Deck 2: Evolution, Genetics, and Experience: Thinking About the Biology of Behavior

Question 1

All behavior is the product of

A) an organism's genetic endowment.
B) an organism's experience.
C) an organism's perception of the current situation.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Answer 1

all of the above

Question 2

Darwin suggested a mechanism for evolution:

A) genes.
B) natural selection.
C) sex.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Answer 2

natural selection.

Question 3

The general intellectual climate of a culture is referred to as its

A) canon.
B) guano.
C) Zeitgeist.
D) converging operations.
E) confounds.

Answer 3

Zeitgeist.

Question 4

Fitness in the Darwinian sense refers to an organism's ability to

A) survive and contribute large numbers of fertile offspring to the next generation.
B) remain healthy.
C) win fights.
D) survive.
E) avoid predation.

Question 5

One way to study self-awareness in nonhuman animals is to confront them with

A) a mirror.
B) a photograph of themselves.
C) an experiment.
D) a frontal-lobe lesion.
E) a difficult task.

Question 6

Courtship displays are important evolutionary phenomena because they

A) promote the evolution of new species.
B) promote extinction.
C) facilitate aggression.
D) encourage social dominance.
E) eliminate copulation.

Question 7

Social dominance is an important factor in evolution because dominant males often

A) kill their mates.
B) become seriously injured.
C) produce more offspring than nondominant males.
D) establish hierarchies.
E) are much larger.

Question 8

A major purpose of Chapter 2 of Biopsychology is to teach you not to think about the biology of behavior in terms of

A) instinct.
B) Cartesian dualism.
C) traditional dichotomies.
D) psychology.
E) the brain.

Question 9

The single most influential theory in the biological sciences is the theory of

A) D. O. Hebb.
B) Charles Darwin.
C) evolution.
D) both A and C
E) both B and C

Question 10

European ethologists focused on the study of

A) invertebrates.
B) instinctive behaviors.
C) learning.
D) both A and C
E) both B and C

Question 11

Descartes's philosophy was called

A) monism.
B) behaviorism.
C) ethology.
D) mentalism.
E) dualism.

Question 12

Asomatognosia typically

A) results from damage to the right parietal lobe.
B) affects the left side of the body.
C) affects both sides of the body.
D) affects the right side of the body.
E) both A and B

Question 13

Horse breeders have created faster horses through programs of

A) natural selection.
B) gene splicing.
C) selective breeding.
D) domestication.
E) euthanasia.

Question 14

Darwin's theory of evolution was published in

A) 1312.
B) 1562.
C) 1859.
D) 1920.
E) 1943.

Question 15

Depicted here is the cortex of the right

A) parietal lobe.
B) hippocampus.
C) striatum.
D) frontal lobe.
E) prefrontal lobe.

Question 16

Nature is to nurture as

A) learning is to genetics.
B) behaviorism is to ethology.
C) genetics is to experience.
D) both A and B
E) both B and C

Question 17

The idea that the human brain and human mind are separate entities was formalized in the 1600s by

A) Hebb.
B) Locke.
C) Plato.
D) Descartes.
E) Pinel.

Question 18

Asomatognosia is a

A) form of Korsakoff's syndrome.
B) dualistic philosophy.
C) learned response.
D) consequence of hypothalamic damage.
E) deficiency in the awareness of parts of one's own body.

Question 19

Darwin was not the first to suggest that species evolve, but he was the first to suggest that

A) evolution occurs through natural selection.
B) cultures rarely evolve.
C) evolution occurs by genetics.
D) mammals do not evolve.
E) sex is an important component of evolution for all living species.

Question 20

According to the text, the phrase, "Reports of its death have been greatly exaggerated." sums up the history of

A) biopsychology.
B) physiology.
C) Cartesian dualism.
D) nature-or-nurture thinking.
E) comparative psychology.

Question 21

One remaining mammalian species that lays eggs is the

A) duck-billed platypus.
B) hominin.
C) prosimian.
D) Florida walking catfish.
E) orangutan.

Question 22

The first hominins are thought to have evolved about

A) 200 million years ago.
B) 100 million years ago.
C) 50 million years ago.
D) 6 million years ago.
E) 1 million years ago.

Question 23

Animals with dorsal nerve cords are called

A) phyla.
B) chordates.
C) vertebrates.
D) mammals.
E) amphibians.

Question 24

Which of the following is not true?

A) All mammals are chordates.
B) All chordates are vertebrates.
C) All reptiles are vertebrates.
D) All mammals are vertebrates.
E) All vertebrates are chordates.

Question 25

Which of the following are chordates?

A) humans
B) vertebrates
C) Florida walking catfish
D) mammals
E) all of the above

Question 26

Reptiles evolved directly from

A) amphibians.
B) fish.
C) bony fish.
D) prosimians.
E) snakes.

