Deck 5: The Central Nervous System

Question 1

Which of the following statements concerning cerebrospinal fluid is incorrect? Cerebrospinal fluid

A) is formed by the choroid plexuses and is reabsorbed across the arachnoid villi into the blood within the dural sinuses.
B) serves as a shock-absorbing fluid to cushion the brain against jarring movements.
C) comes into direct contact with the neuronal and glial cells.
D) fills the subarachnoid space.
E) influences the composition of the brain interstitial fluid more than the blood does.

Answer 1

comes into direct contact with the neuronal and glial cells.

Question 2

Which glial cells affect the conduction velocity of CNS neurons?

A) astrocytes.
B) ependymal cells.
C) neurons.
D) microglia.
E) oligodendrocytes.

Answer 2

oligodendrocytes.

Question 3

A stroke is a

A) cerebrovascular accident.
B) glucose deficiency.
C) loss of the myelin sheath.
D) neurotransmitter deficiency.
E) uncontrolled firing of neurons.

Answer 3

cerebrovascular accident.

Question 4

Which of the following described ependymal cells?

A) holding the neurons together in proper spatial relationship
B) lining the internal cavities of the brain and spinal cord
C) inducing the formation of the blood-brain barrier
D) take up excess K⁺ to help maintain proper brain ECF ion concentration.
E) forming neural scar tissue

Question 5

Astrocytes

A) induce formation of the blood-brain barrier.
B) are important in the repair of brain injuries and in neural scar formation.
C) take up excess K⁺ from the brain ECF.
D) physically support neurons.
E) all of these answers.

Question 6

The blood-brain barrier

A) limits the direct exchange of materials between the cerebrospinal fluid and brain.
B) is formed in part by the tight junctions between the brain capillary cells.
C) consists of the astrocyte processes that encircle the brain capillaries.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 7

Which of the following is (are) not part of the peripheral nervous system?

A) alpha motor neurons
B) sympathetic nervous system
C) spinal cord
D) afferent division
E) vagus nerve

Question 8

Which cells signal the brain capillary cells to align with tight junctions forming the blood-brain-barrier?

A) neurons
B) interneurons
C) astrocytes
D) motor neurons
E) pia mater cells

Question 9

Visceral afferent neurons

A) carry information out of the CNS.
B) carry information into the CNS from organs and glands.
C) carry information regarding sensations from the skin
D) two of these answers.
E) all of these answers.

Question 10

The most abundant type of neuron in the body is the

A) motor neuron.
B) efferent neuron.
C) afferent neuron.
D) interneuron.
E) sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons.

Question 11

The brain uses _____ % of the oxygen and _____ % of all the glucose consumed by the body.

A) 10/10
B) 20/20
C) 50/20
D) 20/50
E) none of the above

Question 12

In addition to producing cerebral spinal fluid, ependymal cells may

A) contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier.
B) act as immune cells.
C) function as neural stem cells.
D) conduct neural impulses.
E) produce myelin.

Question 13

The enteric nervous system controls:

A) the skeletal muscles
B) the digestive system
C) the cardiovascular system
D) all endocrine glands
E) the entire PNS

Question 14

The brain

A) consists of 90% interneurons and 10% glial cells.
B) can perform anaerobic metabolism when oxygen supplies are low.
C) normally uses only glucose as a fuel for energy production.
D) two of these answers.
E) all of these answers.

Question 15

Efferent neurons

A) transmit sensory information
B) have a motor function.
C) transmit messages into the spinal cord.
D) none of these answers.
E) all of these answers.

Question 16

The normal sequence of structures activated for signal transmission and response in the body is

A) effector--afferent neuron--interneuron--efferent neuron-receptor.
B) effector--efferent neuron--interneuron--afferent neuron-receptor.
C) receptor--afferent neuron--interneuron--efferent neuron-effector.
D) receptor--efferent neuron--interneuron--afferent neuron-effector.

Question 17

The outer most meninge is the

A) arachnoid mater
B) dura mater
C) dural sinus
D) pia mater
E) venous sinus

Question 18

Which component of the nervous system is comprised of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

A) central nervous system.
B) somatic nervous system.
C) autonomic nervous system.
D) afferent division.
E) none of these answers.

