Deck 10: Race and Ethnicity

Question 1

Scapegoats are often used as substitutes for the actual source of the frustration.For example,members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups are often blamed for societal problems (such as unemployment or an economic recession)over which they have no control.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In the contact hypothesis,symbolic interactionists point out that contact between people from divergent groups should lead to favorable attitudes and behavior when certain factors such as having equal status and pursuing the same goals are present.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Discriminatory actions vary in severity from the use of derogatory labels to violence against individuals and groups.The ultimate form of discrimination,genocide,occurs when people are considered to be unworthy to live because of their race or ethnicity.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Internal colonialism occurs when members of a racial or ethnic group are conquered or colonized and forcibly placed under the economic and political control of the dominant group.Groups that have been subjected to internal colonialism remain in subordinate positions longer than groups that voluntarily migrated to the United States.

Question 5

According to the critical race theory,the best way to document racism and ongoing inequality in society is to listen to the lived experiences of people who have experienced such discrimination.

Question 6

The split-labor market theory refers to the division of the economy into two areas of employment,a privatization sector or upper tier,composed of higher-paid (usually subordinate group)workers in more secure jobs,and a tertiary sector or lower tier,composed of lower-paid (often superordinate group)workers in jobs with little security and hazardous working conditions.

Question 7

To sociologists,a superordinate group is one whose members,because of physical or cultural characteristics,are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment by the dominate group and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.

Question 8

An example of de jure segregation is the Jim Crow laws,which legalized the separation of the races in public accommodations (such as hotels,restaurants,transportation,hospitals,jails,schools,churches,and cemeteries)in the southern United States after the Civil War.

Question 9

Today,sociologists emphasize that race is a socially constructed reality,not a biological one.From this approach,the social significance that people accord to race is more significant than any biological differences that might exist among people who are placed in arbitrary categories.

Question 10

Native Americans are the most disadvantaged racial or ethnic group in the United States in terms of income,employment,housing,nutrition,and health.

Question 11

Biological (amalgamation)assimilation in the United States initially followed an "Anglo conformity" model;members of subordinate ethnic groups were expected to conform to the culture of the dominant white Anglo-Saxon population.

Question 12

According to sociologist Joe Feagin,indirect institutionalized discrimination takes place when a prejudiced judge may give harsher sentences to all African American defendants but may not be supported by the judicial system in that action.

Question 13

According to psychologist Theodor Adorno,a permissive personality is more likely to develop in a family environment in which dominating parents who are anxious about status use physical discipline but show very little love in raising their children.

Question 14

Recent publicity about celebrities of mixed-race heritage,such as the golfer Tiger Woods,together with the change in the way that the Census Bureau asks about race,may lead more people to identify themselves as having more than one racial heritage.

Question 15

Ethnocentrism is maintained and perpetuated in stereotypes,which are overgeneralizations about the appearance,behavior,or other characteristics of members of particular categories.

Question 16

Ethnic groups share five main characteristics.One of them is "territoriality," or the tendency to occupy a distinct geographic area (such as Little Italy or Little Havana)by choice and/or for self- protection.

Question 17

An ethnic group is a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior,often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color,hair texture,eye shape,or other subjectively selected attributes.

Question 18

The "Trail of Tears" was one of the most disastrous acts of forced assimilation that African
Americans experienced in the United States.

Question 19

Overt discrimination in sports occurs when whites are described as having the intelligence,dependability,and leadership and decision-making skills needed in positions requiring higher levels of responsibility and control.

Question 20

White,ethnic immigrants of Irish and Italian descent have been the most privileged group in the United States.

Question 21

______________ is a collection of people,distinguished by others or by themselves,primarily on the basis of cultural or nationality characteristics.

A)Culture
B)Tribal group
C)Race
D)Ethnic group

Question 22

______________ have a high price even for survivors,whose life chances can become bleaker even after the violence subsides.

A)Racial wars
B)Religious wars
C)Sociological wars
D)Ethnic wars

Question 23

In the United States,whites with Northern European ancestry (often referred to as Euro-Americans,white Anglo-Saxon Protestants,or WASPs),are considered to be a______________group.

A)multilateral
B)minority
C)subordinate
D)dominant

Question 24

Historically,persons of color have been considered to be______________members in the United States,particularly when they are from lower-income categories.

