Deck 5: Ethyl Alcohol and the Inhalants of Abuse

Question 1

Females have higher blood ethanol concentrations than males because:

A) males have a greater ratio of muscle to fat than do females.
B) females have a greater ratio of muscle to fat than do males.
C) males have a smaller ratio of muscle to fat than do females.
D) females have a smaller ratio of muscle to fat than do males.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Drinking alcohol on a full stomach ______ the time that ethanol is susceptible to gastric metabolism and results in ______ blood ethanol levels.

A) reduces; decreased
B) increases; decreased
C) reduces; increased
D) increases; increased

Answer 2

B

Question 3

After correcting for differences in body weight,men and women drinking the same amount of ethanol have:

A) the same blood ethanol levels.
B) different blood ethanol levels,with men having higher levels than women.
C) different blood ethanol levels,with women having higher levels than men.
D) equal probability of having higher or lower blood ethanol levels.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Ethanol is readily soluble in:

A) fat,but not water.
B) water,but not fat.
C) neither fat nor water.
D) both fat and water.

Question 5

After correcting for differences in body weight,women drinking the same amount of ethanol as men have ______ blood ethanol levels than men due to a ______ percent body fat.

A) higher; lower
B) lower; lower
C) higher; higher
D) lower; higher

Question 6

The first step in the metabolism of ethanol is conversion to:

A) acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase.
B) acetaldehyde by aldehyde dehydrogenase.
C) formaldehyde by aldehyde dehydrogenase.
D) acetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Question 7

The second step in the metabolism of ethanol is conversion to:

A) alcohol dehydrogenase by acetaldehyde.
B) acetaldehyde by aldehyde dehydrogenase.
C) formaldehyde by aldehyde dehydrogenase.
D) acetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Question 8

The vast majority (approximately 85 percent)of the metabolism of ethanol occurs in the:

A) liver.
B) stomach.
C) brain.
D) small intestine.

Question 9

Minor metabolites of alcohol such as _____ can be reliably detected in hair,urine,and blood samples collected for drug testing to encourage alcohol abstinence.

A) ethyl monosulfate
B) ethyl glucoside
C) ethyl sulfate
D) diethyl monosulfate

Question 10

About 15% of ethanol that is ingested is metabolized first in the:

A) liver.
B) stomach.
C) brain.
D) small intestine.

Question 11

The first step in the metabolism of ethanol is its conversion to:

A) methanol.
B) formaldehyde.
C) acetaldehyde.
D) aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Question 12

Disulfiram (Antabuse)functions by:

A) stimulating aldehyde dehydrogenase activity.
B) blocking the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase.
C) stimulating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
D) blocking the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase.

Question 13

Drinking alcohol on an empty stomach:

A) speeds up alcohol metabolism by slowing down gastric emptying.
B) slows down alcohol metabolism by slowing down gastric emptying.
C) speeds up alcohol metabolism by increasing gastric emptying.
D) slows down alcohol metabolism by increasing gastric emptying.

Question 14

Metabolism of ethanol occurs to the greatest extent in the _______,and to a lesser extent in the ________.

A) small intestine; liver
B) liver; small intestine
C) stomach; liver
D) liver; stomach

Question 15

Women have far _____ gastric metabolism of alcohol than men because of ______ levels of alcohol dehydrogenase.

A) less; higher
B) more; higher
C) less; lower
D) more; lower

Question 16

Females may have a higher apparent blood level of alcohol because:

A) alcohol concentrates in fat.
B) alcohol concentrates in plasma.
C) alcohol dissipates in muscle.
D) alcohol dissipates in fat.

Question 17

The first step in the metabolism of ethanol occurs through action of the enzyme:

A) alcohol dehydrogenase.
B) aldehyde dehydrogenase.
C) acetaldehyde.
D) formaldehyde.

Question 18

The third step in the metabolism of ethanol is conversion to:

A) acetic acid.
B) acetaldehyde.
C) formaldehyde by aldehyde dehydrogenase.
D) carbon dioxide and water.

Question 19

Women have higher blood ethanol levels than men,after correcting for body weight,because women have ______ levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in their ______.

A) lower; liver
B) higher; liver
C) lower; stomach
D) higher; stomach

Question 20

Rapid gastric emptying ______ the time that ethanol is susceptible to gastric metabolism and results in _____ blood ethanol levels.

A) reduces; decreased
B) increases; decreased
C) reduces; increased
D) increases; increased

Question 21

As with many drugs of abuse,the positively reinforcing effects of ethanol are thought to be ultimately the result of the activation of the following neurotransmitter:

A) GABA.
B) glutamate.
C) acetylcholine.
D) dopamine.

Question 22

The sedation and muscle relaxation produced by alcohol are thought to be the result of:

A) blockade of the NMDA receptor.
B) blockade of the GABA receptor.
C) activation of the NMDA receptor.
D) activation of the GABA receptor.

Question 23

The most serious physiological long-term consequence of excessive alcohol consumption is:

A) respiratory arrest.
B) cardiac arrest.
C) stroke.
D) liver damage.