Question 19

The arachnoid mater is

A) the innermost meningeal layer.
B) a delicate, richly vascularized meningeal layer that is "cobwebby" in appearance.
C) a tough, inelastic membrane that covers the central nervous system.
D) involved with the formation of cerebrospinal fluid.
E) more than one of these answers is correct.

Question 20

Which type of glial cell is similar in function to white blood cells?

A) astrocytes
B) neurons
C) oligodendrocytes
D) ependymal cells
E) microglia

Question 21

Parkinson's disease is

A) associated with a deficiency of serotonin.
B) treated with L-Dopa
C) characterized by a resting tremor.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) both (b) and (c) above.

Question 22

The subcortical regions of the brain include all of the following except:

A) basal nuclei
B) thalamus
C) hypothalamus
D) cerebellum
E) all of the above are part of the subcortical regions

Question 23

Consciousness is created in the

A) cerebellum.
B) cerebral cortex.
C) frontal lobe.
D) hypothalamus.
E) medulla oblongata.

Question 24

The supplemental motor area:

A) lies in the parietal lobe
B) plays a role in preparations of complex motor sequences
C) is also called the premotor cortex
D) directly influence alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord
E) if damaged would cause paralysis

Question 25

An electroencephalogram

A) is a record of action potential activity in the cerebral cortex.
B) represents the momentary collective postsynaptic activity in the cerebral cortex.
C) displays larger brain waves when the eyes are open than when the eyes are closed.
D) both (a) and (c) above.
E) both (b) and (c) above.

Question 26

The sense of body position is

A) somatosensory.
B) kinesthetic.
C) proprioception.
D) integrated in the occipital lobe.
E) none of the above.

Question 27

Broca's area is located on the cerebral cortex of the ____ lobe.

A) frontal.
B) occipital.
C) parietal.
D) temporal.
E) insula.

Question 28

Select the incorrect association.

A) occipital lobe/speech formation.
B) occipital lobe/visual input.
C) parietal lobe/proprioception.
D) parietal lobe/somesthetic sensations.
E) temporal lobe/sound input.

Question 29

The corpus callosum interconnects the

A) brain stem and cerebellum.
B) brain stem and diencephalon.
C) hypothalamus and thalamus.
D) two cerebral hemispheres.
E) two hemispheres of the cerebellum.

Question 30

Which of the following does not participate in control of skeletal muscle activity?

A) limbic system.
B) cerebellum.
C) supplementary motor area.
D) premotor cortex.
E) posterior parietal cortex.

Question 31

Somesthetic sensation is

A) initially processed by the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex.
B) the awareness of body position.
C) equally sensitive for all regions of the body surface.
D) processed by the pyramidal cells.
E) none of these answers.

Question 32

The region of the brain that is smallest and oldest in evolutionary development is the

A) cerebellum.
B) brain stem.
C) hypothalamus.
D) forebrain.
E) basal nuclei.

Question 33

Language ability is usually associated with the

A) hypothalamus.
B) right cerebral hemisphere.
C) left cerebral hemisphere.
D) limbic system.
E) prefrontal association cortex.

Question 34

The left cerebral hemisphere normally excels in all of the following except

A) musical ability.
B) verbal tasks.
C) math skills.
D) logical and analytical tasks.
E) language ability.

Question 35

The primary motor cortex

A) is located in the parietal lobes.
B) in the left cerebral hemisphere controls the skeletal muscles on the right side of the body.
C) is the only region of the brain involved with motor control.
D) develops motor programs for specific voluntary tasks.
E) more than one of the above.

Question 36

Which of the following does not apply to Wernicke's area?

A) is usually developed only in the left cerebral hemisphere.
B) is responsible for controlling the muscles necessary for speaking ability.
C) is concerned with language comprehension.
D) plays a critical role in understanding both spoken and written messages.
E) is responsible for formulating coherent patterns of speech.