A)dominant-group
B)multilateral-group
C)majority-group
D)subordinate-group

Question 25

Ethnic groups share all of the following main characteristics EXCEPT:

A)a sense of community
B)a feeling of ethnocentrism
C)identical genetic heritage
D)territoriality

Question 26

When Puerto Rico became a possession of the United States in 1917,Puerto Ricans acquired
U.S.citizenship and the right to move freely to and from the mainland.

Question 27

______________ is a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior,often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color,hair texture,eye shape,or other subjectively selected attributes.

A)Ethnic group
B)Race
C)Tribal group
D)Culture

Question 28

______________ is blatant and may take the form of public statements about the "inferiority" of members of a racial or ethnic group.

A)Open racism
B)Subtle racism
C)Overt racism
D)Closed racism

Question 29

______________ is a set of attitudes,beliefs,and practices that is used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group.

A)Prejudice
B)Discrimination
C)Stereotyping
D)Racism

Question 30

Since 1970,many immigrants have arrived in the United States from countries located in the "Middle East," which is the geographic region from Afghanistan to Libya and includes Arabia,Cyprus,and Asiatic Turkey.

Question 31

In sports,calling a player of color a derogatory name,participating in racist chanting during a sporting event,and writing racist graffiti in a team's locker room are all forms of____________________________racism.

A)closed
B)overt
C)open
D)subtle

Question 32

To sociologists,a______________is one whose members,because of physical or cultural characteristics,are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment by the controlling group,and therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.

A)dominant group
B)multilateral group
C)subordinate group
D)majority group

Question 33

Historically,stratification based on race and ethnicity has pervaded all aspects of political,economics,and social life.Consider sports as an example.Even after______________broke the "color line" in 1947 to become the first African American in Major League Baseball,his experience was marred by racial slurs,hate letters,and death threats.

A)Willie Mays
B)Jackie Robinson
C)Henry Aaron
D)Satchel Paige

Question 34

Despite high levels of achievement,Iranian and Arab Americans have experienced persistent discrimination in the United States.

Question 35

The first wave of Cuban immigrants to the United States were mostly former prisoners and patients of mental hospitals in Cuba.Their arrival fueled an upsurge in prejudice against all Cuban Americans.

Question 36

From a sociological perspective,______________is a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of selected racial and ethnic groups.

A)prejudice
B)discrimination
C)stereotyping
D)profiling

Question 37

All of the following sports team names are examples of stereotypes EXCEPT the:

A)Atlanta Braves
B)Pittsburgh Penguins
C)Cleveland Indians
D)Washington Redskins

Question 38

Ethnocentrism is maintained and perpetuated by______________,which is/are overgeneralization(s)about the appearance,behavior,or other characteristics of members of particular categories.

A)prejudices
B)stereotypes
C)discrimination
D)profiling

Question 39

To sociologists,a______________is one that is advantaged and has superior resources and rights in a society.

A)dominant group
B)minority group
C)subordinate group
D)multilateral group

Question 40

Many prominent race scholars think that it is important to ignore race in order to eliminate racism.

Question 41

______________ is often hidden from sight and more difficult to prove.

A)Subtle racism
B)Open racism
C)Closed racism
D)Overt racism

Question 42

A(n)______________is a person or group that is incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others.

A)frustrated non-aggressor
B)scapegoat
C)racist
D)authoritarian personality

Question 43

Based on sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination,______________hold personal prejudices and actively discriminate against others.

A)unprejudiced discriminators
B)prejudiced nondiscriminators
C)prejudiced discriminators
D)unprejudiced nondiscriminators

Question 44

A man applies for a job at a factory where many people of color are employed.A more qualified African American is hired for this job.The unsuccessful applicant proceeds to direct a great deal of hatred at African Americans and may even become violent in his relationships with members of this subordinate group.This is an example of the:

A)frustration-aggression hypothesis
B)social learning theory
C)authoritarian personality principle
D)social convergence hypothesis

Question 45

Examples of______________racism in sports include those descriptions of African American athletes that suggest that they have "natural" abilities and are better suited for team positions requiring speed and agility.

A)open
B)closed
C)overt
D)subtle

Question 46

According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, are not personally prejudiced and do not discriminate against others.