Question 24

Korsakoff's syndrome involves damage to the:

A) liver.
B) kidneys.
C) heart.
D) brain.

Question 25

Alcohol ______ blood vessels and _______ body temperature.

A) dilates;raises
B) constricts;raises
C) dilates;lowers
D) constricts;lowers

Question 26

The most common cause of death in alcoholics is:

A) respiratory arrest.
B) cardiac arrest.
C) stroke.
D) liver damage.

Question 27

Two of the greatest health risks for chronic alcoholics are:

A) kidney disease and vitamin deficiency.
B) liver disease and Korsakoff's syndrome.
C) kidney disease and Korsakoff's syndrome.
D) kidney disease and liver disease.

Question 28

Tolerance to alcohol includes:

A) enzyme-induction (metabolic)and tissue/functional tolerance.
B) enzyme-induction (metabolic)but not tissue/functional tolerance.
C) tissue/functional but not enzyme-induction (metabolic)tolerance.
D) neither enzyme-induction (metabolic)nor tissue/functional tolerance.

Question 29

Alcohol in low doses _______ the risk of coronary artery disease by _______ high-density lipoproteins in blood.

A) reduces; decreasing
B) reduces; increasing
C) increases; decreasing
D) increases; increasing

Question 30

In alcohol withdrawal,the mood stabilizing drug Lamictal is efficacious in:

A) decreasing alcohol consumption.
B) improving mood.
C) protecting the brain.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 31

Lucy is a binge drinker.In comparison to her older male companion,research suggests that her risk of mortality due to ischemic stroke __________,while his risk __________.

A) declines; increases
B) declines; is lower
C) increases; increases
D) increases; is lower

Question 32

Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized by:

A) central nervous system dysfunction.
B) retarded growth rate.
C) facial abnormalities.
D) enhanced cognition.

Question 33

"Anticraving" drugs used to treat ethanol dependency act as:

A) NMDA blockers.
B) NMDA agonists.
C) GABA blockers.
D) GABA agonists.

Question 34

The administration of naltrexone may block craving for alcohol,suggesting that ______ receptors may be involved in alcohol dependence.

A) glutamate
B) GABA
C) serotonin
D) opiod

Question 35

Many of the effects of ethanol are believed to be due to ______ of glutamate action at the NMDA receptor and _______ of GABA action.

A) enhancement; blockade
B) enhancement; enhancement
C) blockade; enhancement
D) blockade; blockade

Question 36

Alcohol in moderate doses ______ the risk of ischemic stroke by _______ platelet aggregation.

A) reduces; increasing
B) reduces; decreasing
C) increases; increasing
D) increases; decreasing

Question 37

Exposure to alcohol during pregnancy is ______ with learning difficulties and antisocial behavior in adolescence.

A) not correlated with
B) positively correlated with
C) negatively correlated with
D) dependent upon

Question 38

The delirium tremens (DTs)consist of the following symptoms,EXCEPT:

A) hallucinations.
B) disorientation.
C) psychomotor agitation.
D) angry outbursts.

Question 39

All of the following are believed to be mechanisms of action of moderate doses of ethanol,EXCEPT alterations of:

A) ACh receptor activity.
B) intracellular transduction processes.
C) NMDA receptor activity.
D) GABA receptor activity.

Question 40

Michele just arrived at a party and has had one glass of wine.Generally speaking,we would expect her to exhibit:

A) decreased sociability and talkativeness.
B) improved attention and judgment.
C) faster information processing.
D) decreased inhibitions and control.

Question 41

One of the mechanisms of ethanol action is activation of the GABA receptor.

Question 42

The ability of ethanol to nonselectively disturb synaptic activation of various neurotransmitters indicates that ethanol produces at least some of its effects by destabilizing cell membranes.

Question 43

Chronic alcohol consumption is thought to produce frontal lobe dysfunction.

Question 44

Chronic ethanol ingestion decreases levels of the cannabinoid-receptor agonist anandamide.

Question 45

One of the mechanisms of ethanol action is activation of the NMDA subtype of the glutamate receptor.

Question 46

With chronic abuse of inhalants,serious complications can include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) liver and/or kidney failure.
B) dementia.
C) neuropathies and encephalopathy.
D) impaired eye movement.

Question 47

Although alcohol damages the liver,it does not appear to damage the brain.

Question 48

Alcohol abuse is one of the most common causes of adult-onset seizures.

Question 49

In expectant mothers,chronic ethanol ingestion but not binge drinking increases the risk of mental health problems in their children.

Question 50

Disulfiram (Antabuse)is useful in treating alcoholics because it inhibits the:

A) conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde.
B) conversion of acetaldehyde to acetic acid.
C) enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.
D) conversion of acetic acid to acetaldehyde.

Question 51

______ is an alcohol-sensitizing drug that is used to deter drinking.

A) Disulfiram (Antabuse)
B) Clonidine (Catapress)
C) Naltrexone
D) Acamprosate (Campral)

Question 52

Differences between levels of the liver enzyme responsible for metabolism of ethanol account in part for differences in blood ethanol levels between men and women,after controlling for weight.