Question 27

Frogs, toads, and salamanders are

A) vertebrates.
B) chordates.
C) amphibians.
D) all of the above
E) both A and C

Question 28

Unlike Old-World monkeys, apes

A) do not have tails.
B) have opposable thumbs that are not useful for precise manipulation.
C) do not have opposable thumbs.
D) cannot walk upright for short distances.
E) have tails.

Question 29

Reptiles were the first animals to

A) have back bones.
B) lay shell-covered eggs.
C) be covered by dry scales.
D) both A and B
E) both B and C

Question 30

Evidence suggests that complex multicellular, water-dwelling organisms first appeared on earth

A) in the early 1920s.
B) 600 million years ago.
C) 10 million years ago.
D) 4 million years ago.
E) 2 million years ago.

Question 31

Lizards, snakes, and turtles are

A) reptiles.
B) amphibians.
C) vertebrates.
D) both A and C
E) both B and C

Question 32

Australopithecines, the first hominins, are thought to have evolved about __________ years ago.

A) 100 million
B) 150 million
C) 90 million
D) 6 million
E) 100 thousand

Question 33

The first animals to start to venture out of the water were

A) reptiles.
B) bony fishes.
C) amphibians.
D) Florida walking catfish.
E) both B and C

Question 34

Birds and reptiles are

A) amphibians.
B) chordates.
C) vertebrates.
D) all of the above
E) both B and C

Question 35

Prosimians, hominins, and apes are all

A) old-world monkeys.
B) new-world monkeys.
C) langurs.
D) primates.
E) both B and C

Question 36

Australo means __________; pithecus means __________.

A) African; gorilla
B) southern; ape
C) African; chimpanzee
D) African; ape
E) African; man

Question 37

The conspecific of a vole is a

A) rat.
B) monkey.
C) human.
D) mouse.
E) vole.

Question 38

Well preserved 3.6-million-year-old footprints of 1.3-meter tall, small-brained __________ were discovered in African volcanic ash.

A) apes
B) Homo sapiens
C) Neanderthals
D) Australopithecines
E) archaeologists

Question 39

According to the simplest theory, the hominin line is composed of two different genera:

A) Australopithecus and Homo.
B) apes and Homo sapiens.
C) apes and humans.
D) old-world monkeys and new-world monkeys.
E) reptiles and amphibians.

Question 40

Mammals evolved directly from

A) reptiles.
B) fish.
C) amphibians.
D) prosimians.
E) primates.

Question 41

About 200 thousand years ago, early hominins were gradually replaced in the African fossil record by

A) old-world monkeys.
B) accountants.
C) modern humans.
D) primates.
E) Australopithecus.

Question 42

According to one prominent theory, monogamy evolved in only those species

A) in which each female could raise more fit young if she had undivided help.
B) with opposable thumbs.
C) with large brains.
D) that used tools.
E) all of the above

Question 43

Which species has a brain larger than the human brain?

A) whale
B) elephant
C) chimpanzee
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 44

The field that focuses on the evolution of human behavior is

A) the human genome.
B) humanism.
C) evolutionary psychology.
D) behavioral evolution.
E) human genetics.

Question 45

Metaphorically, evolution is a

A) scale.
B) ladder.
C) book.
D) bush.
E) soap dish.

Question 46

Sudden evolutionary changes are often triggered by

A) selective breeding.
B) fossilization.
C) paleontologists.
D) brains.
E) sudden changes in the environment.

Question 47

Which of the following characteristics evolved to perform one function and were then co-opted to perform another?

A) exaptations
B) spandrels
C) homologues
D) analogues
E) none of the above

Question 48

A bird's wing and a bee's wing are

A) convolutions.
B) cerebral.
C) convergent.
D) homologous.
E) analogous.

Question 49

In terms of which of the following measures of brain size are humans surpassed by shrews?

A) brain weight
B) brain volume
C) neocortex volume
D) cerebellum volume
E) brain weight expressed as a percentage of total body weight

Question 50

Convergent evolution produces structures that are

A) convergent.
B) analogous.
C) homologous.
D) both A and C
E) both B and C

Question 51

Early research on the evolution of the brain focused on

A) its size.
B) the brain stem.
C) the thalamus.
D) the uvula.
E) its chemistry.

Question 52

Approximately what proportion of all species that ever existed on earth are still in existence?

A) about 61%
B) about 31%
C) about 7.5%
D) less than 1%
E) about 19%

Question 53

The last surviving hominin species is

A) Australopithecus.
B) Homo sapiens.
C) prosimians.
D) lemurs.
E) tree shrews.

Question 54

Scientists who study fossils are called

A) archaeologists.
B) evolutionists.
C) podiatrists.
D) geologists.
E) paleontologists.