A)prejudiced nondiscriminators
B)unprejudiced nondiscriminators
C)prejudiced discriminators
D)unprejudiced discriminators

Question 47

According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination,____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ hold personal prejudice but do not discriminate due to peer pressure,legal demands,or a desire for profits.

A)prejudiced discriminators
B)unprejudiced discriminators
C)prejudiced nondiscriminators
D)unprejudiced nondiscriminators

Question 48

A football coach is happy to work with African American players,but feels that white fans will accept only a certain percentage of people of color on the team,thus affecting his hiring practices.According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination,this coach is a(n):

A)unprejudiced nondiscriminator
B)unprejudiced discriminator
C)prejudiced nondiscriminator
D)prejudiced discriminator

Question 49

The ultimate form of discrimination occurs when people are considered to be unworthy to live because of their race or ethnicity.______________is the deliberate,systematic killing of an entire people or nation.

A)Discrimination
B)Genocide
C)Prejudice
D)Racism

Question 50

Examples of______________include the killing of thousands of Native Americans by white settlers in North America and the extermination of six million European Jews by Nazi Germany.

A)prejudice
B)discrimination
C)genocide
D)racism

Question 51

A football coach dislikes African Americans but still hires black players because he thinks they will enhance the team's ability to win.According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination,this coach is a(n):

A)unprejudiced nondiscriminator
B)unprejudiced discriminator
C)prejudiced nondiscriminator
D)prejudiced discriminator

Question 52

Psychologist Theodore W.Adorno and his colleagues concluded that highly prejudiced individuals tend to have a(n)______________,which is characterized by excessive conformity,submissiveness to authority,intolerance,insecurity,a high level of superstition,and rigid,stereotypic thinking.

A)frustrated-aggressive demeanor
B)authoritarian personality
C)scapegoat obsession
D)superiority complex

Question 53

An umpire dislikes African Americans and,with deliberate intent,often makes official calls incorrectly when black players are at bat.According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination,this umpire is a(n):

A)unprejudiced nondiscriminator
B)unprejudiced discriminator
C)prejudiced nondiscriminator
D)prejudiced discriminator

Question 54

An authoritarian personality is most likely to develop in a family environment in which________________________________________________________________________________________________________________parents who are anxious about status use physical discipline but show very little love in raising their children.

A)egalitarian
B)permissive
C)dominating
D)laissez-faire

Question 55

Members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups are often used as substitutes for the actual source of the frustration;they become______________and are often blamed for societal problems (such as unemployment or an economic recession)over which they have no control.

A)authoritarian personalities
B)racists
C)frustrated nonaggressors
D)scapegoats

Question 56

According to symbolic interactionists,children initially do not have a frame of reference from which to question the prejudices of their relatives and friends;when they are rewarded with smiles or laughs for telling derogatory jokes or making negative comments about outgroup members,children's prejudiced attitudes may be reinforced.This exemplifies:

A)social learning
B)frustration-aggression
C)the authoritarian personality
D)unprejudiced discrimination

Question 57

Two players on a professional sports team are best friends;it so happens that one player is white and the other is African American.According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination,these players are:

A)unprejudiced nondiscriminators
B)unprejudiced discriminators
C)prejudiced nondiscriminators
D)prejudiced discriminators

Question 58

______________ involves actions or practices of dominant group members (or their representatives)that have a harmful impact on members of a subordinate group.

A)Prejudice
B)Racism
C)Stereotyping
D)Discrimination

Question 59

The______________states that people who are disappointed in their efforts to achieve a highly desired goal will respond with a pattern of assertiveness toward others.

A)social learning theory
B)authoritarian personality principle
C)frustration-aggression hypothesis
D)social convergence hypothesis

Question 60

Based on sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination,______________may have no personal prejudice but still engage in discriminatory behavior because of peer group pressure or economic,political,or social interests.

A)unprejudiced discriminators
B)prejudiced nondiscriminators
C)prejudiced discriminators
D)unprejudiced nondiscriminators

Question 61

A bank might consistently deny loans to people of a certain race.This would be an example of discrimination.

A)marginal
B)institutional
C)uniform
D)individual

Question 62

The killing of thousands of Native Americans by white settlers in North America and the extermination of six million European Jews by Nazi Germany illustrates a policy called:

A)genocide
B)ethnic cleansing
C)discrimination
D)prejudice

Question 63

______________ is a process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture.

A)Participation
B)Pluralism
C)Assimilation
D)Colonialism

Question 64

Cultural assimilation in this country initially followed a(n)______________model.

