americans compared to explicit social support.

Question 25

Psychological resilience means being able to bounce back from stressful situations relatively quickly.

Question 26

External coping resources may include time, money, education, a decent job and the absence of other life stressors.

Question 27

Poor social relationships, and especially poor social integration, are major risk factors for death.

Question 28

Whereas social support is associated with physical and psychological well-being,
research has failed to establish a relationship between social support and good health habits.

Question 29

A patient with AIDS decides to enter therapy. He explains that the therapist helps him in ways his friends and family cannot. Specifically, his therapist helps him find ways to cope with the disorder and understand it. This is an example of

A) emotional support.
B) informational support.
C) external assistance.
D) tangible assistance.
E) personal control.

Question 30

The assurance that one is a valuable individual who is cared for is

A) emotional support.
B) visible support.
C) tangible assistance.
D) invisible support.
E) instrumental support.

Question 31

When a supportive companion is present during a stressful situation, research has shown a subdued HPA axis response in participants. This is thought to be due to

A) the release of cortisol.
B) the release of exogenous opioids.
C) an increased cardiovascular response.
D) the release of oxytocin.
E) a suppressed immune system.

Question 32

When Rita underwent major surgery, her husband was by her side all along. He provided strong emotional support making the coping process of dealing with stress very easy for her. This is an example of

A) partnered coping.
B) empathy.
C) symbiotic coping.
D) synchronized coping.
E) dyadic coping.

Question 33

Coping efforts do NOT centre on

A) maintaining emotional equilibrium.
B) the inability to return to pre-stress activities.
C) continuing satisfying relationships with others.
D) maintaining a positive self-image.
E) reducing harmful environmental conditions and enhancing the prospects of recovery.

Question 34

Invisible support

A) is support provided to you without you being aware of it.
B) often produces a sense of guilt.
C) uses others' time and resources.
D) is the perception that when you need social support, it will be available.
E) leads to a sense of obligation to support others.

Question 35

Refusing to tolerate negative events is an important coping outcome.

Question 36

The interplay of the stress experienced and expressed by one partner and the coping reactions of the other, is referred to as

A) the matching hypothesis.
B) the coping response.
C) dyadic coping.
D) invisible coping support.
E) implicit social support.

Question 37

Information from others that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a network of communication and mutual obligation is called

A) perceived control.
B) social support.
C) internal resources.
D) coping.
E) external resources.

Question 38

One of the most potent external resources with respect to health is

A) money.
B) a good social network.
C) optimism.
D) socio-economic status.
E) genetic factors.

Question 39

involves the provision of services, financial assistance, or goods.

A) Visible support
B) Invisible support
C) Tangible assistance
D) Perceived social support
E) Monetary assistance

Question 40

People who are higher in socio-economic status (SES) show

A) high rates of cardiovascular diseases.
B) higher morbidity for medical and psychiatric disorders.
C) higher mortality from all causes of death.
D) high cancer rates.
E) lower mortality from all causes of death.

Question 41

An important variable in understanding the mechanism by which stress is moderated by social support appears to be the manner in which social support is assessed. When social support has been measured in terms of social integration, have been found. When subjective levels of social support have been assessed, however, have
Been found.

A) buffering effects; direct effects
B) buffering effects; few effects
C) direct effects; buffering effects
D) few effects; direct effects
E) direct effects; few effects

Question 42

Relaxation training and stress management programs

A) may be beneficial in controlling stress-related disorders and psychological distress, but have not yet been proven to be cost effective.
B) are best conducted on an individual basis by a licensed psychotherapist.
C) are effective in relieving psychological distress but are seldom used in the treatment of stress-related illnesses.
D) are best conducted in a support group environment, led by a licensed psychotherapist.
E) may be beneficial in controlling stress-related disorders and reducing risk factors associated with coronary heart disease.

Question 43

Explain what is meant by the term stress moderator. Identify three psychological variables and three social variables that have been found to moderate stress. Citing research from the text, explain the
relationship between these variables and the experience of stress.

Question 44

According to the buffering hypothesis,

A) individual resources have little effect on coping with low levels of stress but become important at high levels of stress.
B) individual resources augment one's ability to cope with high or low levels of stress.
C) the more resources an individual has, the better he or she is able to cope with stress.
D) the more space an individual places between himself or herself and the situation, the better he or she is able to cope with stress.
E) individual resources improve a person's ability to cope with only moderate levels of stress.

