Deck 22: The Diversity of Fungi

Question 1

Some fungi are predators (not parasites)of:

A)humans.
B)wheat.
C)chestnut and elm trees.
D)nematodes (roundworms).
E)spiders.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following features are characteristic of fungi?

A)cell walls, feeding by absorption, and usually filamentous bodies
B)cell walls, photosynthesis, and usually filamentous bodies
C)no cell walls, feeding by absorption, chemosynthesis
D)no cell walls, parasitic, heterotrophic
E)cell walls, chemosynthetic, heterotrophic

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The mat-like structure composed of hyphal threads that forms the body of most fungi is called a(n):

A)ascus.
B)septum.
C)mycelium.
D)zygospore.
E)basidium.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The interwoven mass of cells that forms large structures like an earthstar or a mushroom is a:

A)spore.
B)root.
C)septum.
D)mycelium.
E)hypha.

Question 5

The worldwide die-off of frogs has been traced to infection by:

A)basidiomycetes.
B)ascomycetes.
C)zygomycetes.
D)glomeromycetes.
E)chytrids.

Question 6

Based on the fossil record, the oldest fungi were:

A)chytrids.
B)ascomycetes.
C)basidiomycetes.
D)zygomycetes.
E)glomeromycetes.

Question 7

Fungal cell walls are different from plant cell walls because fungal walls contain:

A)cellulose, while plant walls have chitin.
B)glycogen, while plant walls have cellulose.
C)glycoprotein, while plant walls have starch.
D)chitin, while plant walls have cellulose.
E)cellulose, while plant walls have pectin.

Question 8

Fungi are similar to plants because both:

A)are important producers in their ecosystems.
B)have cell walls surrounding their plasma membranes.
C)liberate nutrients from dead tissues.
D)produce embryos when they reproduce.
E)have chloroplasts in their cells.

Question 9

In which environment would you most likely find chytrids?

A)a warm swamp
B)the back of the refrigerator
C)a basket of overripe fruit
D)a well-used gym bag

Question 10

Which fungal group produces swimming, flagellated spores?

A)zygomycetes
B)chytrids
C)basidiomycetes
D)ascomycetes
E)glomeromycetes

Question 11

Both bacteria and fungi digest food by:

A)secreting enzymes and then absorbing the smaller molecules.
B)forming food vacuoles.
C)eating only already decomposed molecules made of very large molecules.
D)eating only small organisms that they can engulf.
E)photosynthesis.

Question 12

The dominant generation in the fungal life cycle is usually:

A)diploid.
B)haploid.
C)a sporophyte.
D)polyploid.
E)unicellular.

Question 13

Fungi usually obtain food by:

A)digesting it externally and then absorbing it.
B)photosynthesis.
C)absorbing it and then digesting it within fungal cells.
D)chemosynthesis.
E)producing antibiotics that internally destroy bacteria.

Question 14

According to the fossil record, the most ancient group of fungi is probably the:

A)ascomycetes.
B)basidiomycetes.
C)chytrids.
D)zygomycetes.
E)glomeromycetes.

Question 15

A zygosporangium is produced by:

A)meiosis of hyphae.
B)mitosis of hyphae.
C)the union of egg and sperm.
D)meiosis of megaspores.
E)the union of two haploid hyphae.

Question 16

Molds easily contaminate foods because fungi:

A)are unaffected by cooking.
B)produce huge numbers of highly mobile, airborne spores.
C)cannot survive in a refrigerator.
D)have haploid bodies.
E)produce temporary, visible reproductive structures.

Question 17

When you eat mushrooms on your pizza, you are technically eating the:

A)seeds.
B)chloroplasts.
C)fungal leaves.
D)mycelium.
E)roots.

Question 18

Which of the following sequences describes sexual reproduction in the fungal life cycle?

A)The haploid zygote divides by meiosis to form haploid spores.
B)The diploid zygote divides by meiosis to form haploid spores, which produce haploid mycelia through mitosis.
C)Haploid gametes divide by meiosis to produce a diploid zygote, which grows by mitosis to produce diploid mycelia.
D)Free-swimming gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote, which grows by mitosis.
E)Diploid spores divide by meiosis to form haploid gametes, which join to form mycelia.

Question 19

The body of a fungus is generally composed of:

A)cellulose.
B)vascular tissue.
C)mycorrhizae.
D)mold.
E)hyphae.

Question 20

Which polysaccharide is produced by both fungi and arthropods?