A)"anglo conformity"
B)"follow the leader"
C)"join the bandwagon"
D)"cultural lag"

Question 65

Sociologist Joe Feagin identified______________as harmful action intentionally taken by a dominant group member against a member of a subordinate group.This type of discrimination occurs without the support of other members of the dominant group in the immediate social or community context.

A)indirect institutionalized discrimination
B)isolate discrimination
C)direct institutionalized discrimination
D)small-group discrimination

Question 66

Sociologist Joe Feagin identified______________as harmful action intentionally taken by a limited number of dominant group members against members of subordinate groups.This type of discrimination is not supported by existing norms or other dominant group members in the immediate social or community context.

A)isolate discrimination
B)direct institutionalized discrimination
C)small-group discrimination
D)indirect institutionalized discrimination

Question 67

Sociologist Joe Feagin identified______________as organizationally prescribed or community prescribed action that intentionally has a differential and negative impact on members of subordinate groups.These actions are routinely carried out by a number of dominant group members based on the norms of the immediate organization or community.

A)small-group discrimination
B)isolate discrimination
C)indirect institutionalized discrimination
D)direct institutionalized discrimination

Question 68

A small group of white students deface a professor's office with racist epithets;however,their actions are not supported by other students or members of the faculty.According to sociologist Joe Feagin,these students' behavior illustrates______________discrimination.

A)indirect institutionalized
B)small-group
C)direct institutionalized
D)isolate

Question 69

Sociologist Joe Feagin referred to______________as practices that have a harmful impact on subordinate group members even though the organizationally or community prescribed norms or regulations guiding these actions were initially established with no intent to harm.

A)direct institutionalized discrimination
B)isolate discrimination
C)indirect institutionalized discrimination
D)small-group discrimination

Question 70

A prejudiced judge gives harsher sentences to all African American defendants,even though he is not supported by the judicial system in his actions.According to sociologist Joe Feagin,this illustrates______________discrimination.

A)indirect institutionalized
B)small-group
C)direct institutionalized
D)isolate

Question 71

A person may decide not to rent an apartment to someone of a different race.This would be an example of______________discrimination.

A)uniform
B)institutional
C)standard
D)individual

Question 72

______________ discrimination consists of one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property.

A)Individual
B)Standard
C)Institutional
D)Uniform

Question 73

In the______________hypothesis,symbolic interactionists point out that when people from divergent groups are exposed to each other,favorable attitudes and behavior develop when certain factors are present.

A)relationship
B)social behavior
C)contact
D)participation

Question 74

______________ assimilation occurs when members of one group marry those of other social or ethnic groups.

A)Cultural (acculturation)
B)Biological (amalgamation)
C)Structural (integration)
D)Psychological

Question 75

Special education classes were originally intended to provide extra educational opportunities for children with various types of disabilities.Some critics claim that these programs have amounted to racial segregation in many school districts.According to sociologist Joe Feagin,these policies illustrate______________discrimination.

A)indirect institutionalized
B)small-group
C)direct institutionalized
D)isolate

Question 76

When Ben makes racist jokes and use racial slurs directed at people he is engaging in______________discrimination.

A)isolate
B)small-group
C)direct institutionalized
D)indirect institutionalized

Question 77

______________ examine how microlevel contacts between people may produce either greater racial tolerance or increased levels of hostility.

A)Conflict theorists
B)Symbolic interactionists
C)Functionalists
D)Postmodern theorists

Question 78

______________ discrimination consists of the day-to-day practices of organizations and institutions that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups.

A)Individual
B)Marginal
C)Institutional
D)Uniform

Question 79

Interactionists point out that when people from divergent groups are exposed to each other,favorable attitudes and behavior develop when certain factors are present.Which of the following is NOT one of these factors?

A)The members of each group must have equal status.
B)The members of each group must pursue different goals.
C)The members of each group must cooperate with one another to achieve their goals.
D)The members of each group must receive positive feedback when they interact with one another in positive,nondiscriminatory ways.

Question 80

______________ assimilation occurs when members of an ethnic group adopt dominant group traits,such as language,dress,values,religion,and food preferences.

A)Cultural (acculturation)
B)Structural (integration)
C)Biological (amalgamation)
D)Psychological