Question 53

Ethanol is soluble in fat,but not in water.

Question 54

The mood stabilizing anticonvulsants are useful for detoxifying alcoholics.

Question 55

In adolescents,regular use of alcohol has been shown to improve working memory.

Question 56

Moderate doses of ethanol reduce the risk of ischemic stroke.

Question 57

Serotonin reuptake inhibitors reduce alcohol consumption in treating less severe cases.

Question 58

Blackouts are due to impaired transcription of memory protein formation from genetic material (DNA).

Question 59

At least part of ethanol's actions appear to be a result of alterations in serotonergic activity.

Question 60

Toluene,the psychoactive ingredient in airplane glue,exerts its central action through:

A) vasodilatation.
B) muscle relaxation.
C) activation of dopaminergic reward centers.
D) anesthetic-like effects.

Question 61

Comorbid alcohol abuse and aggressive behaviors may be treated with:

A) antidepressants.
B) anticonvulsant mood stabilizers.
C) barbiturates.
D) benzodiazepines.

Question 62

_____ are used in acute alcohol withdrawal or detoxification but are limited due to potential physical dependence.

A) Cannabinoid receptor antagonists
B) Anticonvulsants
C) Antidepressants
D) Benzodiazepines

Question 63

The physical deterioration associated with long-term excessive alcohol use is thought to be associated with:

A) poor hydration.
B) excessive weight loss.
C) vitamin deficiencies.
D) poor eating habits.

Question 64

An alcohol dependent person may be prescribed Baclofen (Lioresal)to modulate the balance between:

A) glutamate and dopamine.
B) serotonin and GABA.
C) acetylcholine and glutamate.
D) GABA and glutamate.

Question 65

Alcohol _____ impulse control due to _____ activation resulting in the increased probability of aggressive behavior.

A) increases; sympathetic
B) decreases; serotonergic
C) increases; glutamatergic
D) decreases; dopaminergic

Question 66

Acamprosate is an anticraving drug that helps alcohol dependent individuals remain abstinent by interacting with _____ receptors.

A) glutaminergic NMDA
B) glutaminergic AMPA
C) GABAergic
D) cholinergic

Question 67

Faster-onset,shorter-acting benzodiazepines may be useful during alcohol withdrawal to:

A) eliminate drug craving.
B) suppress withdrawal symptoms.
C) stimulate glutamate activity.
D) suppress seizure activity.

Question 68

Acamprosate has actions similar to ethanol at both the GABA and NMDA receptors.

Question 69

Although useful in treating anxiety,the benzodiazepines (lorazepam,for example)are of little use in treating alcohol withdrawal.

Question 70

Caitlyn is going through treatment for alcohol addiction.Her physician has prescribed lamotrigine (Lamictal)as part of her treatment.This drug _____ glutamate release and _____ craving for alcohol.

A) increases; decreases
B) decreases; increases
C) decreases; decreases
D) increases; increases

Question 71

Tami has some issues with alcohol consumption,but she does not drink excessively.Still,evidence suggests that ______ may provide some benefit to her and control impulsive behavior that could lead to addiction.

A) opiods
B) SSRIs
C) acetylcholine
D) SNPs

Question 72

Tunde has developed generalized anxiety and has begun drinking alcohol to self-medicate to temporarily reduce his anxiety.Research suggests that Tunde's drinking behavior is due to:

A) positive reinforcement.
B) positive punishment.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) negative punishment.

Question 73

In the United States,the prevalence of inhalant abuse among adolescents is exceeded only by the combined use of marijuana,alcohol,and tobacco.

Question 74

Although death is relatively rare during acute intoxication and inhalant abuse,_____ accounts for about half of all acute fatalities.

A) gasoline fuels
B) butane
C) propane
D) toluene

Question 75

Long-acting benzodiazepines may be used during alcohol withdrawal because they:

A) eliminate drug craving.
B) suppress withdrawal symptoms.
C) stimulate glutamate activity.
D) suppress seizure activity.

Question 76

Repeated alcohol withdrawals may ______ the severity of subsequent withdrawals and _____ the likelihood of withdrawal seizures.

A) increase; decrease
B) increase; increase
C) decrease; increase
D) decrease; decrease

Question 77

Sudden sniffing death syndrome is commonly associated with _____ inhalation.

A) gasoline fuels
B) butane
C) helium
D) toluene

Question 78

Experimental evidence suggests that detoxified male alcoholics possess long lasting deficits in _____ function even following long periods of abstinence.

A) hippocampal
B) cognitive
C) motor
D) executive

Question 79

The coenzyme _____ is the rate limiting step in the conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase.

A) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
B) adenosine phosphate
C) adenosine monophosphate
D) nicotine adenosine dinucleotide

Question 80

Bupropion (Wellbutrin)may be used for alcohol dependent individuals because the positive reinforcement aspects of alcohol may involve the ______ system.

A) serotonergic
B) dopaminergic
C) glutamatergic
D) GABAergic