A)cellulose
B)glycogen
C)glucose
D)fructose
E)chitin

Question 21

How are lichens and mycorrhizae similar?

A)Both form symbiotic relationships with plants that benefit the plants.
B)Both parasitize live plants, eventually killing them.
C)Both are pioneer species that colonize bare rock.
D)Both are saprophytes that decompose dead materials.

Question 22

What are lichens?

A)algae
B)Archaea
C)fungi
D)a symbiotic association of algae and Archaea
E)a symbiotic association of algae and fungi

Question 23

When zygosporangia germinate, they must undergo ________ before forming hyphae.

A)meiosis
B)sporulation
C)mitosis
D)fertilization

Question 24

Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations between:

A)animals and fungi.
B)fungi and plant stems.
C)algae and fungi.
D)algae and plant roots.
E)plant roots and a fungus.

Question 25

Fungi that live inside plant leaves and provide protection from insects are:

A)lichens.
B)mycorrhizae.
C)endophytes.
D)saprophytes.
E)photosynthetic.

Question 26

The specialized reproductive structures of club fungi are called:

A)asci.
B)toadstools.
C)mycelia.
D)zygospores.
E)basidia.

Question 27

In ascomycetes, the ascus functions in:

A)sexual reproduction.
B)digestion.
C)vegetative growth.
D)asexual reproduction.
E)photosynthesis.

Question 28

Which fungal phylum usually carries on sexual reproduction?

A)chytrids
B)ascomycetes
C)basidiomycetes
D)zygomycetes
E)glomeromycetes

Question 29

Mycorrhizae associations are:

A)very unusual.
B)common; at least 80% of the species of plants form these associations.
C)common only to species like grasses.
D)absolutely necessary for survival.
E)common only in nutrient-rich environments.

Question 30

Which fungal group is most commonly found in lichens?

A)basidiomycetes
B)ascomycetes
C)zygomycetes
D)glomeromycetes
E)chytrids

Question 31

Mycorrhizae surround and infiltrate the ________ of vascular plants.

A)roots
B)stems
C)leaves
D)flowers
E)seeds

Question 32

The name "sac fungi" is appropriate for the ascomycetes because:

A)they produce seeds in saclike structures.
B)they grow well in closed bags.
C)the body of the fungus is a saclike shape.
D)it is best to carry them in a sack.
E)they produce spores in saclike structures.

Question 33

The conspicuous structures on the surface of a dead tree that indicate a fungus is growing inside are for:

A)pollination.
B)reproduction.
C)feeding.
D)defense.
E)show only.

Question 34

Black bread molds produce diploid reproductive structures called:

A)asci.
B)toadstools.
C)mycelia.
D)zygosporangia.
E)basidia.

Question 35

The photosynthetic component of a lichen is a(n):

A)arthropod.
B)small plant.
C)ascomycetes.
D)alga.
E)basidiomycetes.

Question 36

Which group of fungi appears to lack sexual reproduction?

A)basidiomycetes
B)ascomycetes
C)zygomycetes
D)glomeromycetes
E)chytrids

Question 37

The specialized reproductive structures of sac fungi are called:

A)asci.
B)toadstools.
C)mycelia.
D)zygospores.
E)basidia.

Question 38

Which of the following are among the first organisms to colonize barren habitats?

A)fungi
B)plants
C)mushrooms
D)lichens
E)small mammals

Question 39

________ form beneficial symbiotic relationships with plant roots.

A)Chytrids
B)Ascomycetes
C)Basidiomycetes
D)Zygomycetes
E)Glomeromycetes

Question 40

What are mycorrhizae?

A)root parasites
B)nitrogen fixers
C)root-dwelling mutualists
D)photosynthetic nodules
E)bread molds

Question 41

Claviceps purpurea is an organism from the phylum ________ that infects rye plants and produces toxins (including LSD)that can cause convulsions, hallucinations, and death if consumed by a person.

A)Ascomycota
B)Chytridiomycota
C)Basidiomycota
D)Glomeromycota
E)Zygomycota

Question 42

If a strong fungicide is released and eliminates all the fungi in an ecosystem, which of the following is likely to happen?

A)improved growth of plant species
B)faster breakdown of leaf litter
C)an accumulation of dead and discarded plant and animal tissues
D)improved soil fertility
E)increased rate of photosynthesis

Question 43

What gives blue cheeses like Roquefort and Stilton their unique flavor?