Question 45

Relaxation training is designed to

A) reduce negative dyadic support interactions.
B) reduce the physiological arousal associated with stress.
C) train individuals not to overcommit.
D) provide cognitive insights into the nature and control of stress.
E) mitigate the effect of stress carriers.

Question 46

The idea that the effectiveness of social support is determined by the ability of an individual's social network to provide the particular types of assistance needed in times of stress is the

A) buffering hypothesis.
B) dyadic hypothesis.
C) empathetic understanding.
D) direct effects hypothesis.
E) matching hypothesis.

Question 47

Individuals that cause you special stress are

A) not important to you.
B) stress aggregators.
C) stress carriers.
D) not to be confronted.
E) easily ignored.

Question 48

Overall, research investigating the effectiveness of social support fails to support the matching hypothesis.

Question 49

Sarah is taking a stress management class. Her instructor provides a variety of ways Sarah can combat her stress. Sarah is instructed to try several of these techniques in order to discover the skills that work best for her. The instructor is using training.

A) inoculation management
B) time management
C) stress inoculation
D) relaxation
E) positive self-talk

Question 50

Explain how individual differences in personality are related to coping, and in turn health.

Question 51

Mindfulness-based stress reduction

A) has a high incidence of failure.
B) is associated with a significant reduction in cortisol levels, blood pressure, and pro- inflammatory cytokines among cancer patients.
C) is linked to initial improvements in stress levels that are not maintained one year later.
D) is based on the practice of mindfulness of moment or moment awareness.
E) produces no physical results and only treats the psychological symptoms of stress.

Question 52

Social support has beneficial effects on

A) emotion regulation.
B) circulation of blood.
C) functioning of the skeletal system.
D) secretion of hormones.
E) lowering the likelihood of illnesses.

Question 53

Stress management programs typically involve phases.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five
E) six

Question 54

Yoga has gained popularity as a means for managing stress and increasing well-being.

Question 55

Researchers investigating disclosure have found that subjects who freely express their feelings about traumatic events

A) perform poorly at school.
B) are less likely to have subsequent health problems.
C) are no longer upset about the events after expressing themselves.
D) show increased levels of physiological arousal.
E) have difficulty maintaining adequate levels of social support.

Question 56

Adi likes to keep to himself, and does not have too many friends. When distressed, he does not reach out for social support, showing Adi has a(n) attachment with his mother.

A) secure
B) weak
C) avoidant
D) strong
E) insecure

Question 57

According to studies by Li and Ferraro (2005) and C. Schwartz, Meisenhelder, Ma, and Reed (2003), evidence suggests that on the whole, people who provide support to others

A) enjoy better health overall.
B) suffer from poor health.
C) have a lower level of self-esteem.
D) have a higher level of self-esteem.
E) receive physiological benefits but suffer in regards to their mental health.

Question 58

Relaxation training therapies

A) increase physiological arousal.
B) include progressive muscle relaxation training, yoga, and hypnosis among other techniques.
C) increase energy utilization.
D) increase lipid levels.
E) increase psychological arousal.

Question 59

Research indicates that exercise may be a useful resource for combating the adverse effects of stress. Your text suggests this may be because exercise

A) decreases exogenous opioids.
B) increases endorphin levels, thus masking the effects of stress.
C) appears to suppress the immune system.
D) always increases cognitive processes.
E) appears to modulate immune activity during stress.

Question 60

According to Repetti et al., (2002), social support from one's parents in early life ________ in later life.

A) is not related to health
B) is related to better health
C) is related to poorer health
D) leads to more passive coping
E) is related to socio-economic status

Question 61

What is social support? What are the benefits of having a sufficient amount of social support? What are the costs of being in a dense social network?

Question 62

Your dormitory suitemate is suffering from stress due to final exams. Using the techniques
described in the text, design a simple stress management program. Explain the function of each component and why it should be included in the program.

Question 63

Explain how coping styles and coping strategies moderate the experience of stress. Citing research from the text, evaluate the effectiveness of each in terms of the type of stressor with which a person might be faced.