Deck 2: Neuroscience As a Basis for Adult Development and Aging

Question 1

Processing speed _____ rapidly as people age.

A) increases
B) declines
C) distorts
D) inclines

Answer 1

B

Question 2

There is evidence on the degree to which social interventions,biological interventions,and _____ interventions influence positive change and negative change,as we grow older.

A) sociocultural
B) life-cycle
C) psychological
D) cross-linking.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Well-practiced tasks,vocabulary,and wisdom can be _____ into old age.

A) lost
B) preserved
C) altered
D) distorted

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The best conclusion to draw from Neuroscience approach is

A) has shown associations between brain structures and social cognitive tasks.
B) cognitive tasks such as person theory have shown the biggest change.
C) person perception has shown associations between brain structures and theory of mind
D) none of these theories completely explain neuroscience approach.

Question 5

Researchers in neuroscience analyze both structural changes in brain volume and density and _____ changes of brain areas.

A) size
B) variable
C) functional
D) coenzymes.

Question 6

From the perspective of neuroscience and aging,researchers acknowledge that cognitive,social and _____ change in older adulthood is influenced at multiple levels.

A) density
B) emotional
C) brain
D) volume

Question 7

Magnetic resonance imaging scanner is radio waves to produce _____ of the brain.

A) structural
B) blood flow
C) functioning
D) images

Question 8

Which approach attempts to link measures of cognitive performance to measures of brain structure or functioning?

A) Correlational
B) Psychological.
C) Neuropsychological.
D) Neurobiological

Question 9

Research methods that focus on the age-related changes of the brain can help explain why certain _____ functioning are preserved.

A) cognitive
B) muscle
C) environment
D) all of the these

Question 10

The neuroscience approach offers a new level of analysis to understanding _____ and _____ functioning.

A) cognitive; social-emotional
B) cellular; occupational
C) systematic; interpretations
D) cross-linking; brain

Question 11

Which approach attempts to directly link functional brain activity with cognitive behavioral data?

A) Neurobiological.
B) Correlational
C) Activation imaging
D) Psychological.

Question 12

A major thrust of adult development and aging research has been on cognitive aging based on _____ data.

A) psychosocial
B) behavioral
C) social
D) environment

Question 13

Which of the following is not associated with neuroscience?

A) brain structures
B) social cognitive tasks
C) cross-linking
D) theory of mind

Question 14

fMRI focuses on the _____ of the brain.

A) structural
B) images
C) functioning
D) blood flows

Question 15

_____ changes allow older adults to adapt to the inevitable decline of specific areas of the brain.

A) compensatory
B) sociological
C) compromise
D) collaboration

Question 16

A Neuroscientific approach to the study of aging has

A) data interpretation.
B) overall patterns.
C) specific disadvantages.
D) specific advantages.

Question 17

Neuroscience approaches can explain how the brain influences performance,and investigating in the maturing brains of _____ and _____.

A) older adults; children
B) adolescents; children
C) women ; men
D) older adult; adolescents

Question 18

Neuroscience research demonstrates that areas of the brain related to visual processing _____ with age.

A) increase
B) stay the same
C) fluctuate
D) decline

Question 19

_____ approach compares the brain functioning of healthy older adults with adults displaying various pathological disorders in the brain.

A) Neurobiological
B) Correlational
C) Psychological
D) Neuropsychological

Question 20

MRI focuses on the _____ of the brain.

A) blood flow
B) structural
C) images
D) wrinkles

Question 21

Research has found that declines in the dopaminergic system are related to declines in _____ memory and _____ tasks.

A) long-term; speed
B) semantic; attention
C) episodic; thought
D) episodic; speed

Question 22

Recently the availability of Neuroscientific methods stimulated research that allows us to study _____ processes and changes.

A) cognitive
B) genetic
C) behavioral
D) social

Question 23

Dopaminergic system is associated with high-level cognitive functioning like inhibiting thoughts,_____ and planning.

A) attention
B) socialization
C) concentration
D) temperament

Question 24

Evidence suggests that _____ shrinkage in the brain is linked to poor cognitive performance.

A) volume
B) density
C) size
D) memory

Question 25

The higher-order executive functions are involved in the ability to make and carry out plans,switch between tasks,and maintain _____and _____.

A) mobility; stability
B) attention; focus
C) sounds; emotions
D) language; faces

Question 26

functioning includes processes such as inhibitory control or the ability to control the contents of the conscious mind using working memory.