Question 37

If a person suffers a severe blow to the side of the head. slightly above the ear, it is closest to the ____ lobe of the cerebral cortex.

A) frontal.
B) occipital.
C) parietal.
D) prefrontal.
E) temporal.

Question 38

Which of the following is accomplished by the brain stem?

A) voluntary initiation of movement.
B) control of breathing, circulation, and digestion.
C) final sensory perception.
D) language ability.
E) personality traits.

Question 39

Damage to which area below would result in the inability to perform accurate motor actions?

A) Broca's area.
B) somatosensory cortex.
C) premotor cortex.
D) postcentral gyrus.
E) Wernicke's area.

Question 40

The primary motor cortex is located

A) posterior to the central sulcus.
B) anterior to the central sulcus.
C) in the temporal lobe.
D) in the parietal lobe.
E) in the occipital lobe.

Question 41

Which of the following functions is not associated with the hypothalamus?

A) control of respiration and circulatory function.
B) control of thirst and urine output.
C) control of body temperature.
D) control of food intake.
E) extensive involvement with emotion and behavioral patterns.

Question 42

The limbic system

A) is a ring of forebrain structures surrounding the brain stem.
B) plays a key role in emotion.
C) contains regions designated as reward and punishment centers.
D) two of these answers are correct.
E) all of these answers.

Question 43

Which is not a function of the limbic system?

A) provide emotional overtones.
B) coordinate aspects of learning.
C) provide 'reward' stimulation.
D) coordinate survival instincts.
E) provide conscious perceptions.

Question 44

A deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the basal nuclei causes

A) schizophrenia.
B) epilepsy.
C) Parkinson's disease.
D) depression.
E) aphasia.

Question 45

Which structure below is not subcortical.

A) basal nuclei.
B) thalamus.
C) Wernicke's area.
D) cerebellum.
E) medulla.

Question 46

Language disorders caused by damage to specific cortical areas are known as:

A) aphasias
B) speech impediments
C) strokes
D) CVA
E) dyslexia

Question 47

Short-term memory

A) has a larger storage capacity than long-term memory.
B) takes longer to retrieve than long-term memory.
C) involves transient modifications in the function of preexisting synapses, such as channel modification.
D) two of these answers.
E) all of these answers.

Question 48

This condition is characterized by neurofibrillary plaques and tangles:

A) Parkinson's disease
B) amnesia
C) MS
D) CVA
E) Alzheimer's disease

Question 49

The motor cortex is activated by a widespread pattern of neuronal discharge known as the:

A) activation potential
B) threshold potential
C) readiness potential
D) sensori-motor potential
E) autonomic potential

Question 50

The neurotransmitter influenced by amphetamines is:

A) epinephrine.
B) acetylcholine.
C) glycine.
D) dopamine
E) norepinephrine.

Question 51

Select the function not characteristic of the hypothalamus.

A) body temperature control.
B) coordination center with the autonomic nervous system.
C) food intake control.
D) production of posterior pituitary hormones.
E) sensory inputs from skeletal muscles.

Question 52

Which is not a function of the basal nuclei?

A) inhibition of muscle tone.
B) coordinate impulses related to posture.
C) suppression of unnecessary motor activity.
D) autonomic control activity.
E) all of these answers.

Question 53

____ memories are memories of facts that often result after only one experience, whereas ____ memories involve motor skills gained via repetitive training.

A) declarative, procedural
B) procedural, declarative
C) short-term, long-term
D) long-term, short-term
E) none of these answers.

Question 54

Procedural memories

A) are associated with the temporal lobes and are closely associated limbic structures.
B) are associated with the cerebellum.
C) involve acquisition of motor skills gained via repetitive training.
D) both (a) and (c) above.
E) both (b) and (c) above.

Question 55

Which part of the brain controls thirst and urine output, food intake, and body temperature, among other things?

A) cerebral cortex
B) hypothalamus
C) basal nuclei
D) thalamus
E) pons

Question 56

The thalamus

A) performs preliminary processing of all sensory input on its way to the cortex.
B) inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.
C) controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.
D) plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.
E) selects and maintains purposeful motor activity while suppressing useless or unwanted patterns of movement.