A)chytrids
B)ascomycete mold
C)Aspergillus
D)Claviceps purpurea
E)Candida albicans

Question 44

Single-celled fungi are known as:

A)Basidiomycota.
B)prokaryotic.
C)ascospores.
D)club fungi.
E)yeasts.

Question 45

Which fungus species is responsible for the destruction of American elm trees?

A)zygomycetes
B)chytrids
C)basidiomycetes
D)ascomycetes
E)glomeromycetes

Question 46

Ascomycetes can damage cotton garments because they produce protease and:

A)penicillin.
B)smuts.
C)cellulase.
D)asci.
E)fruiting bodies.

Question 47

The highly toxic Aspergillus infects:

A)wheat.
B)milk.
C)peanuts.
D)bread.
E)human skin.

Question 48

Aflatoxins come from:

A)corn smut.
B)Candida albicans.
C)Aspergillis.
D)Claviceps purpurea.
E)Amanita.

Question 49

Rusts and smuts are examples of:

A)fungal plant diseases.
B)lichens.
C)mycorrhizae.
D)yeasts.
E)human pathogens.

Question 50

During alcohol fermentation, yeasts ferment:

A)carbon dioxide.
B)chitin.
C)sugar.
D)oxygen gas.
E)complex carbohydrates.

Question 51

________ causes human yeast infections.

A)Amanita
B)Candida albicans
C)Aspergillus
D)Claviceps purpurea

Question 52

Which of the following is an example of a parasitic fungal disease?

A)herpes
B)malaria
C)trichinosis
D)athlete's foot
E)sleeping sickness

Question 53

The importance of fungi to ecosystems is mostly as a(n):

A)parasite.
B)herbivore.
C)omnivore.
D)producer.
E)decomposer.

Question 54

Which of the following is a by-product of yeast fermentation?

A)carbon dioxide
B)carbon monoxide
C)sugar
D)oxygen gas
E)chitin

Question 55

Which of the following fungus species produces ergot poisoning?

A)Amanita
B)Candida albicans
C)Aspergillus
D)Claviceps purpurea
E)truffles

Question 56

Inhaling fungal spores can produce:

A)vaginal yeast infections.
B)histoplasmosis.
C)ergot poisoning.
D)Amanita-induced liver failure.
E)carbon dioxide.

Question 57

If there were no fungi:

A)nutrient recycling would stop.
B)plants would overrun the Earth.
C)grazing animals would be unable to digest plants.
D)oxygen production would stop.

Question 58

The antibiotic penicillin was originally derived from:

A)bacteria.
B)Archaea.
C)fungi.
D)plants.
E)chemical factories.

Question 59

Why are fungi important in recycling woody plants?

A)Fungi digest chloroplasts.
B)Fungi are the only organisms capable of digesting both cellulose and lignan.
C)Woody plants occupy the same environment as fungi.
D)Fungi have internal digestion necessary to digest wood.

Question 60

What creates the holes in bread?

A)air
B)alcohol
C)yeast
D)oxygen gas
E)carbon dioxide

Question 61

Fungi have external digestion. True or False?

Question 62

Lichens can form from the symbiotic relationship between a photosynthetic bacterium and a fungus. True or False?

Question 63

Mycorrhizae are plant parasites. True or False?

Question 64

During sexual reproduction, fungi produce haploid spores via ________.

Question 65

During asexual reproduction, fungi produce haploid spores via ________.

Question 66

Fungal cell walls are composed of lignan. True or False?

Question 67

Mycorrhizae help plants in dry environments draw water into their roots. True or False?

Question 68

Chytrids reproduce by ________, which sets this group apart from other fungi.

Question 69

Yeasts form a symbiotic relationship with a bacteria. True or False?

Question 70

Chytrids are the fungal species best adapted to colonizing dry environments. True or False?

Question 71

Hyphae are divided into cells by ________.

Question 72

Glomeromycetes reproduce by zygospores. True or False?

Question 73

In a lichen, ________ produce sugars for the fungal partner.

Question 74

Fairy rings are produced by basidiomycetes. True or False?

Question 75

Fungi that feed on dead tissue are saprophytes. True or False?

Question 76

Ringworm is a fungal infection of the skin. True or False?

Question 77

During sexual reproduction, the spores of the sac fungi develop in ________.

Question 78

It is hypothesized that ________ associations may have helped plants colonize dry land.

Question 79

In black bread molds, the ________ produce haploid spores for asexual reproduction.

Question 80

Fungal hyphae usually are diploid. True or False?