Question 55

In most vertebrate species, mating is

A) monogamous.
B) promiscuous.
C) polygynous.
D) polyandrous.
E) asexual.

Question 56

Modern adult human brains vary in size from about

A) 1,000 to 2,000 grams.
B) 10 to 20 grams.
C) 1,440 to 1,500 grams.
D) 1,300 to 1,400 grams.
E) 1,350 to 1,360 grams.

Question 57

Which of the following are evolutionary changes that are not adaptive?

A) spandrels
B) exaptations
C) homologous structures
D) analogous structures
E) both B and C

Question 58

In general, the brain stem regulates

A) thinking.
B) memory.
C) emotion.
D) reflex activities critical for survival.
E) vision.

Question 59

The pattern of mate bonding that is most prevalent in mammals is

A) promiscuity.
B) polygyny.
C) monogamy.
D) polyandry.
E) marriage.

Question 60

During the course of human evolution, there has been a general increase in the

A) size of the brain.
B) number of cortical convolutions.
C) size of the cortex.
D) size of the cerebrum.
E) all of the above

Question 61

Individuals who possess two identical genes for a particular trait

A) are homozygous for that trait.
B) are heterozygous for that trait.
C) cannot have offspring of the same phenotype for that trait.
D) cannot have offspring of the same genotype for that trait.
E) none of the above

Question 62

Just prior to mitotic cell division, the number of chromosomes in the cell

A) doubles.
B) is reduced by half.
C) doubles twice.
D) stays the same.
E) is increased by 50%.

Question 63

Gametes are produced by

A) mitosis.
B) mitotic cell division.
C) meiosis.
D) copulation
E) fertilization.

Question 64

The "letters" of the genetic code are

A) deoxyribose bases.
B) phosphates.
C) nucleotide bases.
D) amino acids.
E) peptides.

Question 65

If an individual has a recessive phenotype for a particular trait, it can be concluded that

A) both parents also had a recessive phenotype for that trait.
B) only one parent had a recessive phenotype for that trait.
C) both parents were homozygous for the dominant gene for that trait.
D) each parent had at least one recessive gene for that trait.
E) both A and C

Question 66

Sex-linked traits that are controlled by dominant genes occur more frequently in

A) females.
B) males.
C) neural disorders.
D) XY individuals.
E) both B and D

Question 67

How many different nucleotide bases are there in DNA?

A) l
B) 2
C) 4
D) 7
E) 26

Question 68

The two genes, one on each chromosome of a pair, that control the same trait are called

A) dominants.
B) phenotypes.
C) genotypes.
D) gametes.
E) alleles.

Question 69

Proteins that bind to DNA and influence the rate at which particular structural genes will be expressed are called

A) transcription factors.
B) autosomes.
C) enhancers.
D) sex-linked traits.
E) mutations.

Question 70

Which of the following is a short segment of DNA that determines the rate at which a protein will be synthesized by a particular structural gene?

A) ribosome
B) enhancer
C) codon
D) nucleotide
E) codon segment

Question 71

On the DNA molecule, cytosine binds to

A) guanine.
B) adenine.
C) thymine.
D) thiamine.
E) uracil.

Question 72

In Down syndrome, there is

A) no guanine.
B) no adenine.
C) no thymine.
D) no cytosine.
E) an extra chromosome in each cell.

Question 73

Illustrated here is

A) mitosis.
B) meiosis.
C) the replication of a DNA molecule.
D) the replication of an RNA molecule.
E) an enhancer.

Question 74

Mendel's early experiments challenged the central premise upon which previous ideas about inheritance had rested. This was the premise that

A) there is only one gene for each trait.
B) there are two genes for each trait.
C) offspring can inherit only those traits that are displayed by their parents.
D) white seeds are dominant.
E) some traits are dominant and some are recessive.

Question 75

In each cell of the human body, there are normally

A) 21 chromosomes.
B) 21 pairs of chromosomes.
C) 23 genes.
D) 23 chromosomes.
E) 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Question 76

Accidental alteration in individual genes during replication is called

A) crossing over.
B) translation.
C) linkage.
D) mutation.
E) self-duplication.

Question 77

An organism's observable traits are referred to as its

A) genotype.
B) phenotype.
C) dominant traits.
D) recessive traits.
E) none of the above

Question 78

Female mammals have

A) only one X chromosome.
B) only one Y chromosome.
C) two X chromosomes.
D) two Y chromosomes.
E) both A and B

Question 79

Mendel

A) studied dichotomous pea-plant traits.
B) began his experiments by crossing the offspring of true-breeding lines.
C) collaborated with Darwin.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 80

Color blindness occurs more frequently in males than in females because it is

A) dominant.
B) rare.
C) quite common.
D) a recessive sex-linked trait.
E) both A and B