Question 57

Which of the following statements concerning the brain stem is incorrect?

A) the medulla is part of the brain stem.
B) the brain stem is a critical connecting link through which all fibers traversing between the periphery and higher brain centers must pass.
C) the brain stem controls sociosexual behaviors conducive to mating.
D) the brain stem contains the reticular activating system.
E) the brain stem contains centers that control respiration, blood vessel and heart function, and digestive activities.

Question 58

Which is not a structural component of the limbic system?

A) amygdala.
B) cingulate gyrus.
C) mammillary body.
D) medulla.
E) hippocampus.

Question 59

Wernicke's area functions mainly for

A) control of limb movements.
B) hand-eye coordination.
C) language comprehension.
D) memory.
E) vision.

Question 60

What part of the brain plays a vital role in short-term memory involving the integration of various related stimuli and is also crucial for consolidation into long-term memory?

A) hippocampus
B) basal nuclei
C) cerebellum
D) cerebral cortex
E) hypothalamus

Question 61

Most of the cranial nerves originate from the

A) brain stem.
B) cerebellum.
C) cerebral cortex.
D) hypothalamus.
E) thalamus.

Question 62

The cerebellum

A) is concerned primarily with motor activity yet does not have any direct influence on efferent motor neurons.
B) is part of the subcortical region of the brain.
C) when diseased gives rise to resting tremors.
D) contains the reticular activating system.
E) is associated with declarative memories.

Question 63

If neuronal pathways present at birth are not used during sensitive developmental periods, they may be eliminated.

Question 64

Afferent neurons have a long peripheral axon and a short central axon.

Question 65

Astrocytes take up the neurotransmitter GABA.

Question 66

In Alzheimer patients, neural damage from amyloid plaques, may cause neuronal damage by

A) breaking down the blood-brain barrier.
B) inducing glutamate toxicity.
C) increasing calcium influx.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) both (b) and (c) above.

Question 67

Damage to which spinal cord component will affect only motor activity?

A) spinal nerve
B) dorsal root
C) ventral root
D) ascending tracts
E) dorsal root ganglion

Question 68

Interneurons lie entirely within the central nervous system.

Question 69

Which of the following statements concerning paradoxical sleep is incorrect?

A) paradoxical sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements.
B) a person normally passes through paradoxical sleep before entering slow-wave sleep.
C) dreaming occurs only during paradoxical sleep.
D) the EEG pattern during paradoxical sleep is similar to that of an alert, awake person.
E) a specified amount of paradoxical sleep appears to be required.

Question 70

Efferent neurons are motor neurons.

Question 71

The cell bodies of afferent and efferent neurons both originate in the CNS.

Question 72

Select the characteristic that does not describe short term memory.

A) immediate storage.
B) large capacity.
C) permanently forgotten.
D) rapid retrieval.
E) transient modifications in functions.

Question 73

The cerebellum

A) is important for the maintenance of balance.
B) compares the intentions of the higher motor centers with the performance of the muscles and corrects any deviations from the intended movement.
C) plays a role in the planning and initiation of voluntary activity.
D) controls eye movement.
E) inhibits muscle tone.

Question 74

The simplest reflex is the:

A) polysynaptic
B) stretch
C) monosynaptic
D) withdrawal
E) both (b) and (c)

Question 75

Nerves of the autonomic nervous system control skeletal muscle responses.

Question 76

Which of the following can activate the arousal system?

A) motor activity.
B) afferent sensory input.
C) intense excitement.
D) two of these answers.
E) all of these answers.

Question 77

This tract is important in maintaining balance and controls eye movement.

A) vestibulocerebellum
B) spinocerebellum
C) corticospinal
D) cerebrocerebellum
E) none of the above

Question 78

Which part of the reflex arc is associated with interneurons?

A) sensory receptor
B) afferent pathway
C) integrating center
D) efferent pathway
E) effector

Question 79

The sleep-wake cycle is controlled by interactions among how many neural systems?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 80

Efferent neurons carry both sensory and motor information.