A) Executive
B) Cognitive
C) Psychological
D) Conscious

Question 27

_____is the neurotransmitter that sends messages throughout the brain.

A) Serotonin
B) Insulin
C) Adenosine
D) Dopamine

Question 28

Overall,there is considerable shrinkage that occurs in the aging brain,however the shrinkage is selective,the prefrontal cortex,the _____ and the _____ show profound shrinkage.

A) frontal lobe; cortex
B) parietal; occipital
C) cerebellum; amygdale
D) hippocampus; cerebellum

Question 29

Some studies have found prefrontal _____ to be linked to working memory performance.

A) density
B) size
C) white matter
D) volume

Question 30

The sensory cortices,such as the visual cortex,show relatively little _____.

A) shrinkage
B) decline
C) white matter
D) intensity

Question 31

WMH in healthy older adults have been inked to _____ cognitive test scores and _____ executive functioning.

A) increased; decreased.
B) lower; decreased
C) higher; increased
D) lower; increased

Question 32

Neuroscience has dedicated most of its effort to the _____.

A) right axon
B) frontal lobe
C) cerebral cortex
D) focal area

Question 33

To explore brain related factors that might explain age differences in cognitive functioning: a researcher may use _____ to examine how changes in brain activity occur in correspondence to changes in task demands and the type of cognitive functioning.

A) EEG
B) MRI
C) fMRI
D) eMRI

Question 34

Using the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI),studies examine WMH (white matter hyper intensities)have demonstrated that such disruptions may represent dysfunction of the _____ cortex in older adulthood.

A) cerebral
B) frontal
C) prefrontal
D) white

Question 35

The white matter area shows deterioration with increasing age; the Neuroimaging method _____ assess the rate and direction that water diffuses through the white matter.

A) fMRI
B) MRI
C) MRI Scanner
D) DTI

Question 36

The majority of evidence suggests that age-related change in _____ regions of the brain correlates with executive dysfunction and memory decline.

A) frontal
B) cortex
C) cerebellum
D) Hippocampus

Question 37

Executive functioning failures in older adults include irrelevant information to process in the _____.

A) episodic memory
B) working memory
C) long-term memory
D) semantic memory

Question 38

The WMH are linked to cerebrovascular disease,which is preventable and can be treated with medication and changes in _____.

A) diet
B) lifestyles
C) environment
D) social situations

Question 39

The effective functioning of the dopaminergic system _____ in normal aging.

A) increases
B) declines
C) stays the same
D) misfires

Question 40

Poor performance on executive functioning tasks has also been linked with _____ volume of the prefrontal cortex.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) empty
D) improved

Question 41

The overall finding is that reduced working memory performance is related to _____ activation of the anterior cingulated cortex in older adults compared to younger adults.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) neurotransmitter
D) cognitive

Question 42

Older adults form Western cultures showed significantly _____ object-processing adaptation in the lateral occipital complex.

A) greater
B) decreased
C) lower
D) leveled

Question 43

Emotional processing areas of the brain are _____ whereas higher-order executive cognitive process seems to _____.

A) preserved; decline
B) conserved; increases
C) preserved; increase
D) conserved; decline

Question 44

Park and Reuter-Lorenz argue,that the integrative approach embraces a lifelong potential for plasticity and the ability to _____ to age-related changes.

A) change
B) adapt
C) approve
D) modify

Question 45

Older adults from East Asia showed almost _____ adaptation in the lateral occipital complex.

A) no
B) hundred percent
C) fifty percent
D) some

Question 46

Which one of the following part of the brain is preserved from aging?

A) amygdala
B) occipital
C) parietal
D) prefrontal

Question 47

Activation of both left and right prefrontal areas of the brain is called _____ activation.

A) bilateral
B) symmetry
C) multilateral
D) balance

Question 48

The scaffolding theory of cognitive aging model (STAC)suggest that the reason older adults continue to perform at _____ levels despite neuronal deterioration is because of compensatory scaffolding.

A) low
B) high
C) same
D) decrease

Question 49

Bilateral activation in older adults may serve a functional and supportive role in their _____ functioning.

A) conscious
B) unconscious
C) cognitive
D) cultural

Question 50

Reduced frontal recruitment in aging is _____ dependent.

A) recall
B) context
C) recognition
D) thought

Question 51

Default network of the brain refers to regions of the brain that are most _____ at rest.

A) direct
B) inactive
C) active
D) observed

Question 52

Compensation is the brain's response to _____.

A) challenge
B) deterioration.
C) inactivity
D) processing

Question 53

Overall,age-related change seems to have more profound effect on changes in brain _____ than _____.

A) activation; environment
B) functioning; activation
C) systems; culture
D) functioning; culture

Question 54

Most significant findings in the cognitive aging neuroscience literature is the observed _____ of neural activation patterns when comparing younger and older adults' brain activity during the performance of cognitive tasks.

A) continuity
B) discontinuity
C) irregularity
D) interrupted

Question 55

_____ is a multifaceted concept that applies across the life span,and involves the interaction between the brain and the environment and is mostly used to describe the effects of experience on the structure and functions of the neural system.

A) Plasticity
B) Neural
C) Neuroscience
D) neurofibrillary

Question 56

Evidence has shown that the _____ in frontal activity in older adults may be a response to the _____ efficiency of neural processing related to the perceptual areas of the brain.

A) increase; increased
B) decrease; increased
C) function; increased
D) increase; decreased

Question 57

Reduced brain activation or _____ of the prefrontal cortex occurs during intentional cognitive processing.

A) over-recruitment
B) decline-recruitment
C) low-recruitment
D) under-recruitment

Question 58

Lateral occipital complex is involved in _____ processing.

A) memory
B) thought
C) visual
D) conscious

Question 59

The anterior cingulated cortex is affiliated with the prefrontal cortex and is involved in _____ control.

A) cognitive
B) attention
C) thought
D) executive

Question 60

Research findings have shown an association between bilateral activation in older adults and _____ performance in a number of tasks,including _____ memory tasks.

A) higher; long-term
B) lower; working
C) higher; working
D) lower; short-term

Question 61

_____ in older adults persist in the adult brain and can generate new ones throughout the life span.

A) Synapses
B) Neurons
C) Matter
D) Memories

Question 62

Research has shown that if information has _____ significance,we will more likely remember it than information that is more _____ in nature.

A) neutral; emotional
B) important ; emotional
C) emotional; importance
D) emotional ; neutral

Question 63

_____ are strategies which involve using personally relevant cues to help one remember information.

A) Neuropsychology
B) Rehearsal.
C) Repetition
D) Mnemonics

Question 64

Behavioral perspective research has suggested that basis cognitive processes affected by aging can be improved through _____ and _____ to multiple levels of functioning as long as the basic functioning are shared across tasks.

A) practice; repetition
B) writing; reading
C) plasticity; training
D) training; transfer

Question 65

Interventions that are important in enhancing the quality of life of older adults are at the ____________________ level.

Question 66

What does social cognitive neuroscience focus on?

A) how people make causal judgments
B) how people see their environment
C) how people react to social situation
D) how social situations cause stress

Question 67

Research on physical exercise in elderly mice _____ the number of newly generate neurons and improved performance.

A) enhanced
B) decreased
C) impacted
D) changed

Question 68

The Cognitive neuroscience has shown associations between brain structures and a variety of ____________________ cognitive tasks.

Question 69

Core emotional memory network regions are well _____ in emotional memory,as one grows older.

A) preserved
B) balanced
C) deteriorated
D) challenged.

Question 70

Research shows that mice that were exposed to enriched environments performed much better on _____ memory tasks.

A) long-term
B) spatial
C) working
D) short-term

Question 71

Researchers now acknowledge that cognitive,social,and emotional change in older adulthood is influenced at multiple levels including both ____________________ changes in brain volume and ____________________ and functional changes of brain areas.

Question 72

Which region implicated in emotional processing?

A) cerebellum
B) sensorimotor area
C) hippocampus
D) ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 73

A form of compensation from neuroscience perspective that refers to the ability to compensate for declining performance from a behavioral perspective or to the reorganization of neural circuitry is commonly referred to as _____.

A) Neurofibrillary
B) neuropsychology
C) neuraladaptation
D) Plasticity

Question 74

Which of the following brain area is associated with automatic social cognition?

A) basal ganglia
B) frontal lobe
C) cortex
D) occipital

Question 75

Making social judgments are usually.

A) deliberate
B) automatic
C) quick
D) easy

Question 76

Which of the following is preserved with aging.

A) core emotional memory
B) social memory
C) recognition of faces
D) negative information

Question 77

Which of the following brain area are associated with emotional processing?

A) occipital,basal ganglia
B) basal ganglia,amygdale
C) frontal lobe,cortex
D) cerebellum,amygdale

Question 78

Research has shown brain activations when viewing faces with _____ emotional expressions.

A) negative
B) positive
C) neutral
D) None of the above

Question 79

Which part of the brain appears to be relatively spared in the aging adult?

A) occipital
B) parietal
C) amygdalae
D) cortex

Question 80

Which of the following are older adults more motivated to maintain?

A) social memories
B) positive affect
C) unconscious memories
D) white matter